Ch 14, Ch 13, CH2, Ch. 15, Ch.5, Ch.3, Ch.4, Ch.16, Ch12, Ch.1, Ch.9, Ch.10, Ch.7, Ch.6, Ch.8, Ch.11
A unitary form of government is defined as
A system in which states and other governmental units are completely controlled by and under the authority of a central government. Correct
What is a confederation?
A system in which states and other governmental units organize a weak central government while maintaining ultimate power for themselves.
Journalists currently
A. Are more likely to pursue politics than average Americans. B. Are more educated than average Americans. C. Have a higher socioeconomic status than average Americans.
In a constitutional democracy
A. Authority for government is based on a set of formal written rules and governing principles. Correct
Noneconomic interest groups are concerned with
A. Benefits to society as a whole. B. Benefits to large groups of individuals.
Which of the following provides an example of differing sociopolitical realities for Blacks and Whites?
A. Black defendants required to post higher bail than White defendants. B. Higher car prices for Blacks than for Whites. C. Higher mortgage rates given to Blacks than to Whites, despite equal qualifications and history.
Which of the following groups has been historically underrepresented in Congress?
A. Blacks. B. Latinos. C. Asian Americans.
Which of the following groups has seen a decrease in representation in the broadcast television workforce since 2000?
A. Blacks. B. Latinos. C. Asian Americans.
Which of the following demonstrate that the concept of the rule of law has not been applied equally throughout U.S. history?
A. Both of the above. Correct
A main goal of the civil rights movement was to
A. Break down legal barriers to racial equality. B. Dismantle the separate system of laws under which Blacks lived. C. Ensure equality under the law in terms of social, political, and economic issues.
Which of the following is accurate?
A. Bureaucrats maintain good relationships with congressional subcommittees to gain favor and funding. B. Bureaucrats maintain good relationships with interest groups to increase public support for their policies. C. Interest groups and congressional committee members working with bureaucrats are able to influence the policy within agencies.
Why did some Framers oppose a Bill of Rights?
A. By listing individual rights, government would only adhere to those that were listed. B. The separation of powers and checks and balances would sufficiently protect individual liberties and prevent government tyranny.
Which of the following is an authority possessed by committee and subcommittee chairs?
A. Call meetings. B. Preside over markup sessions. C. Decide which witnesses testify at hearings.
Which of the following protects bureaucrats who call attention to major problems within their agencies?
A. Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. B. Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989.
How did Parliament respond to the protest of the Boston Tea Party?
A. Closed Boston Harbor. B. Legalized the housing of British troops in unoccupied buildings. C. Revoked the Massachusetts colonial charter.
Which of the following influences congressional decision making?
A. Colleagues. B. Constituents. C. Party leaders.
Why do some interest groups turn to litigation to accomplish their policy goals?
A. Courts can establish constitutionality of policies. B. Courts can be used to challenge the constitutionality of legislative and executive action. C. Courts can help to initiate new policies.
The legislative branch checks the power of the bureaucracy by way of
A. Creating, altering, and eliminating agencies and positions. B. Funding decisions. C. Oversight of agencies
Which of the following is accurate?
A. Democrats were competitive with Republicans between 1865 and 1896.
During the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, it
A. Denounced taxation without representation. B. Argued colonial government and not Parliament could levy taxes. C. Boycotted goods made in Britain.
In response to demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, the police commissioner "Bull" Connor implemented which of the following against the Black demonstrators, many of whom were schoolchildren and teenagers?
A. Dog attacks. B. High-pressure fire hoses. C. Beatings with night sticks.
Which of the following constitutes an area in which the national government's authority has increased relative to the states since the 1930s?
A. Economic regulation. B. Civil rights policies. C. Incorporation
Which group is disproportionately harmed by state voter ID laws?
A. Elderly. B. Urban. C. Poor.
How often are national party conventions held?
A. Every 4 years.
What tactics do interest groups use when pursuing litigation?
A. Filing amicus briefs. B. Sponsoring individuals to pursue court cases in which they have standing. C. Working to block the nomination of judges with records they find unsatisfactory.
Which of the following is protected by the First Amendment?
A. Flag desecration. B. Nonobscene sexually explicit material. C. Hate speech.
Which of the following was a form of government discrimination against American Indians?
A. Forced assimilation. B. Forcible removal from lands. C. Genocide.
American political culture is based on which principle?
A. Freedom. B. Equality. C. Exclusion.
Children often adopt the political positions of their
A. Friends. B. Parents. C. Relatives.
Which clause concerns how states are required to relate to and interact with one another?
A. Full faith and credit clause. B. Privileges and immunities clause. C. Extradition clause.
Which of the following groups might influence one's party affiliation?
A. Gender. B. Race. C. Income.
Which of the following is an element of the White supremacy/separatist movement?
A. Hatred toward the U.S. government. D. Hatred of Blacks and other minorities.
The Senate may reject a judicial nominee if he or she is seen as
A. Having major character flaws. B. Extremely ideological. C. Unqualified.
Which of the following was a false Internet rumor concerning President Obama?
A. He was born in Kenya. B. He is secretly a Muslim. C. He appeared in a hip-hop video.
Which of the following is a nonlegislative function of the Congress?
A. Impeachment. B. Confirming presidential appointments. C. Executive and judicial oversight.
Which of the following is a limitation on judicial authority?
A. Inability to enforce judicial rulings. B. Constitutional amendments against judicial rulings. C. Congressional clarification of laws in response to judicial rulings.
What helps to account for the gender gap in public opinion?
A. Increased numbers of women in a workforce biased against them. B. Increased gender consciousness. C. Recognition of policy preferences and interests that differ from those of men
What factors led to the failure of FEMA to react quickly and effectively to the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005?
A. Ineffective bureaucratic structure. B. Incompetence and cronyism. C. Lack of sufficient funding.
In terms of the theoretical foundations of the American political system, which of the following most closely relates to the justification to seize American Indian lands?
A. Inegalitarianism. Correct
The right to privacy
A. Is not directly mentioned in the Constitution. B. Is understood as a fundamental right in the American political system
How does question wording influence the reporting of public opinion on a topic?
A. It can influence the understanding a respondent has concerning the issue in question. B. It can place a negative, positive, or neutral viewpoint on the issue in question.
In what way does the state judicial system hold policy-making power?
A. It can overturn laws that violate the state's constitution. B. It sets parameters for the progression of civil suits. C. It establishes rules for criminal procedures.
Why were the Anti-Federalists opposed to the Constitution?
A. It lacked a bill of rights. B. They feared a consolidated government. C. They opposed unlimited taxing power.
Segregated water fountains and restrooms would be legal under the
A. Jim Crow laws. B. Separate but equal principle
Which of the following are arguments against elected judiciaries?
A. Judicial elections now resemble partisan legislative and executive branch elections. B. Elected judges will issue judgments based on public opinion rather than the law.
During the period between 1896 and 1933, Democrats largely supported
A. Laborers. B. Breaking up monopolies. C. Lowering tariffs.
Which of the following is a major concern regarding Arizona's 2010 SB 1070?
A. Law enforcement officers are required to arrest anyone suspected of being in the country illegally who cannot present proper documentation. B. The law basically allows law enforcement officers to target and harass Latinos, including American citizens
Given the problematic nature of an elected bureaucracy in a representative democracy, which branch of government works to check the power of the bureaucracy?
A. Legislative. B. Executive. C. Judicial.
Indirect lobbying consists of
A. Letter-writing campaigns. B. Phone calls. C. General "grassroots" activities.
How do interest groups attempt to influence congressional decision making?
A. Lobby members of Congress. B. Mobilize constituents to contact members of Congress concerning public policy. C. Provide information to members of Congress.
Which of the following falls under the purview of independent regulatory commissions?
A. Make rules. B. Enforce rules by investigating violations. C. Adjudicate disputes over rule enforcement.
Which of the following was an argument against the Vietnam War?
A. Middle- and upper-class people and college students could more easily get a draft deferment. B. The draft disproportionately affected Black youth and they were more likely to see combat. C. Extreme casualties.
Which of the following is accurate regarding mass consumption of broadcast news?
A. More people obtain news from broadcast TV stations than from cable news networks. B. Those who watch cable news spend twice as much time following the news compared to those who watch broadcast TV stations for news.
Which of the following is accurate concerning law clerks?
A. Most are White. B. Most are male. C. Most have elite law degrees
Which of the following areas fundamentally separate the Articles of Confederation from the Constitution?
A. National supremacy. B. Executive branch. C. Judicial branch.
Which of the following is necessary qualification for becoming president?
A. Natural-born citizenship. B. 35 years of age or older. C. At least 14 years of residency in the United States.
Which of the following worked to discriminate against Asians?
A. Naturalization Act of 1790. B. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. C. 1913 California Alien Land Act.
The "national bank" of the United States was supported by
A. Necessary and proper clause. B. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819
What purpose do national conventions serve?
A. Nominate the presidential and vice presidential candidates. B. Make governing party rules. C. Solidify the party's principles.
To provide for the public good, governments must
A. Occasionally encroach on individual liberty.
The U.S. Congress' Naturalization Act of 1790 pronounced that
A. Only free White persons were eligible for citizenship. Correct
Which characteristics do all classical liberal theories share?
A. Optimism about individual behavior, individual favored over the group, free-market economy, reason before religious faith. Correct
In the early nineteenth century, newspapers were controlled by
A. Political parties. B. Religious organizations. C. Interest groups.
The function of government to manage and resolve conflict takes place through the process of
A. Politics.
What have been the main purposes of twentieth-century Latino newspapers?
A. Provide news concerning issues relevant to Latino immigrants. B. Provide news concerning countries from which some Latinos have immigrated. C. Provide news concerning issues pertaining to life in the United States.
Which of the following affects political public opinion?
A. Race. B. Gender. C. Partisanship
Which of the following is a dimension on which civil rights have been denied?
A. Race. B. Gender. C. Sexual orientation
Which of the following does the Civil Rights Division work to protect from discrimination?
A. Racial and ethnic minorities. B. Disabled individuals. C. Members of nontraditional religions.
Why is it more difficult for racial and ethnic minorities to win Senate elections?
A. Racialized voting on behalf of Whites. B. Senators represent entire states. C. Few states have large minority populations
Which of the following cases was specific to the issue of racial quotas in higher education?
A. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978). B. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). C. Fisher v. University of Texas (2012).
Which of the following is a subcategory of noneconomic interest groups?
A. Religion. B. Civil rights. C. Ideology.
Which of the following is an accomplishment of Public Citizen?
A. Removal of dangerous dietary supplements from the market. B. Standardized airbags in vehicles.
Which of the following are included in the Miranda rights?
A. Right to remain silent B. Right to know anything that is said can be used in court. C. Right to an attorney.
How do schools encourage the development of civic values among children?
A. School elections. B. Recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. C. Social studies, history, and civics classes.
Which of the following was an attempt by the Framers to ensure a balance of power within the various levels of government?
A. Separation of powers. B. Varying office terms. C. Electoral College.
Which of the following is a condition that gives rise to social movements?
A. Shared grievances. B. Catalyst. C. Supportive environment.
The delegates of the Constitutional Convention created a new governmental system with which of the following powers?
A. State powers. B. National government powers. C. Concurrent powers for the states and national government
Which of the following is accurate?
A. States with low populations of Blacks have the highest Black incarceration rates. B. African American and Latino incarceration rates are higher than White incarceration rates. C. African American defendants have been more likely to receive the death penalty than White defendants.
he colonists believed they were being treated unfairly by Britain because of
A. Taxation without representation. B. Removal of power from the colonial governments. C. Lack of colonial governing power.
Civil rights activists formed interest groups, such as the NAACP, to lobby the national government to end
A. Terrorist violence. B. De jure segregation. C. Inequality of opportunity.
What was the effect of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
A. The curtailing of the disenfranchisement of racial and ethnic minorities. B. The empowerment of the national government to supervise voting in states and localities with a history of discrimination.
Rule of law is defined as
A. The idea that laws should take precedence over arbitrary governance. Correct
Mexicans who became American citizens by virtue of their land being signed over to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) were subjected to
A. The same kinds of violent intimidation faced by Blacks in the South. B. The same kinds of segregation faced by Blacks in the South. C. The same kinds of discrimination faced by Blacks in the South.
Which of the following have contributed to the lack of diversity of presidential candidates?
A. The selection process. B. The campaign finance process.
How many voting members are there in the House of Representatives?
435.
Which age group is most likely to turn out to vote?
45-64 years
There are _______ electors in the Electoral College
538
How many large corporations own the vast majority of the media outlets in the United States?
6
What is the maximum number of justices currently allowed to serve on the Supreme Court?
9.
What is the limit for campaign contributions to a political candidate from a PAC for each election cycle?
. $5,000
Which Supreme Court case allowed for First Amendment free speech rights for corporations and labor unions, thus allowing them to give unlimited amounts of money to SuperPACs?
. Citizens United v. FEC (2010).
What issue was the main cause of the South's loosening ties to the Democratic Party throughout the twentieth century?
. Civil rights.
Younger generations are more likely to identify as __________ than older generations.
. Independents.
Private organizations whose members act together to influence public policy to promote their common interests are known as
. Interest/pressure groups.
The "Support the U.S. Auto Industry" media campaign provides an example of which media campaign strategy?
. Offensive.
Which theory of politics contends that power is group based and that, because there are multiple points of access within American government, each group possesses an equality of opportunity when competing with other groups for power and resources?
. Pluralism.
Mass organizations that seek to elect candidates to public office and influence policy making are known as
. Political parties.
One of the two major political parties, founded in the 1850s by former Whigs who opposed slavery, was known as the
. Republican Party.
Wealthier individuals tend to identify as __________ more than poorer individuals.
. Republicans.
What decreases the degree to which it is appropriate to make claims concerning Latino ideology?
.The wide variety of familial nationalities and ethnicities subsumed under the pan-ethnic "Latino" label
Which was the first election in which several southern states broke with tradition and voted against the Democratic Party?
1948
Mexican American civil rights activists organized protests and boycotts addressing social and economic problems specific to Latinos during the
1960s and 1970s.
During which election did many southern states support the Republican presidential candidate for the first time since Reconstruction?
1964
When did gays and lesbians begin organizing marches to protest unfair treatment?
1970s
When was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratified?
1972
When did many newspapers begin to lose their profitability?
1990s.
In which year did the Supreme Court effectively decide the presidential election?
2000
When did the Supreme Court rule that assigning students to schools based on the race of the student is unconstitutional?
2007.
In which election did the gap between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black political participation nearly disappear?
2008
Individuals may run to become a U.S. Representative at the age of ________.
25
How many Electoral College votes are needed to secure the presidential office?
270
How many times has the president lost the popular vote, but won the election via the Electoral College?
3
Journalists do not have
A First Amendment right to withhold their sources.
What led to the legalization of majority-minority districts?
A Supreme Court ruling against the amended Voting Rights Act of 1982.
In terms of the civil rights movement, the 1955 brutal murder of Emmett Till, a young Black boy who allegedly whistled at a White woman, would be considered
A catalyst
The 1969 Stonewall uprising against police harassment and raids specifically against gay bars in New York would be considered
A catalyst
The death of Matthew Shepard in 1998 after being lured out of a bar and murdered because he was gay is an example of
A catalyst
The civil rights movement was
A collection of small local movements that constituted a larger movement.
The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender movement is
A collection of small, group-based movements that constitute a larger movement.
Who determines guilt or negligence in federal district courts?
A jury.
The extension of civil rights to Blacks through Supreme Court rulings demonstrates the use of
A living constitution.
A small set of people carefully drawn from a larger population to reflect its overall characteristics is known as
A sample.
What is the state of representation in the United States?
A significant portion of people living under American control do not have representation in Congress.
A sustained challenge to those in power put forth by individuals, acting in concert with others, who have been excluded from the political process or who consider themselves political outsiders is known as
A social movement.
In terms of protests against the Vietnam War, the decreasing sense of "winning the war" and the steadily increasing number of causalities would be considered
A supportive environment.
Which of the following is a part of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Due process clause.
How does Mahood classify interest groups?
Economic and noneconomic.
What was one major tactic used by the NAACP to outlaw racial restrictive covenants in real estate?
Educate the legal field on the topic of restrictive covenants and urge decision making in a particular direction.
The ______ Amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishment for a crime.
Eighth.
The ______ Amendment protects against excessive bail or fines.
Eighth.
The Chicano civil rights movement is also called
El Movimiento
The necessary and proper clause is also known as the
Elastic clause
Which of the following first greatly expanded the role of the first lady into political, social, and economic issues?
Eleanor Roosevelt.
Working actively on behalf of a political candidate or political party with activities that might include publicly endorsing a candidate, making a campaign contribution, or making phone calls is known as
Electioneering
The process by which individuals make political choices by voting is known as
Elections
How often do states draw their district lines?
Every 10 years.
How often are members of Congress elected?
Every two years.
Which of the following statements is accurate?
Everyone knows who will be a party's presidential nominee prior to the final delegate count at the national convention.
The ______ rule mandates that any evidence gathered in violation of the Fourth Amendment may not be used in court against a defendant unless it was gathered in good faith.
Exclusionary.
Agreements between the president and foreign nations that, because they are not treaties, do not need the approval of the Senate are known as
Executive agreements
How have modern presidents gotten around the legislative check on foreign powers by way of treaty ratification?
Executive agreements.
Directives that the president issues to subordinates in the executive branch that have the force of law are known as
Executive orders
How do presidents unilaterally adopt policies?
Executive orders
The president's ability to exert administrative power in the area of policy making is most directly seen in
Executive orders
A presidential administration can shield itself from an investigation into its activities if it claims those activities are specific to security and its official functions by way of
Executive privilege.
Presidential authority to keep some of the communication among executive branch personnel private and free from Congress, the courts, and the public is called
Executive privilege.
The federal bureaucracy is a part of which branch of government?
Executive.
A proposed, but unratified, constitutional amendment that would have prevented gender discrimination to the same extent that the Fourteenth Amendment prevents racial and ethnic discrimination, is called the
Equal Rights Amendment.
A specific provision that prevents states from passing laws that treat people differently on account of race or ethnicity is known as the
Equal protection clause
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, how did the Supreme Court justify the separate but equal doctrine?
Equal protection clause
How was the Fourteenth Amendment reinterpreted in the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision?
Equal protection prohibits racial discrimination.
Given that those who were not men, were not White, and did not own property were not intended to enjoy full inclusion in the new government system, which of the following founding values was the least genuinely put into practice?
Equality
Which group was among the first to organize interest groups in the United States?
Farmers.
An independent regulatory commission that licenses and regulates the content of broadcast radio and television is called the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
FEMA stands for
Federal Emergency Management Agency.
In 2010, which of the following engaged in rulemaking that would directly affect the lives of racial minorities and women and revised its rules based on public feedback?
Federal Housing Finance Agency.
The __________ is made up of cabinet departments, independent regulatory commissions, independent executive agencies, and government corporations.
Federal bureaucracy.
Which group cannot legally engage in electioneering while at work?
Federal employees.
To which courts can administrative adjudication decisions be appealed?
Federal judiciary.
The balance of power between the national government and the state and local governments is known as
Federalism
The degree to which state and local governments have sovereignty over their regions compared to the degree to which the national government has sovereignty over the entire nation refers to
Federalism
The story of Goodwin Liu's unsuccessful nomination to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals demonstrates
A. The strength of partisan politics in judicial politics. B. The importance of the perceived ideology of a judicial nominee. C. The ability of a few politicians to prevent and delay essential political processes.
What is the doctrine of coverture?
A. The transference of a woman's civic identity and property to her husband on their marriage. Correct
Which policy area has resulted in less civil liberties protection for racial and ethnic minorities?
A. The war on drugs. B. The war on terrorism.
Why are government corporations controversial?
A. They are public-run, instead of private sector, businesses. B. They are subsidized by the government and may often lose money rather than making a profit.
During the period between 1896 and 1933, Republicans largely supported
A. Those in the North, Midwest, and West. B. Less government intervention in the economy. C. Wealthy and middle-class voters.
Which of the following is a major responsibility and purpose of Cabinet members?
A. To provide advice for the president on issues specific to their individual departments. B. To build political support for the executive administration's policies. C. To build public support for the executive administration's policies.
Bureaucrats are
A. Unelected. B. Unaccountable to the public. C. Important policy makers.
Why does the government's attempt to provide for the public good lead to the necessity to manage and resolve conflict?
A. Various groups have different ideas concerning what is best for society as a whole. Correct
Despite the expanded national authority to regulate civil rights policy based on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, the U.S. Supreme Court's late nineteenth-century interpretation of these amendments
Allowed states to engage in unequal treatment and deny rights based on race.
By 1866, the __________ formed with the purpose of protecting skilled labor.
American Federation of Labor.
Which was the last group of Americans to be granted citizenship and voting rights?
American Indians
As of 2012, which of the following groups was overrepresented among the radio broadcast workforce and radio and television news directors?
American Indians.
To protest the Tea Act in 1773, colonists disguised as ____________ boarded ships in Boston Harbor and threw tea chests overboard.
American Indians.
Which of the following groups has seen a significant increase in representation in the media industry recently?
American Indians.
Briefs filed by parties that have an interest in the outcome of a case but are not directly involved in it are called
Amicus curiae
Which clause became obsolete with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment?
Fugitive slave clause.
The lack of funding for the implementation of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act
Further disadvantaged and impoverished many districts with large portions of racial and ethnic minorities.
The difference between men and women on such crucial issues as partisan identification and voting for certain candidates is known as the
Gender gap.
Elections in which the winner is elected to office and takes office after the end of the term of the current officeholder are known as
General elections
How are courts defined?
As institutions that interpret the laws.
Which group has seen a steady decrease in its share of the electorate from 2000 to 2012?
Asian Americans
Which group has the fewest interest groups and the least interest group resources?
Asian Americans.
Journalists
Attempt to hide their biases in their reporting.
Since the 1960s, what has led to a greater investigation and prosecution of state and local violations of racial and ethnic minorities' rights?
Greater involvement by the U.S. Justice Department.
The part of election campaigns conducted using "pavement pounding" methods including candidate public appearances, voter registration and mobilization, fundraising, and public opinion polling is known as
Ground war
Which of the following is a principle of local governance in which local governments can govern themselves independently of the states?
Home rule
The second most powerful leader in the House of Representatives, who assists the Speaker in passing the majority party's legislative priorities, is known as the
House majority leader.
The leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives, who articulates the legislative priorities of the minority party and opposes the majority party's priorities but exerts minimal control over the outcome of legislation, is known as the
House minority leader.
The vast majority of states have __________ legislatures
Bicameral.
Who was the first president to appoint his wife to an official position (aside from her position as first lady)?
Bill Clinton.
The first 10 amendments of the Constitution are known as the
Bill of Rights
Congressional caucuses are
Bipartisan and bicameral.
A wing of the Republican Party that supported civil rights for African Americans was known as
Black and Tan Republicans.
Laws passed in Southern states during the immediate aftermath of the Civil War that singled out African Americans for mistreatment and discrimination were known as the
Black codes
Which group is least supportive of the death penalty?
Black women.
Grants-in-aid from the national government that are general, contain minimal regulations, and give states and local governments considerable discretion on how the money should be used are called
Block grants.
A website on which the operator states his or her opinion, allows readers to post comments, and provides links to news stories and the like is known as a
Blog.
How are constituencies determined?
By geographic region.
How did some of the Framers attempt to encourage public opinion to swing in favor of ratifying the Constitution?
By publishing The Federalist Papers.
The outcomes of the Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) and the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Supreme Court cases reflect which American theoretical tradition?
Inegalitarianism.
A form of inequality in which laws or official actions deny specific groups social, political, or economic benefits that are available to other groups is known as
Inequality of opportunity.
A form of inequality in which social and demographic forces, not official laws or policies, cause one group to enjoy more political, social, or economic benefits than another group is known as
Inequality of opportunity.
The lack of voting rights for women prior to the Nineteenth Amendment acts as an example of
Inequality of opportunity.
The difficulty of many high-performing racial minority students in getting accepted to a prestigious university because of the lack of rigor of their high school acts as an example of
Inequality of outcome.
The extent to which one group enjoys more political, social, or economic benefits than another group is known as
Inequality.
The practice of interest groups arguing cases before the judiciary as a means of influencing public policy is known as
Interest group litigation
Interest groups differ from social movements in that
Interest groups have the ability to develop out of and last beyond social movements.
Which department was largely responsible for discriminating against American Indians, particularly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Interior.
What is the main purpose of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)?
It grants broadcasting licenses to radio and television stations so they may transmit their signals.
How did the San Francisco Examiner portray Chinese and Japanese immigrants?
In a negative, false, and racialized light.
How does Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act pertain to women?
It outlaws employment discrimination based on sex
Why is social networking media increasingly important to politics?
It provides a means for communication and mobilization, particularly among younger populations.
What is one of the major advantages of a social movement?
It provides a means for those without a voice in the political system to make their concerns known to decision makers.
Why is racial profiling, when law enforcement chooses to stop and search vehicles and individuals, problematic?
It represents an arbitrary, unequal application of the Fourth Amendment.
Why do polls suggesting decreased societal outrage concerning rights for homosexuals suggest a more supportive environment for the LGBT rights movement?
It shows that people are less willing to fight against rights for this group.
A conception of judicial review that believes courts should overturn laws or government actions even if there is no clear constitutional directive is known as
Judicial activism.
If a judge demonstrates a desire to vigorously check the power of the other branches, even when there is not a great deal of constitutional basis for this, he or she is providing an example of
Judicial activism.
Which branch of government was most responsive to the civil rights demands of racial and ethnic minorities in the mid-1900s?
Judicial branch.
A conception of judicial review that believes courts should not overturn laws or government actions unless there is a clear directive in the Constitution is known as
Judicial restraint.
If a judge demonstrates a desire to defer to the decisions of elected branches of government, he or she is providing an example of
Judicial restraint.
The practice by members of Congress of trading votes or other favors to enhance members' mutual interests is known as
Logrolling.
In the 2008 election, although Barack Obama won the majority of racial and ethnic minority votes, he
Lost the White vote, as had many of the recent Democratic candidates.
Which of the following individuals is not classified as a political satirist?
Lou Dobbs.
In 2013, the Democratic-controlled Senate altered the filibuster rules to prevent a minority of Senators from being able to obstruct the confirmation of the president's
Lower court nominees.
The practice of killing people by mob action outside of the formal judicial process is known as
Lynching
Which president was the first to use his State of the Union address, televised in the evening, to push for major civil rights law enforcement?
Lyndon Johnson.
Sources of information, including print, radio, television, and the Internet, that reach a large number of people are known as
Mass media.
Which Supreme Court ruling resulted in a broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause?
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Some agencies attempt to avoid administrative adjudication by providing __________ to eliminate the need for additional government involvement.
Mediation.
Which amendment granted voting rights to women?
Nineteenth
Abolitionists were
Nineteenth-century political activists who sought to end slavery.
Which amendment to the Constitution forbids gender discrimination in voting?
Nineteenth.
The first televised presidential debate was between
Nixon and Kennedy
Which of the following statements is not accurate?
Members of the U.S. Senate are elected every six years, resulting in a completely newly elected Senate with each election.
Which of the following groups is not underrepresented in the media?
Men.
Who was the first African American to chair the Republican National Committee?
Michael Steele
Which region has higher registration and voting percentages than other regions?
Midwest
Political parties in a two-party system that are not one of the dominant two political parties are known as
Minor parties (third parties)
The political party in the House or the Senate that has fewer than half of the seats and therefore does not control the leadership, rules, or outcome of legislation is known as the
Minority party.
Crimes that are not the most serious in the judicial system often receive relatively little jail time and low fines and are known as
Misdemeanors.
Which case is largely seen as the first after Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that helped to break down the barrier of segregation?
Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada (1939).
Who was the first Mormon to secure the presidential nomination on a major party ticket?
Mitt Romney.
What is the most important factor in presidential elections?
Money
Which of the following is necessary in the policy implementation stage?
Money must be allocated and spent and regulations must be enforced. (Both of the above)
The idea that workers and consumers suffer without competition is most closely tied to the concept of
Monopolies.
An aspect of justiciability that requires that the conflict causing the case must still be germane and could not have been resolved on its own is known as
Mootness.
Which of the following is an example of a single-issue interest group?
Mothers against Drunk Driving.
During the nineteenth century, Tammany Hall was
C. The most influential political party machine in the United States. D. A means by which immigrants could gain a small level of political influence.
What is the purpose of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?
C. To prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs that receive federal assistance. Correct
Indirect or representative democracy exists
C. When people elect individuals to represent their political interests. Correct
The major divisions within the executive branch, which each perform a specific function, are known as
Cabinet departments.
A federal law that prevented private businesses from discriminating in service and personnel policies is the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Which of the following addressed racial discrimination committed by private businesses by making this discrimination illegal?
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
A type of law that pertains to a dispute between two parties, at least one of which is a nongovernmental private party, is known as
Civil law.
If a case is brought before a federal court concerning compensation for an individual's negligent actions, it is said to deal with
Civil law.
What are protections against unequal treatment that the government guarantees to all groups?
Civil rights
Federal bureaucrats who are not political appointees, but instead are hired according to their education and performance on an examination, are called
Civil servants.
Government policies that provide official legal recognition of same-sex couples without sanctioning marriage are known as
Civil unions.
A type of law pertaining to precedents set by courts interpreting the Constitution is known as
Constitutional law.
If a case is brought before a federal court concerning the separation of powers or civil liberties, it is said to deal with
Constitutional law.
The type of federalism in which the national government expands its power and blurs the lines between national and state authority is known as
Cooperative federalism
Which of the following is accurate in terms of voting problems in Florida in the 2000 presidential election?
Counties with higher proportions of Black voters were disadvantaged by outmoded voting machinery.
Why did the Framers need to include a judicial branch in the U.S. Constitution?
Courts were enforcing laws to differing degrees and in different ways across the states
Which of the following is not an interest of NOW?
Create greater business sector opportunities.
What was the Framers' solution to the Articles of Confederation problem of enforcing Congress's laws and decisions?
Creation of the executive branch
A type of law that pertains to violations of a code of behavior specified in local, state, and federal statutes is known as
Criminal law.
If a case is brought before a federal court concerning an alleged homicide, it is said to deal with
Criminal law.
What does the clear and present danger test allow the government to do?
Criminalize any expression that poses a definite and immediate threat to peace or national security.
What are natural rights?
D. Those rights to which every person is entitled and that are independent of government. Correct
Which characteristics do all classical republican theories share?
D. Virtuous citizenry, personal property, authority from the people, the people should not have power, separate government branches, protection of rights.
Which of the following was not a part of the philosophy concerning women at the time of the founding?
D. Women belonged in the public sphere. Correct
High levels of racial segregation within a county-based school system that has high levels of residential racial segregation acts as an example of
De facto segregation
The physical separation of groups that is not legally sanctioned or imposed by the government but instead stems from individual preferences and economic forces is known as
De facto segregation
The physical separation of groups that results from laws or official government actions is known as
De jure segregation.
Two distinct school systems for White and Black students act as an example of
De jure segregation.
A period in which voters abandon their ties to the political parties, resulting in a balance of power between Republican and Democrats, is known as
Dealignment.
If political parties have enjoyed a great deal of support from particular segments of the population, but they begin to see ebbing support from those same segments over time, they are said to be undergoing a period of
Dealignment.
The period from 1968 through 2012 is understood as a period of
Dealignment.
Important public face-offs between candidates discussing issues in a variety of formats and through a variety of media, most important television and more recently the Internet, are known as
Debates
Who was the first woman to chair a national committee?
Debbie Wasserman-Schultz.
Which of the following is not one of the three presidential foreign policy-making powers granted by the Constitution?
Declare war.
In terms of foreign policy powers, the modern presidency has usurped legislative authority in the areas of
Declaring war and treaty ratification.
Civil rights interest groups are not concerned with
Decreasing business regulations.
Which of the following provides an example for the iron triangle concept of bureaucratic power?
Defense policy.
A media campaign geared to prevent a policy change the interest group does not favor is known as aNo __________ campaign.
Defensive.
The "STOP ERA" media campaign provides an example of which media campaign strategy?
Defensive.
The "We Card" public service announcements sponsored by tobacco companies provide an example of which media campaign strategy?
Defensive.
Who did not want slaves to be counted in the Census?
Delegates from nonslaveholding states
One of the major problems with politics coverage on the Internet is
Depending on the website, the facts might be less likely to be verified.
The federal government bureaucracy is not in charge of
Determining the constitutionality of the policies it carries out.
The idea that "the era of big government is over" related to which concept?
Devolution.
Differences in rates of incarceration of Whites, Blacks, and Latinos for various crimes may suggest
Differences in rates at which various races commit various crimes, racialized differences in how police enforce laws concerning various crimes, and racialized differences in the sentencing of various crimes. (All of the above)
Which of the following is a principle of local governance in which municipal governments lack independent authority and only draw their power from state governments?
Dillon's rule
Elections in which voters select the individual to represent the party in the general election by voting directly for the candidates on the ballot are known as
Direct primaries
Which of the following has traditionally led to a relative lack of diversity in both public and private jobs?
Discriminatory hiring practices.
A government group denying a group the right to vote is known as
Disenfranchisement.
An opinion that disagrees with the winning side of a Supreme Court case and explains why is called a
Dissenting opinion
A period in which the president is of one political party and the majority of one or both houses of Congress are of the other party is called
Divided government.
A period in which the president is of one political party and the majority of one or both houses of Congress are of the other party is known as
Divided government.
Unlike criminal law cases, civil law cases
Do not result in prison time or fines.
A law concerning land rights, dairy farming, and interstate product distribution would be considered
Domestic policy
A policy concerning gender workplace discrimination would be considered
Domestic policy
Laws, rules, and programs that directly affect people living in the United States are referred to as
Domestic policy
Which of the following is a controversial Supreme Court decision that ruled that Congress lacked the power to regulate slavery and Blacks had no civil rights?
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Which of the following is not true of the Eighth Amendment?
Drug offenses cannot carry longer sentences than murder offenses.
Failed attempts by the national government to ameliorate economic problems of monopolies and child labor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a result of
Dual federalism.
Political independents who do not want to declare a party affiliation are most likely to be allowed to participate in
Open primaries
Primary elections in which a voter does not have to declare a political party affiliation but may participate in the primary election of any party are known as
Open primaries
Which PAC was the top contributor to candidates from 2013 to 2014?
Operating Engineers Union.
Campaign activity devoted to undermining the public's confidence in and support of a candidate, a key component of negative campaigning, is known as
Opposition research
A belief that the Constitution should be interpreted only according to the intent of its authors (and the intent of the state legislatures that ratified the amendments) is known as
Original intent
A defined set of cases that avoids a lower court and goes directly to the Supreme Court is said to have
Original jurisdiction
In terms of the federal workforce, Blacks are
Overrepresented at the bottom and underrepresented at the top.
Which Supreme Court case established the selective incorporation principle?
Palko v. Connecticut (1937).
A statement a political party produces at its national convention that summarizes the basic policy principles of the party is known as a
Party platform.
Which of the following helps to explain the late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century dealignment?
Party splintering over social issues.
What is one way that interest groups help to ensure that people will join them?
Provide special benefits that are only distributed to active members.
Which of the following is not a way that organizations maintain member participation?
Provision of collective goods.
Despite the requirement to provide counsel for poor defendants, what is the basis for inequities in legal representation?
Public defenders have insufficient time and resources.
The financing of election campaigns by the American public through tax allocations as distinct from private fundraising by candidates is known as
Public funding
Which of the following was not a form of protest used in the civil rights movement?
Riots
Which of the following is not a critic of the theory of pluralism?
Robert Dahl.
Which of the following is accurate concerning the 2012 presidential election?
Romney received the majority of votes of the White population, and Obama received the majority of votes of the non-White population.
The process by which bureaucrats issue regulations that have the force of law is known as
Rulemaking.
A second election held in some states if no candidate in the primary election receives a majority of the votes is called a
Runoff primary
It is necessary to have a __________ if a majority is needed in an election but the top candidate only wins a plurality.
Runoff primary
The degree of expected error in sampling results that comes from estimating the responses of the population from a sample is known as
Sampling error.
How do governments engage in childhood political socialization?
Schools
To examine and investigate a home or business, law enforcement must have a legal document called a
Search warrant.
Which of the following is an example of a grant-in-aid that was geared specifically to aid a racial minority group?
Second Morrill Land Grant Act of 1890.
The ______ Amendment protects the right to bear arms.
Second.
Which 1798 law criminalized harsh criticism of President John Adams and his policies?
Sedition Act
The concept concerning a dominant group physically separating itself from a subordinate group is known as
Segregation.
What is the process by which the Supreme Court has gradually incorporated specific liberties deemed absolutely necessary in a free society?
Selective incorporation.
A principle articulated in a previous case that judges use to decide current cases is known as
Precedent.
Which of the following acts as a check on judicial power?
Precedent.
Which provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1964 did the Supreme Court invalidate in 2013?
Preclearance.
The concept that permits the national government to overturn state and local laws that conflict with national policies is called
Preemption
Aside from the State of the Union address, what is another way the president attempts to influence legislative policy?
Presentation of the annual budget.
Senate Democrats in 2013 altered rules regarding the filibuster of _____________, thus limiting Senate Republicans' ability to hinder the necessary functions of the executive branch.
Presidential nominees.
Which of the following is not a business interest group?
Teamsters.
An election system in which the entire state, or a region of the state, selects several representatives and the top vote-getters are awarded seats is known as
Proportional representation.
Which of the following is not an issue with a major gender gap?
Protection of religious freedoms.
Which of the following is not traditionally considered among the interests and goals of business organizations?
Protection of rights and safety of workers.
Which of the following do not expand the authority of the national government?
Tenth Amendment
Which of the following is an amendment to the Constitution that guarantees to the states any powers that are not directly forbidden to them and that are not directly given to the national government?
Tenth Amendment.
Justice Clarence Thomas's dissenting opinion in the Virginia v. Black Supreme Court case concerning cross-burning argued
That cross-burning is not free speech or expression, but rather relates to a call to intimidation and violence against groups the KKK does not like.
Which of the following was a major source of opposition President Obama encountered once he took office in 2009?
The "birther" opposition claiming that he was not born in the United States. Targeted obstructionist goals and tactics by the Republican Party in the Congress, with the goal of making him a "one-term president." The Tea Party. (All of the above)
When are the electors for the Electoral College appointed every four years?
The Tuesday after the first Monday of November
Which of the following is accurate?
The Supreme Court ruled against the concept of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporating the entire Bill of Rights.
Which of the following is not accurate?
The U.S. Supreme Court is the only part of the federal judiciary.
The provision and assurance of voting rights to all racial minorities, regardless of whether all individuals participated in the demonstrations and other activities that brought this about, provides an example of
The collective good
Any benefit that if available to one member of the community cannot be denied to any other, regardless of whether he or she bore any of the costs of providing it, is known as
The collective good.
What justification did the First Continental Congress provide for declaring the illegitimacy of the Coercive Acts?
The colonies only owed allegiance to the King, not to Parliament
The creation of a weak central government under the Articles of Confederation was a logical step for the new nation given that
The colonists had rebelled against the absolutism of the British government
How are calculations of voter turnout rates that incorporate registered voters different from traditional calculations of voter turnout rates?
The former are higher than the latter.
How are calculations of voter turnout rates that incorporate the voting-eligible population different from traditional calculations of voter turnout rates?
The former are higher than the latter.
Why do public opinion results differ when questions concerning affirmative action are referred to in terms of "preferential treatment" rather than "affirmative action to overcome past discrimination"?
The former casts a negative connotation, whereas the latter is somewhat more positive.
Why are Blacks and Latinos less likely than Whites to support the death penalty?
The former groups recognize the bias in the justice system against individuals from these groups
Why are Blacks and Latinos more likely than Whites to want it to be more difficult to buy a gun?
The former groups, Blacks in particular, are more likely to be the victims of violent crimes.
A concept of a person profiting from the activities of others without participating in those activities is known as
The free-rider problem
Why was the use of numerical goals legal in the preferential hiring of women and minorities in the federal government?
The goals were not binding quotas.
What has led to the development of large, corporate media outlets?
The government relaxed rules limiting one company's ability to own more than one media outlet within various markets.
Which of the following is a reason for the creation of public interest groups such as the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund?
The high cost of litigation disproportionately has affected racial and ethnic minorities in terms of seeking justice, especially against the bureaucracy.
Criminal cases always involve the government as
The prosecutor.
When do the elected branches of government have influence over the composition of the federal judiciary?
The selection process
The Bush administration hired a former Madison Avenue advertising executive to drum up and maintain public support for
The war on terrorism.
How have cable and satellite television altered how media covers politics?
They are able to broadcast concerning the news throughout the 24-hour period.
In what way are SuperPACs singularly able to be extremely influential in presidential campaigns?
They are legally able to raise and spend unlimited funds, unlike campaigns.
Which amendment abolished slavery?
Thirteenth
An amendment to the Constitution that prohibits slavery throughout the United States is the
Thirteenth Amendment
Public figures can only win a libel suit against a publication if
They can demonstrate that the claims are false and deliberately intended to inflict harm.
How do think tanks figure into the policy-making process?
They conduct research and analysis on various topics, thus producing important policy information and formulate policy based on their research. (Both of the above)
Why did Blacks, Mexican Americans, American Indians, and women have to use social movements to address their grievances, rather than legislative means?
They did not have adequate access to political means and resources within the government.
According to Ida B. Wells-Barnett, what was the main reason Blacks would have a difficult time creating the social change they wanted?
They did not have the organization created by an interest group to do so.
Many political leaders believed it was necessary to have a Bill of Rights because
They feared the centralized national government would tyrannically encroach on civil liberties.
Why are African Americans largely considered "liberal"?
They overwhelmingly support the Democratic Party.
Why did the Framers believe the U.S. Constitution needed an executive branch?
They recognized that there was no means by which to execute the laws made by the federal government under the Articles of Confederation.
How did political leaders originally feel about radio broadcasting?
They saw it as a useful tool to broadly and quickly disseminate their messages.
How do interest groups help to formulate policy in the federal judiciary?
They write amicus curiae briefs.
Interest groups that focus on research and scholarly analysis of issues relevant to the people they represent are known as
Think tanks
Which of the following is the primary purpose of U.S. circuit courts of appeals?
To review legal questions that arise from district court trials.
Which of the following is the primary purpose of U.S. district courts?
To serve as federal trial courts that are fact-finding institutions.
Which of the following was not one of the tactics used in 1965 by Cesar Chavez to garner more public support for farmworkers' demands?
To speak before the Supreme Court.
Why was the States' Rights Party formed?
Truman insisted that the Democratic Party support civil rights.
Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18?
Twenty-sixth
How many presidents have been impeached?
Two.
Which of the following is not an example of a profession's interest group?
U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
Which of the following is the world's largest business federation?
U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
Which federal courts were responsible for applying the second Brown v. Board of Education (1955) ruling to specific geographic areas?
U.S. district courts.
Which of the following statements is accurate?
U.S. social movements and interest groups attempt to set the agenda for domestic and foreign policy.
The practice of electronic eavesdropping instituted under the Bush administration and continued under the Obama administration is known as
Warrantless wiretapping.
Which early president was particularly strong in his opposition to the development of political parties?
Washington.
The power of labor unions is
Weaker than it was in the past.
Which party was ultimately destroyed by internal disagreements over slavery?
Whigs
A political party founded in the 1830s to oppose the politics and policies of President Andrew Jackson was known as the
Whigs.
lthough bureaucrats are not elected by the people, is there any means by which citizens can work to influence the rules created within the bureaucracy?
Yes, they can provide direct input on proposed rules after they are published in the Federal Register.
Since being elected, President Obama has delivered his radio address through
YouTube.
How many electors chose not to cast their votes for Barack Obama in 2008 despite the majority of their states choosing him in the election?
Zero
How many presidents have been removed from office?
Zero.
How many times has Congress declared war since the 1950s?
Zero.
Can SuperPACs give money directly to candidates?
No, SuperPACs may receive and spend unlimited funds on political activity, but not candidates.
In terms of people gathering political information through television, are television news programs the main source that is sought?
No, although people do watch news programs, they also watch entertainment programs for their news.
Can the government prevent the publication of material that is critical of its policies?
No, because this sort of publication is protected by freedom of the press.
Is organized prayer in schools constitutional?
No, because this violates the establishment clause.
Are electors bound to vote for the candidate who won the majority of votes within a state?
No, but they do so by custom.
Can federal judges generally be removed from office because of unpopular decisions?
No, impeachment is largely reserved for ethical violations.
Is the legislative veto still in use?
No, it was invalidated by the Supreme Court.
Are laws banning consensual sexual activity between adults constitutional?
No, the Supreme Court overturned the ruling that said these bans are constitutional.
The certain number of signatures of registered voters that independent or third-party candidates must collect to qualify for inclusion on a ballot is known as
Nomination petitions
Which group has traditionally had the highest registration and turnout rates?
Non-Hispanic Whites
Which group is most likely to support stricter laws on gun sales?
Non-White women.
Which of the following does not require financing in a presidential campaign?
None of the above
What was one of the main methods employed by the activists in the civil rights movement?
Nonviolent civil disobedience
In which region are people most likely to say buying a gun should be more difficult?
Northeast.
What was a problem that arose with the "motor voter" law?
Not all states implemented it the same, and some motor vehicle departments did not submit the registration forms.
How were the antiwar and civil rights movements connected?
in their overlapping time periods
Which of the following is true?
the American Revolution began before the Declaration of Independence. The American Revolution began in Massachusetts.
In terms of checks and balances, which branch of government cannot check the power of another?
non of the above
Which election marked a landslide victory for the Democratic Party?
1932
Which Department was the Bureau of Indian Affairs originally under?
Department of War.
The presidential commission on the status of women led to the
Equal Pay Act of 1963.
When did radio broadcasting first flourish?
1920s.
In what year did the First Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia?
1774
Which election marked the end of the Federalist Party?
1800.
When did many states begin passing laws segregating Black Americans in most aspects of their daily lives?
1880s.
When did American Indians gain American citizenship and the right to vote?
1924.
The 1995 Million Man March in Washington, DC, is an example of
A demonstration
A person not participating in a sit-in to be able to eat at a segregated establishment, then eating at that establishment once it integrates, provides an example of
A free rider.
What is racial profiling?
A law enforcement technique that singles out suspects on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
What is the principle of separate but equal?
A legal principle that allowed states to segregate the races in public facilities, as long as the state provided each race with basic access to the public facility in question.
What is devolution?
A partial return of power to state and local governments
The modern presidency is characterized by
A powerful president who seeks to lead Congress, connects with the American public, and presides over an enormous executive branch.
Most U.S. circuit court of appeals decisions are made by
A three-judge panel.
A government system in which only two political parties compete for elected offices is known as
A two-party system.
What is needed to override a presidential veto?
A two-thirds vote in both chambers of Congress.
In terms of a 2011 poll, how did racial differences play out for the following statement: Blacks have as good a chance as Whites of getting any kind of job for which they are qualified.
A vast majority of Whites agreed and a majority of Blacks disagreed.
Which event was instrumental in shaping public opinion concerning the civil rights movement?
A. 1963 March on Washington. B. Police brutality against civil rights protesters in Alabama.
With its origins in ancient Rome, classical republicanism posits all the following EXCEPT
A. All citizens, regardless of property ownership, should have the right to vote. Correct
The residents of which of the following American territories have representation in Congress?
A. American Samoa. B. Washington, DC. C. Guam.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett was aNo
A. Antilynching activist. B. Journalist. C. Women's rights advocate.
Minor parties
A. Are highly ideological. B. Focus on very specific issues. C. Are generally short-lived.
Why do some argue that the media did not help advance civil rights?
A. Various media outlets outside of the South carried stories about the movement that were negative in tone. B. Various media outlets were decreasing their coverage of civil rights demonstrations and issues at the height of the movement. C. The media generally reinforced negative racial stereotypes.
The violations of the East Haven police department demonstrate that
A. Victims have guaranteed civil liberties. B. Perpetrators have guaranteed civil liberties. C. The federal government protects civil liberties that are violated by state and local governments.
Which of the following demonstrate the struggle over the balance of power among the three levels of government (national, state, and local)?
A. Voting procedures. B. Firearm laws. C. Education laws
Which of the following are means of expressing public opinion?
A. Voting. B. Writing to elected officials. C. Participating in demonstrations
Which group was not excluded from the Founders' political system because of the value of inegalitarianism?
A. White male property owners over 21. Correct
Which of the following part of the Black women's club movement (beginning in the 1890s) sought to provide for the uplift of Black communities?
A. Women's suffrage. B. Health. C. Education.
What contributed to the success of the STOP ERA campaign?
A. Women's support for the campaign. B. The campaign's arguments for how it would disadvantage women. C. The overwhelming presence of men in state legislatures. Incorrect
How is the ACLU advantaged over the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and the MALDEF?
ACLU has greater financial resources.
Which of the following is not a racial or ethnic minority interest group?
ACLU.
Which group used newspapers to advocate the end of slavery and, in some cases, the recolonization of the slaves?
Abolitionists.
Which of the following was rarely reported in newspapers engaging in yellow journalism?
Accurate political news stories.
The Framers wanted the executive to be mainly concerned with
Administering congressional policies.
A federal law that requires administrative agencies to publish proposed rules and allow the public to offer comment on them before they go into effect is called the
Administrative Procedures Act
Which of the following laws gives the public some time to comment and possibly shape public policy?
Administrative Procedures Act
The quasi-judicial process by which a bureaucratic agency resolves a dispute between the agency and a private citizen is known as
Administrative adjudication.
In the scope of administrative adjudication, who first hears disputes and offers solutions for the parties involved?
Administrative law judges.
A type of law pertaining to the rules made by bureaucrats and administrative agencies is known as
Administrative law.
If a case is brought before a federal court concerning regulations made by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), it is said to deal with
Administrative law.
Corrective policies that attempt to help racial and ethnic minorities (as well as women) achieve equality in education and the workforce by providing them with advantages in college admissions, hiring, promotion, and the awarding of contracts is known as
Affirmative action.
What often precipitated significantly increased activity on a broader scale to end racial segregation?
African American veterans returning from war.
Which of the following groups staged protests and demonstrations to set the agenda on civil rights policies?
African Americans, Latinos, and American Indians. (All of the above)
Which of the following groups has the most members in the House of Representatives?
African Americans.
By the time the general election season arrives, why do presidential candidates have to moderate the stances they took during the caucus and primary season?
After appealing to strong party supporters, they find themselves in a position of having to appeal to members of other parties. Those who participate in caucuses and primaries are more ideologically extreme than most general election participants. (Both of the above)
Civil rights movement protests and demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s influenced racial discrimination policy in terms of
Agenda setting
The Congress is engaging in __________ when it passes a budget.
Agenda setting
The president is engaging in __________ when he or she gives the State of the Union speech.
Agenda setting
The stage in the policy-making process in which certain issues reach a level of public concern that attracts the attention of government officials is known as
Agenda setting
The lack of action by the government to ameliorate poverty, discrimination, and harsh living conditions in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina despite interest group, media, and international interest demonstrates which of the following?
Agenda setting does not always lead to policy enactment.
The media's power to influence the importance that the public places on issues is known as
Agenda setting.
The part of an election campaign conducted through broadcast media including radio, television, and the Internet is known as
Air war
Which of the following is not engaged in policy evaluation?
All are engaged in evaluation.
Which group particularly pushed for the Bill of Rights?
Anti-Federalists
The types of cases in which the Supreme Court reviews legal issues decided by a lower court is said to have
Appellate jurisdiction
The U.S. Supreme Court largely hears cases in which it has
Appellate jurisdiction.
Social networking media is recognized as having played an important role in the development of the
Arab Spring revolts
The official resolutions adopted by the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate in 2008 and 2009 concerning the historical relationship between the government and African Americans included all of the following EXCEPT
B. A resolution to provide reparations for descendants of slaves.
Government is defined as
B. A social institution that controls the behavior of people. Correct
What aspects contributed to the justification of the enslavement of Africans?
B. Both of the above. Correct
What was the justification for excluding African Americans and American Indians from becoming citizens of the United States?
B. Both of the above. Correct
The body of Western European political philosophy concerned with individual freedom and the role of government in protecting that freedom is known as
B. Classical liberalism. Correct
The social contract, the system under which people give up a degree of independence to obtain peace and safety that can be provided through government, is most closely associated with
B. Classical liberalism. Correct
The principles of constitutional democracies include all of the following, EXCEPT
B. Common law. Correct
Which of the following was not seen as a justification for the perpetuation of the enslavement of African Americans around the time of the founding?
B. If they were not kept as slaves, Blacks would immediately become more prosperous than Whites. Correct
Which of the Founders posited the belief that Blacks were innately inferior to Whites and called on science to demonstrate this inferiority?
B. Jefferson. Correct
The Continental Congress committee that examined the issue of American Indian inclusiveness ultimately determined that this group should be seen as
B. Possible allies.
Classical liberal theory is essential for which of the following political values?
B. Religious tolerance, restrictions on police behavior, personal property ownership.
Which Enlightenment philosopher argued that women's role is to be subservient and that they are not members of the political world?
B. Rousseau. Correct
Which of the following is not an example of a service that government in the United States makes available for citizens?
B. Tax form preparation. Correct
All of the following demonstrate the importance of the rule of law in the American political system, EXCEPT
B. The government has allowed for a separate system of laws that creates differing standards of treatment based on race, gender, and sexual orientation. Correct
Which of the following is not an assumption of the tradition of exclusion?
B. The masses were more important than the elites. Correct
One of the factors that led to the election of Abraham Lincoln was
B. The naming of two Democratic Party presidential candidates given the party division over slavery.
Direct democracy exists
B. When people make the political decisions instead of electing representatives to do so. Correct
Which Republican presidential candidate vehemently opposed federal government involvement in civil rights in 1964?
Barry Goldwater.
If Congress does not adjourn within 10 days of sending a bill to the president to be signed and the president does not sign or veto the bill, it automatically
Becomes law
Which of the following demonstrates inequality of outcome suffered by women on account of their gender?
Being paid less than men for the same job.
The early origins of the women's suffrage movement were
Both of the above
What were some of the earliest actions (early twentieth century) of the civil rights movement?
Boycotts to protest racial segregation in social settings.
Federal jurisdiction relates specifically to accusations of
Breaking federal statutes.
Many civil rights activists had been members of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids.
The case that proved most significant that was litigated by the NAACP Legal and Education Defense Fund was
Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
The landmark Supreme Court case that prohibited government-sponsored segregation as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause was
Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
A large, complex organization in which employees work within specific levels of rank and authority to carry out the policies of that organization is called
Bureaucracy.
How is congressional oversight generally handled?
By committees and subcommittees.
How does the media influence agenda setting?
By controlling the amount of media exposure a policy receives, controlling coverage content, and controlling the tone of media coverage. (All of the above)
How did the constitutional Framers arrange the new institutions to insulate the president from the pressures of the democratic influence of the masses?
By creating indirect election through the Electoral College.
How does the judicial branch check the power of the bureaucracy?
By ruling that agency rules or actions brought before the court are unconstitutional or in violation of federal statutes.
Based on the 1790 U.S. Census, the National Archives estimates that only 20.7 percent of the U.S. population were White males 16 years and older. What percentage of the U.S. population does the National Archive estimate was eligible for participation in the political system by way of being White male property owners?
C. 6 percent. Correct
A republican form of government is defined as
C. A government whose powers are exercised by elected representatives who are directly or indirectly accountable to the people governed
The concept of civic virtue, which is the subordination of individualism and self-interest to societal interests, is most closely associated with which theoretical tradition?
C. Classical republicanism. Correct
Which of the following doctrines aided in the justification of the exclusion of women from the political system?
C. Coverture. Correct
When a government provides for the public good, it
C. Creates policies that benefit society as a whole, rather than specific individuals. Correct
All constitutional democracies share which of the following characteristics?
C. Free and regular elections, peaceful transitions of power, free press, protected personal and civil rights. Correct
Which of the following describes the intentions and ideals of the Founders?
C. Freedom and equality should not be universally applied to the populace.
The main, overarching mechanism for controlling people's behavior and managing their conflicts is
C. Government. Correct
Concurrent Resolution 331, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1988, recognized the influence of the ____________ on the _____________ and the ____________.
C. Iroquois Constitution; U.S. Constitution; Bill of Rights. Correct
Which of the following acts of Congress demonstrated that the Founders did not intend for the Constitution to apply to Blacks and American Indians?
C. Naturalization Act of 1790. Correct
Do contemporary conservatives fully adhere to classical republican theories?
C. No, contemporary conservatives believe in a limited role for government for solving social problems.
What did the second stage of the women's rights movement accomplish?
C. Protect women in the workplace. D. Open opportunities for women in professional fields.
The Affordable Care Act of 2010, which provides health care for many of the uninsured, most closely reflects which function of government?
C. Provision of services. Correct
The social construction of race is defined as
C. The construction of a group of people of various phenotypes, skin colors, and physical characteristics for political and social purposes. Correct
Generally speaking, what is the relationship between career bureaucrats and higher level political appointees?
Career bureaucrats and higher level appointees can come into conflict over policy for an agency and both exert power.
Favors and other forms of assistance that members of Congress provide to their constituents are known as
Casework.
Which of the following is not associated with the influence of colleagues on congressional decision making?
Casework.
Social activists who create or recognize opportunities to galvanize people to organized action are called
Catalytic leadership
The presence of Gloria Steinem in the women's rights movement would be considered
Catalytic leadership.
Grants-in-aid that contain numerous, detailed provisions on how the states and local governments use the money are called
Categorical grants
A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings is known as
Caucus.
A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings is referred to as
Caucuses.
Informal organizations within Congress are called
Caucuses.
A requirement that all agency budget requests receive approval from the Office of Management and Budget before the president submits them to Congress is known as
Central clearance.
The Congressional Black Caucus has recently worked to fight against
Changes in voter eligibility laws
What most directly might lead to reforms in the welfare system?
Changing beliefs concerning self-sufficiency.
What helps to push decision makers to support the purposes of social movements?
Changing public opinion.
Who was the only non-White vice president?
Charles Curtis.
A key assistant to the president who coordinates executive branch employees and serves as a link between other presidential advisers and the president is known as the
Chief of staff.
After the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916, how did the Supreme Court argue that the federal government could not regulate child labor?
Child labor occurs at the manufacturing level, rather than the commerce level, thus leaving the issue to the states
Primaries in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote in that party's primary elections to choose the party's candidate or delegate are known as
Closed primaries
A procedure in the Senate to stop a filibuster that requires three-fifths of the senators (60) agreeing to end debate is known as
Cloture vote.
Which group developed the beginning of the Anti-Vietnam War movement in the early 1960s?
College students.
Which central questions fueled the American Revolution?
Colonial autonomy and monarchical rule
On what grounds does the government claim that it has the power to break up monopolies?
Commerce clause.
Which of the following is a constitutional provision that gives the national government the authority to regulate commerce among the states, foreign nations, and Indian tribes?
Commerce clause.
What binds pressure groups together?
Common interests
The head of the Government Accountability Office is known as the
Comptroller General.
An opinion that agrees with the outcome of a Supreme Court case but for reasons different from those expressed in the majority opinion is called a
Concurring opinion.
The Senate Judiciary Committee
Conducts hearings for judicial nominees and issues recommendations.
A committee composed of members of the House and the Senate that reconciles different versions of the same bill is known as a
Conference committee
Who establishes each geographic district for the federal judiciary?
Congress.
An informal organization consisting of African Americans elected to the United States Congress is known as the
Congressional Black Caucus.
The published record of the official proceedings of Congress is known as the:
Congressional Record.
Which of the following provides an example of a political position that allows a single individual to block policy adoption?
Congressional committee chairs
Which of the following are not federal bureaucrats?
Congressional staffers.
A __________ is composed of the people who select a representative to act on their behalf.
Constituency.
Property ownership was a significant factor in the tradition of exclusion at the founding of the American political system, as evidenced by
D. The extension of voting rights only to propertied men. Correct
Race is
D. A social and political construct. Correct
Democracy is
D. A system of government in which the people exercise political power.
American Indians and Blacks were viewed in similar ways by colonists in that these groups
D. All of the above.
Which early American documents or works were heavily influenced by classical liberalism?
D. All of the above.
An example of government action that provides for the public good is
D. All of the above. Correct
Government provides security for its citizens by
D. All of the above. Correct
The Great Law of Peace, the Iroquois Confederacy's constitution, included which of the following democratic principles or characteristics?
D. All of the above. Correct
The process of politics includes
D. All of the above. Correct
To control the behavior of its people, government
D. All of the above. Correct
What factors contributed to the broad-scale institution of slavery in Virginia by 1661?
D. All of the above. Correct
Which of these apply to classical liberalism and classical republicanism, but not the tradition of exclusion?
D. All of the above. Correct
Which of the following is an example of direct democracy?
D. Both a and c. Correct
The U.S. government is an example of which type(s) of democracy?
D. Both b and c. Correct
During the period of Democratic Party dominance in the twentieth century, this party encountered internal disagreements over
D. Civil rights. A. Foreign policy.
Which of the following is not one of the political traditions of the American system of government?
D. Classical egalitarianism.
The body of political philosophy concerned with the idea that rule by the people should be indirect through representatives is known as
D. Classical republicanism. Correct
Each of the following is a characteristic of classical republicanism EXCEPT
D. Direct democracy. Correct
The sociopolitical philosophical tradition supporting the exclusion of large segments of the American population from participation in the political system is known as
D. Inegalitarianism. Correct
The U.S. Congress provided an apology and reparations to which of the following groups?
D. Japanese Americans interned during World War II. Correct
What is natural law?
D. Law that comes from nature and is superior to written law passed by legislatures. Correct
Do contemporary liberals fully adhere to classical liberal theories?
D. No, contemporary liberals support government action to protect citizens' rights and solve social problems. Correct
Which of the following are no longer found within the American political system?
D. None of the above.
Which of the following statements does not reflect the theory of natural law?
D. Statutory law is always supreme. Correct
Which of the following is not attributed to Thomas Jefferson?
D. The argument that Blacks should be citizens. Correct
In the aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, a subsequent government reorganization placed FEMA under which department?
Department of Homeland Security.
Which is the most recent cabinet department to be added to the federal bureaucracy?
Department of Homeland Security.
Issues of discrimination in the United States are most likely to be investigated by the
Department of Justice.
Which party convention experienced a major clash concerning primaries and caucuses, thus causing the party to change its rules and encourage states to use primaries?
Democratic Party Convention of 1968
The major political party established by Andrew Jackson in the 1820s to champion the interests of common people, was known as the
Democratic Party.
The "Fifty State Strategy" was a successful electoral approach put into practice after the 2004 election by the
Democratic national committee chair.
The development of which two parties marked the beginning of the American two-party system?
Democratic-Republicans and Federalist Party.
An early political party that Thomas Jefferson formed to oppose the nationalist policies of John Adams and Alexander Hamilton was known as the
Democratic-Republicans.
Women tend to identify as __________ more than men do.
Democrats
Black Protestants are more likely to identify as __________ than White Protestants.
Democrats.
Issues relating to employment and the welfare of workers are most likely to be handled by the
Department of Labor.
Who was the first woman to run for president on the Republican ticket?
Elizabeth Dole.
An executive order issue by President Lincoln during the Civil War that freed the slaves in the Confederacy is known as the
Emancipation Proclamation.
Which clause within the Bill of Rights requires the government to provide compensation when it takes private property for public use?
Eminent domain clause.
Which of the following was not one of the procedural decisions that were quickly made at the Constitutional Convention?
Encouraging input from members outside of the Convention.
What is the status given to individuals captured in battle who do not belong to any national military force?
Enemy combatants.
Religious institutions can lose their tax-exempt status from the government if they
Engage in racial discrimination.
What was one of the first ways that Blacks were denied civil rights in America?
Enslavement
The existence of the U.S. Army is an example of Congress's
Enumerated powers.
The intentional or unintentional racial discrimination in the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations and in the targeting of racial minority communities for the siting of pollution-producing industries or hazardous waste sites is known as
Environmental racism.
The commerce clause
Expands the power of the national government.
The individuals selected for the Executive Office of the President (EOP) are chosen for
Expertise.
Early nineteenth-century media
Expressed and perpetuated negative racial stereotypes about non-Whites.
Which president issued Executive Order 9066 ordering the internment of Japanese Americans and allowing for the seizure of their property?
F. D. Roosevelt.
When Janet Jackson had a "wardrobe malfunction" at the 2004 Super Bowl halftime show, the __________ got involved to impose fines.
FCC.
Divisions that develop within a movement that might weaken it or cause its demise are known as
Factionalism.
The Daily Show and The Colbert Report are
Fake news programs that provide insightful commentary on current political issues.
Which of the following contains James Madison's concern that conflict, rather than consensus, would predominate in American politics?
Federalist No. 10.
An early political party led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton that supported nationalizing the economy was known as the
Federalist Party.
Which group was in favor of the ratification of the Constitution?
Federalists.
Very serious crimes, such as homicide and armed robbery, often receive lengthy sentences and are known as
Felonies.
An amendment to the Constitution that prevents states from racial discrimination in voting is known as the
Fifteenth Amendment.
The ______ Amendment guarantees no second trial for the same offense.
Fifth.
The ______ Amendment protects against the denial of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
Fifth.
A parliamentary technique in the Senate that allows a minority of senators to prevent passage of a bill supported by the majority of Senators, by preventing a vote on the bill, is called
Filibuster.
Which of the following has been used to prevent the passage of civil rights legislation?
Filibuster.
The ______ Amendment protects freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
First.
The __________ Amendment protects free exercise of religion and freedom to peacefully assemble. Select one:
First.
One of the strategies of the 2008 Obama campaign was to
Focus on garnering support in all 50 states.
A law concerning the need to carry a U.S. passport to travel to most destinations in the Caribbean would be considered
Foreign policy
A resolution condemning ethnic cleansing in a foreign nation would be considered
Foreign policy
Laws, rules, and programs that affect the relationship between the United States and other countries are referred to as
Foreign policy
Regulations concerning the importation of manufacturing goods would be considered
Foreign policy
An amendment to the Constitution that prevents states from denying on the basis of race full citizenship to their residents is the
Fourteenth Amendment.
Which amendment does the equal protection clause belong to?
Fourteenth.
Which amendment ensures that states cannot deny any resident life, liberty, or property without following normal criminal and judicial procedures?
Fourteenth.
The 2013 National Security Agency (NSA) government surveillance leaks concerning widespread gathering of phone records of most Americans most closely demonstrates the government's violation of __________ rights of citizens.
Fourth Amendment.
The ______ Amendment protects citizens against search and seizure without probable cause.
Fourth.
By inaccurately portraying Common in connection to his visit to the White House, Fox News succeeded in tying negative racial issues to President Obama by way of
Framing.
The media's ability to shape how viewers interpret political events and issues is known as
Framing.
The ability of members of Congress to send noncampaign material to their constituents free of charge is known as
Franking privilege
Whose presidency first caused many Blacks to identify with the Democratic Party?
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Which president signed Executive Order 9088 to forcibly remove more than 100,000 Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast to internment camps?
Franklin Roosevelt.
Which president ushered in the era of the modern presidency?
Franklin Roosevelt.
What prevents laws that directly prohibit the practice of religion?
Free exercise clause.
In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014), the Supreme Court ruled against the contraceptive mandate in the Affordable Care Act based on considerations of
Freedom of religion.
Who was the first female running mate on a major party ticket?
Geraldine Ferraro.
The practice in which the majority political party in a state uses the redrawing of district lines to maximize the number of seats it is likely to win in upcoming elections is called
Gerrymandering.
Which Supreme Court ruling expanded the power of the national government in terms of commerce that involved multiple states?
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The part of the legislative branch that is responsible for auditing how bureaucratic agencies spend money appropriated by Congress is called the
Government Accountability Office.
The U.S. Post Office is an example of a
Government corporation.
Parts of the federal bureaucracy that charge fees for the services they provide to the American public are known as
Government corporations.
Which of the following is not a subcategory of economic interest groups?
Government.
A policy designed to disenfranchise Blacks by exempting Whites who had been able to vote at the end of the Civil War, but not Blacks, from literacy tests is known as
Grandfather clauses.
In the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision, the Court ruled that "separate but equal"
Had no place in public education.
The 2010 Stewart and Colbert "Rally to Restore Sanity" on the Mall in Washington, DC, in response to the Beck "Rally to Restore Honor"
Had significantly more attendees.
The heavily regulated money that is directly raised by political candidates is known as
Hard money
Which of the following is a federal law passed in 1939 and amended in 1993 that restricts federal employees' partisan political activities?
Hatch Act.
Laws that enhance criminal penalties for crimes committed out of prejudice toward certain groups are called
Hate crime legislation.
Which president ended Reconstruction?
Hayes.
In what way was President Barack Obama's reelection historic?
He was the first president since Eisenhower to win at least 51 percent of the popular vote in two elections. He lost the majority of the White vote but won by way of the overwhelming majority of the non-White vote. He was the first Black president to be reelected. (All of the above)
Which of the following was not achieved through the labor movement?
Health care for all workers.
A law passed in 2002 to reform aspects of the voting process that failed in the 2000 presidential election and to increase voter education and turnout is called the
Help America Vote Act
Which of the following is a factor in voter participation?
High level of interest in political campaigns, following elections in the media, and Interest in public affairs. (All of the above)
Early in the American political system, newspapers were
Highly opinionated.
The majority of employees in the bureaucracy are
Hired based on their qualifications.
Obama's 2008 nomination victory was in part a result of
His campaign's focus on caucus states, despite their size
One of the few issues on which President Obama received relatively favorable media coverage across both conservative and liberal media outlets was
His handling of the killing of Osama bin Laden.
Citizens' perceptions of government officials and institutions are largely based on
How the media chooses to cover them.
Groups that adhere to a particular belief system or ideal about how society and government should be structured and what policies are most desirable are known as
Ideological interest groups.
Which racialized issue has Lou Dobbs, a news network host, worked consistently at framing in a negative light?
Illegal immigration.
Which of the following provides an example for the issue networks concept of bureaucratic power?
Immigration policy.
The process by which the House of Representatives charges an Executive Branch or a Judicial Branch official with a high crime or misdemeanor and then the Senate decides whether to remove that official from office with a two-thirds vote is known as
Impeachment
The process by which the House of Representatives charges a president, vice president, or federal judge with a high crime or misdemeanor, after which the Senate can decide to remove that official from office, is known as
Impeachment.
The day-to-day process by which bureaucrats enforce laws and carry out policies is known as
Implementation.
The ways in which bureaucrats follow guidelines for the enforcement of immigration laws reflect the concept of
Implementation.
The necessary and proper clause (or the elastic clause) provides the national government with justification for its
Implied powers
The existence of the Internal Revenue Service is an example of Congress's
Implied powers.
Many of the amendments have worked to break down the direct political effects of which theoretical tradition?
Inegalitarianism.
Which of the following concepts refers to the application of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments?
Incorporation
Negative portrayals of Mexicans in the media in the 1840s
Increased American support for the Mexican-American War.
Which of the following was not a factor in President Obama's 2012 electoral victory?
Increasing support of White voters
Parts of the federal bureaucracy with specified functions that are independent from cabinet departments, do not regulate, and do not charge fees for their services are known as
Independent executive agencies
The CIA is an example of
Independent executive agencies.
The Framers designed the judicial branch to be
Independent of the opinions of the public majority.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is an example of a
Independent regulatory commission.
Government bodies that issue and enforce regulations on specified economic and social interests are known as
Independent regulatory commissions.
Why have social movements been necessary in the midst of democracy in the American political system?
Inegalitarianism
The first presidential caucus is generally held in
Iowa.
A conception of bureaucracy in which policy making is dominated by congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies is referred to as a
Iron triangle.
Under the Constitution, the amendment ratification process
Is difficult and allows a small minority of states to veto any changes.
If a defendant were to say "I plead the Fifth," it is understood that he or she
Is lawfully choosing not to provide evidence that might be used against him or her.
A conception of policy making as dynamic and not controlled by any particular set of groups or institutions is called a
Issue network.
Why is the House Rules Committee such an important committee?
It decides how a bill will be considered by the full House
Why was the Dorothy Davis et al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia (1953) case attached to the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court lawsuit?
It demonstrated that the "separate but equal" doctrine only led to unequal conditions for Blacks.
Why is the Hatch Act important?
It depoliticizes the federal bureaucracy by forbidding federal employees from engaging in most political activities.
Which of the following is true of the city of Washington, DC?
It does not belong to a state and is controlled by the U.S. Congress and the U.S. president.
Why does a march or demonstration not qualify as a social movement?
It does not constitute sustained activity over a long period of time.
What is the main point of the supremacy clause?
It establishes that the Constitution and the laws of the United States are the law of the land and supreme to all laws passed by the state and local governments.
How did the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 restrict tribal authority?
It expanded the individual rights of Indians living on tribal land.
Which president greatly expanded the patronage system?
Jackson.
Which president fought against the patronage system and ultimately lost his life as a consequence?
James Garfield.
Which of the following was not an Anti-Federalist?
James Madison
Who agreed to propose a bill of rights as constitutional amendments after the ratification of the Constitution?
James Madison.
The southern practice of racially segregating all public facilities, such as transportation, schools, libraries, hotels, hospitals, theaters, parks, and cemeteries, was based on
Jim Crow laws.
Which president worked and managed to get Congress to enact a Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act in consecutive years?
Johnson.
Which of the following was not a part of the Great Compromise?
Proportional representation in the Senate
The power of a court to overturn a law or official government action because it is deemed unconstitutional is known as
Judicial review.
For the federal judiciary to rule on a case, it must be demonstrated that the case is within federal
Jurisdiction.
The requirement that there must be an actual case or controversy between two parties for the federal judiciary to decide a case is known as
Justiciable.
Which president appointed a commission on the status of women?
Kennedy.
Which was the first major and prolonged conflict in which the president dispatched troops without a subsequent congressional declaration of war?
Korean War.
Which Supreme Court case upheld internment of an ethnic group as constitutional?
Korematsu v. United States (1944).
Which of the following is not a subcategory of noneconomic interest groups?
Labor.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Democrats
Largely did not support civil rights for African Americans.
Which of the following terms refers to people of Spanish or Portuguese colonial ancestry?
Latino.
Which of the following racial minority groups is the most underrepresented in the federal workforce?
Latinos.
Journalists
Lean slightly more to the Democratic Party than the American public.
The process by which an individual, a group, or an organization seeks to influence government policy makers is known as
Lobbying.
Majority-minority districts are
Legislative districts in which more than half of the residents are Black or Latino.
An act of one or both houses of Congress that overturned an administrative action was known as
Legislative veto.
After being bought by large corporations, local radio stations currently have
Less independence.
What is the term concerning the publication of written material that damages an individual's reputation?
Libel.
A wing of the Republican Party that opposed civil rights for African Americans was known as
Lily White Republicans.
What power do most governors possess that the U.S. president does not?
Line-item veto
Which of the following is a technique used by interest groups and social movements to influence the agenda-setting process?
Litigation and Demonstration. (Both of the above)
A belief that the Constitution should be interpreted to reflect contemporary times is known as
Living constitution.
Which of the following is not included in the activities of government organizations?
Lobbying for collective bargaining rights for public employees.
Winning of an election by the candidate who receives at least 51 percent of the vote is referred to as a
Majority
The opinion reflecting the winning outcome of a Supreme Court case that is signed by at least a plurality of the justices is called a
Majority opinion.
The political party in the House or the Senate that has more than half of the seats and therefore controls the leadership, rules, and outcome of legislation is known as the
Majority party.
Legislative districts that contain a population made up of more than 50 percent of a racial or ethnic minority groups are called
Majority-minority districts
What led directly to a significant and sustained increase in the number of minority legislators?
Majority-minority districts.
In the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case, the Supreme Court used judicial review to make racial discrimination a national issue, thus
Making states' rights to racial discrimination unconstitutional.
Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution lists powers that are specifically denied to states, such as
Making treaties with other nations.
A president's claim to Congress that his or her election victory signifies the public's support for his or her policies is known as a
Mandate
What was one result of President Lyndon Johnson's push for civil rights?
Many White Democrats moved to the Republican Party.
Why is the pluralism tenet that all groups have equal access to the political process problematic?
Many groups have encountered and continue to encounter legal and structural barriers.
Which Supreme Court decision established the concept of judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
In terms of partisan bureaucratic politics, independent regulatory commissions
Must have a close balance of Democratic and Republican commissioners.
The largest Latino civil rights organization serving Latino groups is
NCLR.
The largest feminist organization in the United States is
NOW.
Which of the following is not a labor interest group?
National Association of Manufacturers.
Which of the following is not an ideological interest group?
National League of Cities.
The head of each party's national committee, who is most responsible for directing the party's electoral strategies, is referred to as the
National committee chair
Who is in charge of the primary operations of a party?
National committee chair.
What are grants-in-aid?
National government expenditures that provide money or property to the states to accomplish a policy goal.
Which state has a unicameral legislature?
Nebraska
Which two states do not award state elector votes in a winner-take-all fashion?
Nebraska and Maine
Which of the following is a constitutional provision that gives the national government the authority to enact law implied by the enumerated powers?
Necessary and proper (elastic) clause.
Which clause gives Congress the authority to make essential and appropriate laws to carry out its enumerated responsibilities?
Necessary and proper clause
The goal of increasing profits and ratings encourages
Negative news coverage.
The groups that supported President Franklin Roosevelt's policies and as a result made the Democrats the dominant party during the 1930s and 1940s were called the
New Deal coalition.
The first presidential primary is generally held in
New Hampshire.
Which of the following plans proposed a system of government that maintained a confederation with a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state?
New Jersey Plan
Which state had the first Hispanic female governor?
New Mexico
Which of the following is not a cable news station?
OWN.
Who was the first candidate to forego public funding for a presidential election since public financing had been introduced?
Obama
Which president signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act?
Obama.
Once slavery was abolished in northern states, Blacks in these states
Obtained limited civil rights varying by state.
A media campaign in which an interest group works to generate support for a particular policy position is known as aNo __________ campaign.
Offensive.
Who determines the constitutionality of government actions in the federal district court system?
One judge.
The political party an individual most identifies with specifically relates to his or her
Partisan affiliation
In both 1976 and 1990, the Supreme Court ruled that
Party patronage is unconstitutional for state and local governments.
What did Congress do to prevent states from drawing legislative districts that were discriminatory against racial and ethnic minorities?
Pass the Voting Rights Act of 1982
A system of hiring bureaucrats because they supported the winning political candidate, not because they had the skill, training, and experience for their jobs, is known as
Patronage.
Which of the following is a federal law passed in 1883 that required bureaucrats to be hired and retained according to their demonstrated skill, not their political affiliation?
Pendleton Act.
The stage in the policy-making process in which government actors and even private citizens carry out enacted policies is known as
Policy implementation
The right of each side in a legal case to discard a set number of potential jurors without providing a reason is referred to as
Peremptory challenges
Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century presidents
Played a relatively limited role in the political system.
Party members elected or chosen on the state and local levels to support a particular candidate at the party's national convention are referred to as
Pledged delegates
Which controversial Supreme Court decision ruled that, under the Fourteenth Amendment, states were allowed to segregate by race?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Which Supreme Court case established the legal principle of separate but equal?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Which Supreme Court case ruled that racial segregation was constitutional?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
The concept that competition among groups is the basis for public policy creation and political outcomes in a democratic government best reflects
Pluralism.
Winning of an election by the candidate who receives the most votes (also known as "first past the post") is referred to as a
Plurality
A way for the president to overturn a bill passed by Congress when the president does not act on a bill within 10 days of passage and Congress adjourns in the meantime is known as the
Pocket veto.
The stage in the policy-making process in which the policy is actually enacted is known as
Policy adoption
When both Houses of Congress approve the final version of a bill, they are engaging in the process of
Policy adoption
The stage of the policy-making process in which legislators make policy is known as
Policy enactment
A congressional oversight committee meeting provides an example of
Policy evaluation
The stage of the policy-making process in which government actors and private citizens determine whether an implemented policy is achieving its intended effect is known as
Policy evaluation
The stage in the policy-making process in which government actors draft a solution to a problem that they have recognized merits their attention is known as
Policy formulation
Executive branch enforcement of policies passed by Congress provides an example of
Policy implementation
The attitudes, beliefs, and values that undergird or are at the foundation of a political system are known as
Political culture.
The dynamic nature of public opinion concerning interracial marriage and homosexual marriage over time reflect changes in
Political culture.
Voters who do not designate a political party affiliation when registering to vote are known as
Political independents
Mass organizations that seek to elect candidates to public office and influence policy making are known as
Political parties.
What is one major dimension along which Congress organizes itself?
Political party.
The process through which a person gains political understanding and forms a set of political beliefs is known as
Political socialization.
Which of the following is accurate concerning political socialization?
Political views can change over time based on variable life circumstances.
The nomination of judges for the federal judiciary is highly
Political.
Which of the following is not a group for which public interest groups work to represent?
Politicians.
Fees charged as a condition of registering to vote, which disenfranchises the impoverished, especially African Americans, are known as
Poll taxes.
Federal money spent on projects that benefit only a specific member's district or state is known as
Pork barrel spending.
During the 2012 election season, conservative media outlets primed Mitt Romney __________ and Barack Obama __________.
Positively, negatively.
Which of the following was not a power of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation?
Power to enact taxes
What are enumerated powers?
Powers of the federal government specifically stated in the Constitution.
What are implied powers?
Powers of the federal government that are inferred from the powers expressly stated in the Constitution
Formal question-and-answer sessions that the president or the press secretary holds with the White House press corps are called
Press conferences.
A member of the president's staff who conducts daily briefings with members of the media is called the
Press secretary.
A member of the president's staff who conducts daily briefings with members of the media is known as the
Press secretary.
A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election is referred to as
Primaries.
A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election is known as
Primary.
The media's ability to influence how the public perceives politicians and candidates is known as
Priming.
Government attempts to censor the press by preventing the publication of apparently objectionable material is called
Prior restraint.
What is the term concerning government regulation preventing the publication of printed material?
Prior restraint.
A general term for a sample selected in accordance with probability theory, which ensures that every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample, is known as
Probability sampling.
What is necessary for a judge or magistrate to issue a search warrant?
Probable cause.
The public's focus on the liberal versus conservative bias of the media overlooks the media bias created by
Profit-seeking.
The American National Election Study and General Social Survey are examples of
Public opinion polls conducted through universities.
The collective opinions of large segments of the population on an issue, candidate, or public policy on which the public might be much divided and lack consensus are known as
Public opinion.
What helps us to understand the current state, thinking, and direction of political culture?
Public opinion.
Religious interest groups
Push policy issues that conform to their beliefs.
A type of sampling in which individuals to be interviewed are selected based on their proportion or quota in the general population being polled is known as
Quota sampling.
Which of the following was a major factor in the inequitable prison terms for powder versus crack cocaine, a matter that was only recently addressed to make the punishment for the offenses more equitable?
Race
Which of the following is not an assumption of pluralism?
Race will always be a significant factor in politics.
Which of the following influences the likelihood of voter turnout?
Race, gender, and education level. (All of the above)
The "Southern strategy" used by many Republican presidential candidates uses __________ to attempt to pull __________ into their party.
Race; White Democrats.
What was the Supreme Court's basis for upholding the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Racial discrimination substantially affects interstate commerce.
Justice Thurgood Marshall's dissenting opinion in the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case concerning racial quotas in admissions argued that
Racial quotas were necessary for helping to remedy the effects of the legacy of discrimination.
What is currently one of the main reasons that there are so few racial and ethnic minorities who have served as governors?
Racially polarized voting.
The most common period attributed to the emergence of the gender gap falls under the
Reagan administration.
Which president was well-known for his active pursuit of antiunion policies?
Reagan.
Periods when voter allegiances toward the political parties shift for an extended period of time, resulting in one party emerging as dominant, are referred to as
Realignment.
What is the process of allotting states a specific number of representatives based on decennial census figures?
Reapportionment.
The period during which former Confederate states were brought back into the Union, often characterized by a military presence in the South and civil rights progress for Blacks, is known as
Reconstruction
According to Mayhew, members of Congress are primarily concerned with
Reelection.
What was a highly successful tactic used by conservative White Southern committee chairs in the 1950s to prevent the passage of civil rights legislation?
Refusing to schedule a bill for committee action.
Which Supreme Court case ruled that state legislative districts must be roughly equal in population?
Reynolds v. Sims (1964).
Which of the following would not be considered a catalytic leader for a social movement?
Richard Nixon
The purpose of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold Act) was to
Regulate campaign finance.
Tribal newspapers largely
Report news relevant to a specific tribe and its governing institutions.
Pan-Indian newspapers largely
Report news specific to issues affecting American Indians throughout the nation.
In general, aside from issues concerning racial and ethnic minority groups, the New York Times was different from many other periodicals in that it largely
Reported accurate information.
A person who is chosen to make laws on behalf of a defined group of people is called a
Representative.
Most districts that are majority Black are
Represented by Black legislators.
Which political party was most successful for nearly 70 years following the Civil War?
Republican Party
Since the civil rights movement, conservative views on racial and social issues have attracted many of the southern states to the
Republican Party.
As an independent executive agency, what type of activity is the Commission on Civil Rights most likely to engage in?
Research and examine the effects of policies and sociopolitical issues on civil rights.
Portions of land set aside for American Indians removed from their ancestral lands by the federal government are known as
Reservations
Why would it matter when a question is asked in a survey?
Respondents might be primed by an earlier question to think of a later question in a positive or negative way.
Why would the period during which data for a survey is gathered matter?
Respondents' views might be affected by political events that are occurring at the time of the survey.
The New York Times referred to American Indians as
Semicivilized, wild, and predatory.
The person who has the most powerful position in the Senate, who articulates the majority party's legislative priorities, and works to pass them, is known as the
Senate majority leader.
The practice whereby a president consults with senators in his party to find potential lower court vacancies that occur in the senators' states is known as
Senatorial courtesy.
In accordance with the Constitution, which of the following are presidents not in charge of nominating?
Senators.
High-level bureaucrats the president places in different agencies to ensure compliance with his or her directives are known as the
Senior Executive Service.
What was district court Judge Clyde Cahill's basis for his legal justification for not implementing a federally mandated sentence against an offender in possession of crack cocaine?
Sentencing disparities between crack and cocaine powder resulted in a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause on the basis of racial discrimination.
A legal doctrine that allowed segregation of the races in public facilities as long as each race received the facility in question was known as the
Separate but equal principle
The manner in which the Constitution divides power among the three branches of government—the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary—refers to
Separation of powers.
Unwelcome sexual comments or treatment in the workplace or an educational institution is known as
Sexual harassment.
A high-ranking lawyer in the Justice Department who argues cases before the Supreme Court on behalf of the U.S. government is called the
Solicitor General.
Why did the women's movement split into two groups in the debate over the Fifteenth Amendment?
Some did not like that the Fifteenth Amendment was going only going to extend suffrage to Black men.
The inability of homosexual partners to marry, to have hospital visitation rights, and to be able to obtain adequate governmental protection from physical harm would be considered
Shared grievances
Complaints against the political system (national, state, or local) by a group of people who agree generally on the causes of the complaints are known as
Shared grievances.
Which of the following helped to expose the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Shays's Rebellion.
Which of the following is specific to Congress's first major attack on monopolies?
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
Who was the first African American to seek the presidency on a major party ticket?
Shirley Chisholm.
Presidential declarations that are issued along with legislative bill signings that express reservations about parts of a bill or announce an unwillingness to enforce aspects of the bill are known as
Signing statements.
The president's ability to exercise discretion in terms of enforcing laws is most directly seen in
Signing statements.
Which of the following is a form of protest against segregated restaurants in which Black patrons refused to move from Whites-only sections?
Sit-ins
Which of the following was not ratified to deal with the issue of discrimination against Blacks?
Sixteenth amendment
The ______ Amendment protects a defendant's right to a speedy, public trial.
Sixth.
The ______ Amendment protects the right to a trial by jury and the right to be informed of all charges.
Sixth.
The ______ Amendment protects the right to counsel for criminal defendants.
Sixth.
Prior to 2002, a political advertisement from a national committee was likely to be funded by
Soft money
The less-regulated money that is raised by a political party to support and maintain the party is known as
Soft money
Strolovich argues that minority interest groups do not fully represent the interests of those groups because
Some subgroups are further marginalized within the larger group.
Who was the first Latina Supreme Court Justice?
Sonia Sotomayor.
In which of the following regions are people more likely to believe that President Obama was not born in the United States?
South.
Which region of the country did not see Republican Party dominance from 1896 through 1933?
South.
__________ was a group designed to be the umbrella organization that would link church-based affiliates throughout the South in the nonviolent struggle for racial justice.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
The Chicano civil rights movement was mainly focused on the __________ region of the United States.
Southwest
A government policy toward American Indians that allows each tribe to regulate its own people and operate according to its own customs is known as
Sovereignty.
Which concept concerning political authority and power is central to federalism?
Sovereignty.
The leader of the majority party who possesses the most powerful position in the House of Representatives is known as the
Speaker of the House.
Who determines the committee a bill is assigned to when it is introduced in the House of Representatives?
Speaker of the House.
In terms of partisan identification and cable television news
Tea Party members are most likely to watch Fox News.
The Native American Rights Fund and the Asian American Justice Center have worked to set the civil rights agenda by
Sponsoring judicial cases.
Which Parliamentary act was the first to impose a direct tax on the colonists?
Stamp Act.
An aspect of justiciability that requires the party bringing the case to show that the policy in question has caused it an injury is known as
Standing.
Issues concerning the United States and foreign relations are most likely to be handled by the
State Department.
Most government interest groups are
State and local organizations that promote the interests of these regions with the federal government.
What are the two simultaneously operating tracks of the American judiciary?
State courts and federal courts.
Where do the majority of court cases take place?
State courts.
In Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), the Supreme Court ruled that
State laws protecting runaway slaves were superseded by federal laws and slaveholders' property rights.
In which state was there a controversial bill in 2010 (SB 1070) that would require law enforcement officers to arrest anyone they suspected of being undocumented who could not produce documentation of being in the country legally?
State laws protecting runaway slaves were superseded by federal laws and slaveholders' property rights.
Where do most criminal prosecutions and lawsuits take place?
State trial courts.
Which are the four oldest departments in the federal bureaucracy?
State, Treasury, Defense, and Justice.
After repealing the Stamp Act in 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, which
Stated that Parliament had supremacy over the colonies
Dual federalism is most closely connected to the idea of
States' rights
A type of law pertaining to rules made by legislatures, especially Congress, is known as
Statutory law.
If a case is brought before a federal court concerning a law created by a state legislature, it is said to deal with
Statutory law.
The first gay-pride march was held a year after the
Stonewall riots
Which of the following formed the States' Rights Party in 1948?
Strom Thurmond.
__________ was an organization of college students dedicated to continuing the campaign for social justice, which had been started by the North Carolina A&T students.
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Which group is least likely to be negatively and unfairly affected by voter identification requirements?
Suburban voters
Large-scale efforts of organizations and activists during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to secure the right to vote for women were known as
Suffrage movement.
This was the first main act passed by Parliament in 1764 that many colonists saw as economically oppressive, in that it required them to pay a heavy tariff on raw materials and manufactured products imported from foreign countries.
Sugar Act
A political action committee that is allowed to raise an unlimited amount of money from any source and then is allowed to spend this money in support of or opposition to any political candidate so long as their activities are not directly coordinated with a campaign is called a
SuperPAC.
A media campaign geared to create a favorable image concerning an interest group is known as aNo __________ campaign.
Supportive.
If society has become more tolerant of the concerns espoused by a movement, then the environment in which the movement finds itself is seen as
Supportive.
Which clause stipulates that the Constitution and national laws are the supreme law of the land, thus resulting in national law superseding state law?
Supremacy clause
Which of the following clauses is at work in the prohibition of discriminatory state laws based on national laws prohibiting racial discrimination?
Supremacy clause.
The administration of questionnaires to a sample of respondents selected from a particular population, useful for making descriptive and explanatory studies of large populations, is known as
Survey research.
What is the main method for measuring public opinion?
Survey research.
The relationship between political campaigns and the media is
Symbiotic.
The first U.S. government was based on
The Articles of Confederation
The key presidential aides, each of whom heads an executive branch department, as well as others that the president designates, are known as
The Cabinet
Which of the following encouraged Southern African Americans to move to Northern cities to have better economic opportunities and face less discrimination?
The Chicago Defender.
Which of the following is still a leading African American newspaper?
The Chicago Defender.
Which of the following was not an abolitionist newspaper?
The Chicago Defender.
In terms of the national conventions, what might cause an onlooker to believe the Democratic Party is more likely to support racial and ethnic minority interests?
The Democratic Party convention has a significantly larger proportion of racial and ethnic minority delegates than the Republican Party.
A part of the executive branch that is divided into specific offices and contains key advisers who assist the president in managing the executive branch and developing policies is known as
The Executive Office of the President (EOP).
Which of the following is accurate?
The First Amendment forbade the establishment of a formal religion for the new nation.
The population of both citizens and noncitizens in the United State age 18 or older is called
The voting-age population
Which of the following is accurate?
The House majority party dominates the content of legislation and the speed with which it passes.
Which of the following is increasing most quickly in terms of its influence on politics?
The Internet.
Frederick Douglass's abolitionist newspaper was called
The North Star.
The first major newspaper operated by an African American was called
The North Star.
How does the legislative branch check the executive branch's administrative power?
The Senate must approve the president's executive branch nominees.
What is the annual occasion in which the president speaks before Congress to suggest laws that Congress should pass?
The State of the Union address.
Which of the following is accurate?
The United States has voter turnout rates lower than those found in other democracies.
The key factor that led to success during the Constitutional Convention was
The ability to compromise
The population of U.S. citizens age 18 or older is called
The voting-eligible population
The Framers of the Constitution worked to find a balance between
The authority of the states and the authority of the central government
Legal racial discrimination, segregation, and denial of political freedoms and constitutional guarantees remained in place until
The civil rights movement.
Ethnicity is defined as
The classification of people based on national origin or culture.
Race is defined as
The classification of people based on physical characteristics, especially skin color.
Gender is defined as
The classification of people based on sex.
What is the Bradley effect?
The difference between how Black candidates poll and how they perform on Election Day.
The Democratic and Republican conventions visually demonstrate
The difference in racial and ethnic diversity of the parties.
In 2014, Republican Florida Governor Rick Scott rescinded the Florida Secretary of State's order to purge voter rolls of suspected noncitizens and disenfranchised felons because of county officials' recognition that
The directive would inadvertently and inaccurately remove too many eligible minority voters.
When do the electors from each state meet to cast their votes for president?
The first Monday after the second Wednesday of December
Which of the following plays a significant role in policy adoption?
The executive, legislative and judicial branch. (All of the above)
The Articles of Confederation failed because of
The inability of the government to exert any real power in the running of the nation.
The failure to adopt a 2007 bipartisan immigration policy demonstrates
The inability to adopt policies without compromise.
A conception of bureaucratic policy making in which policy making is dominated by congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies is known as
The iron triangle
Which of the following threatened the ratification of the Constitution?
The lack of a bill of rights.
The view that the costs of large groups collectively organizing are high and the benefits to individual members are relatively low is known as
The logic of collective action
Which of the following statements is accurate?
The media has aided in civil rights agenda setting, as well as perpetuated and promoted harmful racial stereotypes.
Which of the following is accurate concerning the workings of state courts compared to federal courts?
The methods of selecting judges, as well as their terms, differ.
What is the connection between the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and federalism?
The national government gained greater power over the state and local governments.
Under dual federalism
The national government is limited to a strict interpretation of the powers granted in the Constitution.
The New Deal was a demonstration of
The national government's increasing power over economic regulation.
Personnel changes on the Supreme Court can lead to
The overturning of precedents.
Newspapers and other forms of media geared toward specific racial and ethnic minority groups are known as
The parallel press.
Nineteenth-century newspapers that eschewed coverage of politics and instead focused on human interest stories were known as
The penny press.
In most states, what is the process for redrawing legislative districts?
The political party controlling the state legislature, the governorship, or both redraws the districts
What allowed for the enforcement of the Civil Rights Acts of 1870, 1871, and 1875?
The strong military presence in the South during Reconstruction.
What largely accounts for the legislative difficulty encountered by the Obama administration during its early period of unified government?
The unprecedented use of the filibuster by the minority party in the Senate.
The president's ability to cancel legislation passed by Congress is known as
The veto.
One of the primary concerns a president has concerning potential judicial appointees is
Their ideology.
What is the effect of race and gender on public opinion?
There is an intersectional effect, with White women, Black women, Black men, and so on, having differing opinions as groups unto themselves.
Which of the following is the primary purpose of the U.S. Supreme Court?
To hear appeals from federal appellate courts and state supreme courts.
Why do policy makers formulate broad, rather than specific, policies?
To increase the likelihood that the policy will be adopted and to decrease opposition over details that could be fatal to a policy. (Both of the above)
Why did many states switch from caucuses to primaries?
To limit the control of party leaders in an election.
What is the purpose of the Consumer Financial Protection Agency?
To oversee credit reporting agencies, debit and credit cards, payday and consumer loans, and credit card fees
If slaveholding states considered slaves property, not people, why did they want slaves counted as free persons within the Census?
This would provide these states with greater representation in the House of Representatives
Which compromise resolved the issue of how to count slaves for representational purposes?
Three-Fifths Compromise.
To amend the Constitution, how many of the states must ratify the proposed amendment?
Three-fourths
For the Constitution to become the new national government after the Continental Congress passed it, __________ of the states had to ratify it.
Three-fourths.
How do governors influence policy making?
Through the appointment of leaders of state agencies.
How do members of the public communicate their policy adoption preferences?
Through the media, interest groups, and social movements. (All of the above)
Who was the first African American Supreme Court Justice?
Thurgood Marshall.
What is one of the principle objectives of most social movements?
To change public policy
What was one of the main purposes of the parallel press?
To counteract the stereotypical portrayals of racial and ethnic minorities in the more traditional press.
What is the purpose of the Equal Rights Amendment?
To ensure equality of rights under the law, regardless of sex.
Why did the Founders create the Electoral College?
To ensure that the masses of voters, who could be manipulated, could not directly elect the president.
Issues relating to the health of the economy in the United States are most likely to be addressed by the
Treasury Department.
Racial minorities traditionally have been __________ in the media industry.
Underrepresented.
Directives the national government issues to state and local governments without compensating them for complying are called
Unfunded mandates
The Articles of Confederation established a _____________, in which the legislative body consisted of only one house.
Unicameral form of government.
A period in which both houses of Congress are controlled by the president's party is called
Unified government.
A period in which both houses of Congress are controlled by the same party as the president is known as
Unified government.
At the time of the founding of the new nation, Britain had what form of government?
Unitary form of government.
Who was the first woman to seek the presidency?
Victoria Woodhull.
Which of the following plans proposed a system of government with a strong central government with three branches and a legislature with proportional representation?
Virginia Plan
The decision to have a president was a compromise between which two plans?
Virginia and New Jersey
Tactics used by governments, groups, or individuals to decrease the likelihood of voter registration and turnout among specific groups are known as
Voter suppression techniques
A federal law significantly curtailing disenfranchisement of racial and ethnic minorities by banning literacy tests and requiring federal supervision of jurisdictions with a history of voting discrimination is the
Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Can the government create a law that adversely affects religious worship?
Yes, only if the government can show a compelling justification.
What idea does the concept of incorporation refer to?
Whether the Bill of Rights should apply to the states in addition to the national government.
A legislative leader who assists the party by counting votes and persuading members to vote according to the party leaders' wishes is known as the
Whip.
Bureaucrats who publicly expose waste, fraud, or abuse in their agency are known as
Whistleblowers.
Which of the following is not related to methods used by the president to control the bureaucracy?
Whistleblowers.
Which race is least likely to believe President Obama was born in the United States?
White
__________ was a group formed in 1954 in Mississippi to prevent the implementation of Brown v. Board of Education, with membership consisting of plantation owners, bankers, doctors, legislators, and others opposed to Black civil rights.
White Citizens Council.
Those elite journalists responsible for covering the president and key executive branch officials are known as the
White House press corps.
The president's personal advisers, who do not need senatorial approval when appointed and provide critical political and policy advice to the president, are known as
White House staff.
Which group is least likely to support stricter laws on gun sales?
White men.
Which group is most supportive of the death penalty?
White men.
A practice by Southern state Democratic parties in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries intended to disenfranchise Blacks by preventing them from voting in the crucial Democratic Party primary elections was known as the
White primary
The 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City by Timothy McVeigh was in support of the
White supremacy/separatist movement.
Which of the following social movements has worked to deny civil rights to various groups?
White supremacy/separatist movement.
Which of the following was an abolitionist who published the most influential abolition periodical?
William Lloyd Garrison.
An election system in which each state is divided into geographical regions (districts), and each district is represented by a single representative, who wins by receiving the most votes even if it is not a majority, is known as
Winner-take-all (single member district plurality).
The responsibilities of the chair of a political party's national committee do not include
Working with the other party to find bipartisan policy solutions.
What was a key turning point in the civil rights movement in terms of the improvement of prospects for Blacks?
World War II.
A formal legal document filed by the losing party in a lower court case that asks the Supreme Court to hear an appeal is called a
Writ of certiorari.
Which of the following is an example of how congressional staff influence decision making?
Writing the legislation members of Congress introduce.
A form of journalism popular during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that sensationalized stories and distorted facts to sell more papers was known as
Yellow journalism
Is it legal for the government to engage in telephone and electronic wiretapping without a warrant?
Yes, a ruling requiring a warrant was overturned on appeal.
Is political dissent protected under the nation's current understanding of freedom of expression?
Yes, as long as it does not directly encourage lawless actions.
Is it constitutional to use school vouchers for parochial schools?
Yes, because this does not violate the establishment clause.
If a citizen of the United States engaged in hate speech against Latinos and suggested that they should all be physically harmed, would this speech be protected by the First Amendment?
Yes, hate speech is allowed if it does not directly encourage violence.
Can committees amend bills?
Yes, in markup sessions.
Has male political behavior contributed to the gender gap?
Yes, males have moved to the Republican Party at a greater rate than women.
The organization responsible for making rules and regulations for a party when the conventions are not in season, raising money for the party, and directing the party's electoral strategy is known as a
national committee
Which of the following groups were to be included under the banner of the new government's language of equality and inclusion?
neither women or american indians
