Ch 14 Learn Smart
The femoral nerve innervates the _____. a) abdominal muscles b) medial thigh muscles c) anterior thigh muscles
anterior thigh muscles
The medial cord is medial to the axillary artery and is formed by the _____ division of the inferior trunk; it contains portions of nerves _____. a) posterior, C8-T1 b) anterior, C8-T1 c) medial, C2-C7 d) medial, C8-T1
anterior, C8-T1
The left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the _____ rami of spinal nerves _____ and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses. a) posterior, L1-L4 b) anterior, L4-S4 c) lateral, L1-S5
anterior, L4-S4
The median nerve innervates most of the _____ forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the lateral two _____. a) medial, lumbricals b) anterior, lumbricals c) lateral, flexors d) posterior, extensors
anterior, lumbricals
The femoral nerve receives sensory information from the _____ and inferomedial thigh as well as the _____ aspect of the leg. a) anterior, medial b) posterior, lateral c) lateral, posterior
anterior, medial
The lumbar plexus is subdivided into a(n) _____ division and a _____ division. a) deep, superficial b) lateral, medial c) anterior, posterior
anterior, posterior
The left and right lumbar plexuses are formed from the _____ rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 located lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae and along the _____ muscle in the posterior abdominal wall. a) anterior, psoas major b) lateral, longissimus c) posterior, erector spine
anterior, psoas major
Deep to the epidural space is the most external of the meninges, the _____ mater. a) dura b) arachnoid c) pia
arachnoid
The spinal meninges consist of the _____ mater, _____ mater, and _____ mater. (List superficial to deep.)
arachnoid, dura, pia
The receptors in the somatosensory pathways _____. a) are located in the organs of special senses b) are located in the joints, skeletal muscles, and skin c) are located in smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and in glands d) transmit information that maps to locations in the motor homunculus
are located in the joints, skeletal muscles, and skin
Action potentials _____ the brain through sensory pathways. a) descend from b) ascend to
ascend to
Pathways that transmit sensory impulses are also called _____ pathways because the information travels from sensory receptors superiorly through the spinal cord to the brain. a) ascending b) lateral c) medial d) descending
ascending
Some of the individual tracts conduct sensory impulses as _____ from the spinal cord to the brain. a) descending tracts b) ascending tracts c) motor tracts
ascending tracts
Each lateral funiculus contains both _____ and _____ tracts. a) lateral, collateral b) ascending, descending c) myelinated, unmyelinated
ascending, descending
The rami communicantes contain axons associated with the _____ nervous system. a) autonomic b) central c) voluntary d) somatic
autonomic
The lateral horns contain the cell bodies of _____ neurons. a) autonomic sensory b) somatic motor c) autonomic motor d) somatic sensory
autonomic motor
The sulcus limitans represents a dividing point in the neural tube as two specific regions become evident on each side: the _____ plates and the alar plates.
basal
Spinal nerve T12 is called a subcoastal nerve because it arises _____ the ribs. a) above b) lateral to c) below d) medial to
below
A hyperactive reflex may indicate damage somewhere in either the _____. a) muscle or tendon b) brain or spinal cord c) endomysium or perimysium
brain and spinal cord
As the median nerve enters thee wrist, it passes through the _____. a) carpal tunnel b) metacarpal tunnel c) tarsal tunnel d) cubital tunnel
carpal tunnel
Inferior to conus medullaris, nerve roots collectively called the _____ project inferiorly from the spinal cord. a) ventral root b) cauda equina c) dorsal root d) communicating ramus
cauda equina
The gray commissure is a horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow _____. a) central canal b) anterior fissure c) intervertebral foramen d) white commissure
central canal
The neural tube around the neural canal grows at a rapid rate resulting in a tiny hole called the _____ of the spinal cord. a) lateral canal b) central canal c) ventricle
central canal
The names of the principal nerve plexus are the _____ plexuses, _____ plexuses, lumbar plexuses, and sacral plexuses.
cervical, brachial
Rhythmic oscillations between the flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested is called _____. a) hypoactive b) clonus c) tone d) tension
clonus
During development, the individual vertebrae _____ spinal growth is complete. a) continue to grow after b) stop growing before
continue to grow after
When a stimulus results in the stretching of a muscle, that muscle reflexively _____. a) elongates b) relaxes c) contracts
contracts
When the sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs in the opposite limb, the proper term for this phenomenon is _____. a) collateral b) ipsilateral c) contralateral
contralateral
When decussation occurs, information is processed on the opposite side of the brain or _____ compared to where the information is coming from or the destination of the impulse. a) ipsilaterally b) chiasmatically c) contralaterally
contralaterally
Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior _____, trunks, divisions, and _____ when examined from a medial to lateral perspective.
cords
Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior rami, trunks, divisions, and _____ when examined from a medial to lateral perspective.
cords
The two descending motor tracts of the direct pathway are the _____ and _____ tracts. a) anterior, lateral b) upper motor, lower motor c) corticobulbar, corticospinal d) reticulospinal, rubrospinal
corticobulbar, corticospinal
Axons of lower motor neurons of the corticobulbar tract form parts of the _____ nerves. a) sympathetic b) spinal c) sensory d) cranial
cranial
The deep fibular nerve travels in the anterior compartment of the leg and terminates between the _____. a) tibia and fibula b) first and second toes c) talus and calcaneous d) fourth and fifth toes
first and second toes
The term _____ means the same side. Contralateral means the opposite side.
ipsilateral
In a spinal cord, the gray matter may be subdivided into the following components: anterior, posterior, and _____ horns, and the gray commissure.
lateral
The white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord is the _____. a) posterior funiculus b) dorsal funiculus c) anterior funiculus d) lateral funiculus
lateral funiculus
The cell bodies of _____ motor neurons are found within brainstem cranial nerve nuclei or in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. a) lower b) somototopic c) upper d) tertiary
lower
The _____ enlargement of the spinal cord contains axons that extend beyond the conus medullaris, innervating the lower limbs. a) thoracic b) lumbosacral c) cervical
lumbosacral
The ulnar nerves wraps posterior to the _____ of the humerus and then runs along the ulnar side of the forearm. a) deltoid tuberosity b) medial epicondyle c) lateral epicondyle d) olecranon process
medial epicondyle
The obturator nerve innervates the _____ thigh muscles and receives sensory information from the _____ skin of the thigh. a) medial, superomedial b) lateral, medial c) lateral, superomedial
medial, superomedial
The spinal cord has two longitudinal depressions. These are the posterior _____ and the anterior _____. a) median fissure, median sulcus b) median sulcus, median fissure c) ramus, tubercle d) fossa, foramen
median sulcus, median fissure
Five major terminal branches emerge from the three cords of the brachial plexus: the axillary, ulnar, radial, _____, and _____.
median, musculocutaneous
All upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts pass through the _____. a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) occipital lobe d) corpus callosum
medulla oblongata
The spinal cord is continuous with the _____. a) medulla oblongata b) cerebrum c) cerebellum d) temporal lobe
medulla oblongata
Spinal nerves are considered _____ nerves because they contain both motor and sensory axons. a) segregated b) pure c) mixed d) association
mixed
A stretch reflex is a _____ reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length. a) monosynaptic b) polysynaptic c) oligosynaptic
monosynaptic
Interneurons are not involved in processing the _____ reflex. a) monosynaptic b) polysynaptic c) oligosynaptic
monosynaptic
The simplest of all reflexes is the _____ reflex. a) polysynaptic b) monosynaptic c) oligosynaptic
monosynaptic
A spinal nerve contains _____. a) motor and sensory b) only sensory c) only interneuron d) only motor
motor and sensory
The spinal nerves connect the central nervous system to _____, _____, and receptors. a) conus medullaris, cauda equina b) eyes, ears c) teeth, jaws d) muscles, glands
muscles, glands
Branches of the cervical plexus innervate anterior _____ muscles as well as the skin of the neck and portions of the ______ and shoulders. a) neck, head b) thorax, axilla c) facial, thorax
neck, head
The central nervous system forms primarily from the embryonic _____. a) mesoderm b) neural crest c) neural tube d) endoderm
neural tube
Sensory _____ in the posterior horns contain interneuron cell bodies. a) ganglia b) axons c) nuclei d) dendrites
nuclei
A collection of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system is called a _____.
nucleus
Impulses from lower motor neurons _____ skeletal muscle. a) only inhibit b) only stimulate or excite c) excite or inhibit d) do not influence
only stimulate or excite
The type(s) of sensory information transmitted along the anterolateral pathway include _____. a) discriminative touch b) pain and temperature c) proprioceptive, limb position d) vibration e) precise pressure f) crude touch and pressure
pain and temperature, crude touch and pressure
An example of a stretch reflex is the _____. a) Golgi tendon reflex b) flexor reflex c) patellar reflex
patellar reflex
Each brachial plexus innervates the _____ and the entire _____ of one side. a) intercostasis, ribcage b) pectoral girdle, upper limb c) sternum, chest
pectoral girdle, upper limb
Deep to the subarachnoid space, is a delicate, innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers. This layer is known as the _____. a) periosteal layer b) meningeal layer c) perichondral layer d) pia mater
pia mater
The tibial nerve travels in the posterior compartment of the leg, where it supplies the _____ of the foot and the toe flexors. a) plantar flexors b) dorsiflexors
plantar flexors
The Golgi tendon reflex is a _____ reflex that prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively. a) monosynaptic b) polysynaptic c) single synapse
polysynaptic
A posterior funiculus lies between the _____ gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus. a) lateral b) anterior c) posterior
posterior
By about the ninth week of development, the alar plates develop into _____ horns of the spinal cord. a) lateral b) anterior c) medial d) posterior
posterior
The common fibular nerve is formed from the _____ division of the sciatic nerve. a) lateral b) posterior c) anterior
posterior
Upon reaching the axilla, the posterior and anterior divisions of the brachial plexus converge to form three cords, the medial, lateral, and _____ cords.
posterior
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the posterior root are located in the _____. a) posterior root ganglion b) posterior gray horn c) anterior gray horn d) lateral gray horn
posterior root ganglion
A first-order neuron is also known as a _____ neuron.
primary
The ulnar nerve innervates the anterior forearm muscles, specifically the medial region of the flexor digitorum _____ and all of the _____ carpi ulnaris. a) superficialis, extensor b) profundus, extensor c) superficialis, flexor d) profundus, flexor
profundus, flexor
The types of sensory information transmitted along the posterior funiculus-medial lemniscus pathway include _____. a) pain and temperature b) itch c) crude touch and pressure d) proprioceptive, limb position
proprioceptive, limb position
A phenomenon in which pain or discomfort from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome is called _____. a) referred visceral pain b) myotome pain c) phantom pain d) sclerotome pain
referred visceral pain
Awareness of the stimulus occurs after the _____ action has been completed, in time to correct or avoid a potentially dangerous situation.
reflex
The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for _____, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus. a) reflexes b) intelligence c) cognition
reflexes
The longest nerve in the body is the _____ nerve. a) obturator b) ilioinguinal c) sciatic d) femoral
sciatic
A second-order neuron is also known as a _____ neuron.
secondary
Each terminal branch of a plexus contains axons from _____ spinal nerves. a) two b) several different c) random d) the same
several different
In sensory pathways, tertiary neurons conduct information to a specific location of the primary _____ cortex. a) somatosensory b) motor c) cerebral
somatosensory
Motor axons in a spinal nerve originate in the _____. a) dorsal root ganglion b) posterior root ganglion c) spinal cord d) anterior root ganglion
spinal cord
Dermatomes are clinically important because they can indicate potential damage to one or more _____. a) spinal nerves b) lobes of the brain c) smooth muscles d) skeletal muscles
spinal nerves
The dura mater provides _____ to the spinal cord. a) excitability b) stability c) flexibility d) elasticity
stability
An impulse from a lower motor neuron _____ a skeletal muscle. a) inhibits b) travels first through an interneuron before reaching c) excites or inhibits d) stimulates or excites
stimulates or excites
A hyperactive reflex refers to an abnormally _____ response. a) weak b) strong c) irregular
strong
A third-order neuron is also known as a _____ neuron.
tertiary
In sensory pathways, secondary pathways synapse with cell bodies of _____ neurons.
tertiary
There are five roots of anterior rami that unite to form the superior, middle, and inferior _____ in the posterior triangle of the neck. a) trunks b) collaterals c) divisions d) fasciculi
trunks
A stretch reflex is a simple monosynaptic reflex involving _____. a) two tendons b) one neuron c) two muscles d) two neurons
two neurons
The cell bodies of _____ motor neurons are found in the cerebral cortex. a) direct b) lower c) upper d) indirect
upper
The left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the _____. a) thorax b) abdomen c) upper limb d) neck
upper limb
Motor pathways use a(n) _____ motor neuron and a(n) motor neuron. a) upper, lower b) primary, secondary
upper, lower
During the embryonic period, the spinal cord extends the entire length of the _____. a) body b) vertebral canal c) limbs
vertebral canal
The _____ tracts originate within vestibular nuclei of the brain and regulate muscular activity related to maintaining balance during sitting, standing, and walking.
vestibulospinal
Pathways that transmit information from internal organs to the brain are called _____, whereas pathways that transmit information from proprioceptors and the body wall are called ____.
viscerosensory, somatosensory
Primary motor neurons of the direct motor pathway issue impulses for _____ control of skeletal muscles. a) voluntary, involuntary b) slow, rapid c) involuntary, voluntary d) rapid, slow
voluntary, involuntary
Match the anatomical components of primary or first order neurons of somatosensory pathways with their locations. 1. Axons 2. Cell bodies 3. Dendrites a) Project to secondary or second order neurons in the CNS b) Part of a stimulus-specific receptor c) Posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
1. Axons a) Project to secondary or second order neurons in the CNS 2. Cell bodies c) Posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves 3. Dendrites b) Part of a stimulus-specific receptor
Match the reflex with its action. 1. Biceps reflex 2. Triceps reflex 3. Cremasteric reflex 4. Patellar reflex 5. Plantar reflex a) Flexes elbow b) Extends knee c) Flexes toes d) Elevates testis e) Extends elbow
1. Biceps reflex a) Flexes elbow 2. Triceps reflex e) Extends elbow 3. Cremasteric reflex d) Elevates testis 4. Patellar reflex b) Extends knee 5. Plantar reflex c) Flexes toes
Each term on the left is descriptive of nervous system pathways. Match each term with its meaning. 1. Decussate 2. Paired tracts 3. Neurons in series a) From origin to destination, sensory pathways consists of three or two neurons, whereas motor pathways consist of two neurons b) For every tract on the left side of the CNS there is a corresponding tract on the right side of the CNS; each tract innervates structures on only one side of the body c) Axons in a tract cross over from one side of the body to the other along the tract
1. Decussate c) Axons in a tract cross over from one side of the body to the other along the tract 2. Paired tracts b) For every tract on the left side of the CNS there is a corresponding tract on the right side of the CNS; each tract innervates structures on only one side of the body 3. Neurons in series a) From origin to destination, sensory pathways consists of three or two neurons, whereas motor pathways consist of two neurons
Match the tract with the functions for which it is responsible. 1. Reticulospinal 2. Rubrospinal 3. Tectospinal 4. Vestibulospinal a) Muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting, standing, and walking b) Respond to visual and auditory stimuli by controlling positional changes of upper limbs, eyes, head, and neck c) Unskilled, autonomic movements related to posture and maintaining balance d) Precise, discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs
1. Reticulospinal c) Unskilled, autonomic movements related to posture and maintaining balance 2. Rubrospinal d) Precise, discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs 3. Tectospinal b) Respond to visual and auditory stimuli by controlling positional changes of upper limbs, eyes, head, and neck 4. Vestibulospinal a) Muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting, standing, and walking
Match the reflex with the correct description. 1. Spinal reflex 2. Visceral reflex 3. Polysynaptic reflex 4. Ipsilateral reflex a) The reflex include one or more interneurons. b) The integration center in this type of reflex is the spinal cord. c) A gland may be the effector in this type of reflex. d) The receptor and effector in this reflex are located on the same side of the body.
1. Spinal reflex b) The integration center in this type of reflex is the spinal cord. 2. Visceral reflex c) A gland may be the effector in this type of reflex. 3. Polysynaptic reflex a) The reflex include one or more interneurons. 4. Ipsilateral reflex d) The receptor and effector in this reflex are located on the same side of the body.
The spinal cord contains _____ pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, _____ pairs of lumbar nerves, _____ pairs of sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.
8, 5, 5
Most of the thoracic spinal nerves, as well as nerves _____, do not form plexuses. a) C2-C8 b) L1-L5 c) S1-S4 d) S5-Co1
S5-Co1
All spinal nerves except _____ innervate a segment of skin, and so each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome. a) L1 b) C1 c) T1 d) S1
C1
The _____ horns primarily house the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons. a) dorsal commissure b) anterior c) lateral d) posterior
anterior
One important branch of the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve, which is formed primarily from the _____ nerve and some contributing axons from _____. a) C2, C6 and C7 b) C4, C3 and C5 c) C2, C7
C4, C3 and C5
Each brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves _____. a) C2-C6 b) C5-T1 c) C1-C4 d) T2-T5
C5-T1
The eighth spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the _____ vertebrae. a) C6 and C7 b) T1 and T2 c) C7 and T1 d) C5 and C6
C7 and T1
Which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus? a) C7 and C8 b) C8 and T1 c) C6 and C7 d) C5 and C6
C8 and T1
Which are characteristic of somatosensory pathways? a) Each pathway transmits information to different regions of the brain. b) The sensation of an itch and discriminative touch are transmitted in the same pathway. c) They are descending pathways.
Each pathway transmits information to different regions of the brain.
The tibial nerve is formed from the _____ divisions of the sciatic nerve. a) posterior b) anterior
anterior
By adulthood, the spinal cord length extends only to the level of the _____ vertebra. a) L3 b) L5 c) T12 d) L1
L1
By the sixth fetal month, the spinal cord is at the level of the _____ vertebra, while a newborn's spinal cord ends at about the _____ vertebra. a) S5, S1 b) S3, S1 c) S1, L3 d) S2, L5
S1, L3
How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the coccygeal region? a) Four pair b) One pair c) Two pair d) Three pair
One pair
A reflex arc always begins at a receptor in the _____, communicates with the _____, and ends at a peripheral effector, such as a muscle or gland cell. a) PNS, CNS b) skin, PNS c) CNS, PNS
PNS, CNS
From the list below, identify the type(s) of sensory information transmitted along the spinocerebellar pathway. a) Crude touch and pressure b) Precise pressure and discriminative touch c) Vibration d) Proprioceptive, body movements e) Pain and temperature f) Proprioceptive, limb position g) Itch
Proprioceptive, body movements; Proprioceptive, limb position
The sciatic nerve is actually composed of two divisions wrapped in a common sheath. What are thee two divisions? a) Tibial and common fibular b) Femoral and tibial c) Gluteal and pudendal
Tibial and common fibular
Identify the anatomical component of motor pathways. a) Upper and lower motor neurons b) Ascending projection tracts c) Sensory ganglia d) Primary, secondary, and (sometimes) tertiary motor neurons
Upper and lower motor neurons
A neural pathway consists of _____. a) an axon and dendrite b) a ganglion and axon c) a tract and a nucleus d) a neuron and receptor
a tract and a nucleus
Identify the 4 correct statements about the neurons of a posterior funiculus-medial lemniscus pathway. a) Primary neurons that synapse with secondary neurons in the nucleus gracilis ascend within the fasciculus gracilis. b) Tertiary neurons extend from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex. c) Secondary neurons decussate within the medial lemniscus or the thalamus. d) Secondary neurons transmit sensory information to the thalamus with other axons of the trigeminothalamic tract. e) Primary neurons that synapse with secondary neurons in the nucleus cuneatus ascend within the fasciculus cuneatus.
a) Primary neurons that synapse with secondary neurons in the nucleus gracilis ascend within the fasciculus gracilis. b) Tertiary neurons extend from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex. d) Secondary neurons transmit sensory information to the thalamus with other axons of the trigeminothalamic tract. e) Primary neurons that synapse with secondary neurons in the nucleus cuneatus ascend within the fasciculus cuneatus.
Where do axons of secondary neurons of the anterior spinocerebellar tract decussate? a) Some axons do not decussate. b) None of the secondary neurons of the anterior spinocerebellar tract decussate. c) Some axons decussate in the spinal cord at the level of entry of primary neuron. d) Some axons decussate in the pons.
a) Some axons do not decussate. c) Some axons decussate in the spinal cord at the level of entry of primary neuron. d) Some axons decussate in the pons.
An _____ reflex is one that is developed after birth. a) innate b) acquired
acquired
During development, the cranial and spinal nerves form primarily from _____. a) alar and basal plates b) mesoderm c) allantois cells d) endoderm cells
alar and basal plates
Somatic motor nuclei in the _____ horns innervate skeletal muscle. a) posterior gray b) lateral c) posterior d) anterior
anterior
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the _____ and _____ of neurons. a) dendrites, cell bodies b) axons, collaterals c) axons, dendrites
dendrites, cell bodies
Pathways that transmit motor impulses are also called _____ pathways because the information travels inferiorly from the brain, through the spinal cord, to muscles or glands.
descending
The phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the _____. a) diaphragm b) lungs c) heart d) aortic itch
diaphragm
Primary motor neurons of the _____ motor pathway originate in the primary motor cortex, whereas primary motor neurons of the _____ motor pathway originate in the brainstem. a) direct, indirect b) indirect, direct c) lower, upper d) upper, lower
direct, indirect
The two main branches of a spinal nerve are the ventral and _____ rami.
dorsal
Nervous system pathways conduct _____. a) either sensory information or motor impulses b) sensory information c) motor impulses
either sensory information or motor impulses
The _____ space lies between the dura mater and periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra. a) subarachnoid b) epidural c) subdural
epidural
The superficial fibular nerve innervates the lateral compartment muscles of the leg, specifically those that _____ and the weak plantar flexors. a) invert the foot b) evert the foot c) dorsiflex the foot
evert the foot
The posterior division nerves of the sacral plexus tend to innervate muscles that _____ part of the _____ limb. a) extend, lower b) flex, lower c) plantar flex, lower
extend, lower
In a withdrawal reflex, _____ muscles are inhibited so that the traumatized body part may be quickly withdrawn from the harmful stimulation. a) adductor b) flexor c) depressor d) extensor
extensor
The radial nerve innervates the forearm _____ and the posterior forearm muscles. a) pronator b) extensors c) flexors d) supinator
extensors
The white matter of the spinal cord is _____ to the gray matter. a) external b) proximal c) internal d) distal
external
The tract of the posterior funiculus that conducts impulses from sensory neurons in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and posterior of the head is the _____. a) fasciculus gracilis b) medial lemniscus c) fasciculus cuneatus
fasciculus cuneatus
The epidural space contains _____. a) fat b) muscle c) cerebrospinal fluid d) dense regular connective tissue
fat
A thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor thee conus medullaris to the coccyx is called the _____. a) posterior root b) filum terminale c) cauda equina d) anterior root
filum terminale
In general, nerves from the anterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that _____ the parts of the upper limb. Nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that _____ the parts of the upper limb. a) flex, extend b) extend, flex c) extend, supinate
flex, extend
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the _____, then through the vertebral canal, and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra. a) foramen lacerum, S1 b) foramen magnum, L1 c) cranial cavity, L4 d) transverse foramina, L5
foramen magnum, L1
The end destination of upper motor neurons in the rubrospinal tract is the lateral _____.
funiculus
The nerves emerging from a sacral plexus innervate the _____ region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, and almost all of the _____. a) abdominal, small intestine b) gluteal, leg and foot c) pubic, anterior thigh
gluteal, leg and foot
The posterior horns are the left and right posterior masses of _____ matter. a) solid b) fluid c) gray d) white
gray
The basal plates also form the anterior part of the _____. a) gray commissure b) white commissure c) anterior fissure
gray commissure
When viewed in cross section, the diameter of the spinal cord changes along its length because the amount of _____ and _____ and the function of the cord vary in different parts. a) gray matter, white matter b) epithelium, connective tissue c) connective tissue, muscle tissue
gray matter, white matter
The tibial division of the sciatic nerve innervates the _____ and the hamstring part of the _____. a) hamstrings, adductor magnus b) short head of biceps femoris, vastus lateralis c) adductor longus, adductor brevis
hamstrings, adductor magnus
In a clinical setting, a reflex may be normal, hyperactive or _____.
hypoactive
Receptors that transmit sensory information by way of the posterior funiculus-medial lemniscus pathway, regarding limb position, precise pressure, vibration, and discriminative touch, originate _____. a) in the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head b) inferior to the diaphragm c) in the upper limbs, neck, and face d) superior to the diaphragm
in the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head
The coccygeal region is the most _____ part of the spinal cord. a) inferior b) lateral c) superior d) proximal
inferior
The sacral part of the spinal cord lies _____ to the lumbar part and contains the neurons for the _____ spinal nerves. a) cranial, abdominal b) superior, lumbar c) inferior, sacral d) superficial, lumbar
inferior, sacral
In terms of their functional classification in sensory pathways, secondary and tertiary neurons are _____, and primary neurons are sensory neurons. a) sensory neurons b) motor neurons c) interneurons
interneurons
Polysynaptic reflexes have more complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving _____ within the reflex arc. a) motor neurons b) interneurons c) sensory neurons
interneurons
Impulses transmitted through the direct, pyramidal or corticospinal pathway, pass directly from upper to lower motor neurons (no _____ involved) and are responsible for _____ control of skeletal muscles. a) brainstem, unconscious b) spinal cord, conscious c) interneurons, conscious d) white matter, unconcious
interneurons, conscious
In a withdrawal reflex, _____ receive sensory information and stimulate motor neurons to direct _____ muscles to contract in response. a) interneurons, flexor b) interneurons, extensor c) sensory, extensor
interneurons, flexor
When a Golgi tendon organ is activated, nerve impulse in the Golgi tendon organ signal _____ in the spinal cord, which in turn _____ the actions of the motor neurons. a) interneurons, stimulate b) sensory, stimulate c) interneurons, inhibit
interneurons, inhibit
The dendrites and cell bodies of secondary or second order neurons of somatosensory pathways are found within either the posterior horn of the spinal cord or within a brainstem nucleus, whereas the axon of a secondary neuron projects either to the _____ or cerebellum. a) parietal lobe b) thalamus c) frontal lobe d) spinal cord
thalamus
The dendrites and cell body of a tertiary neuron in a somatosensory pathway are located in the _____. a) spinal cord b) cerebellum c) thalamus d) medulla oblongata
thalamus
In general, secondary neurons in somatosensory pathways that transmit conscious sensations project to the _____, and those that transmit proprioception project to the _____. a) cerebrum, thalamus b) thalamus, cerebellum c) somatosensory cortex, motor cortex d) limbic system, reticular formation
thalamus, cerebellum
White matter on each side of the cord is also partitioned into _____ regions, each called a _____. a) four, nucleus b) two, nucleus c) three, funiculus d) five, tract
three, funiculus
Communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral body structures occurs along pathways, each of which consists of a CNS axon bundle called a _____. a) branch b) nerve c) tract d) neuron
tract
Features of the descending projection tracts of motor pathways include _____. a) all motor fibers in tracts synapse directly with motor neurons in the CNS b) tract names include prefix indicating origin in the cerebrum or brainstem c) tracts located more posterior and lateral than ascending tracts
tract names include prefix indicating origin in cerebrum or brainstem