Ch. 14 Personality

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior: internal to the person, consistent across time and context, real cause of behaviour, render stimuli functionally equivalent.

Id

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, that according to freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Ego id superego

According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ______________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the ______________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).

Oedipus complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Ego

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. It seeks to gratify the id in a realistic ways that will bring long term pleasure.

Deterministic

Actions are inevitable and a necessary consequence of previous events.

Psychodynamic

Alder, Horney, and Jung were the key proponents for which personality theory?

Self concept

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer tot he question, who am I.

Trait

Allport, Eysenck, McMrae, and Costa were the key proponents for which personality theory?

Social Cognitive

Bandura was the key proponents for which personality theory?

Reciprocal determinism

Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment.

Jung

Carl ____ created the concept of collective unconscious- a concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

Self concepts

Critics of the psychoanalytic perspective believe that the unconscious involves _____ and stereotypes that automatically and unconsciously influence how people process information about themselves and others. the id the Oedipus complex self-concepts reaction formations

Unconsciously anxiety

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ______________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ______________.

Psychoanalytic

Freud was the key proponents for which personality theory?

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. (think of norman bates)

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Fixation

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psycho sexual stages may lead to _____ at that stage.

Self concept

Jason believes that he is funny, smart, tough, and persistent. These qualities make up his: self-actualization. self-transcendence. self-esteem. self-concept.

Types

Jung argued that there were different personality: tests. types. stages. traits.

Reaction formation

Research by Weinstein and colleagues found that those who unconsciously identify as homosexual, but who consciously identify as heterosexual, report more negative attitudes toward homosexuality. These results demonstrate which of Freud's defense mechanisms? regression projection reaction formation displacement

Are mutually exclusive

Researchers believe that personality traits: are not identifiable. are mutually exclusive. are continuous. are dichotomous.

Humanistic

Rogers and Malsow were the key proponents for which personality theory?

Reciprocal determinism

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates: the spotlight effect. unconditional positive regard. the self-reference phenomenon. reciprocal determinism.

Humanistic

The ______ approach to personality believes it is the individual's perspective, phenonenology, focus on achieving self actualization. They view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

Personality

The characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. It is enduring.

Psychosexual stage

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure- seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Displacement

The fifth defense mechanism, it is responsible for shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. For example: A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room.

Genital

The fifth/final stage of the Psychosexual stages. It focuses on maturation of sexual interests.

Regression

The first defense mechanism, it is responsible for retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated. For example: a little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school.

Oral

The first stage of the Psychosexual stages. It focuses on pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing.

Rationalization

The fourth defense mechanism, it is responsible for offering self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. For example: A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be social".

Latency

The fourth stage of the Psychosexual stages. It focuses on a phase of dormant sexual feelings.

Freud

The id, ego, and the superego encapsulated the views of personality from which psychologist?

Reciprocal influences

The interacting influences and behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Superego

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. It forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal.

Reaction formation

The second defense mechanism, it is responsible for switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. For example: repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.

Anal

The second stage of the Psychosexual stages. It focuses on pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demans for control.

Denial

The sixth defense mechanism, it is responsible for refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities. For example: a partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair.

Projection

The third defense mechanism, it is responsible for disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. For example: 'The thief thinks everyone else is a thief'.

Phallic

The third stage of the Psychosexual stages. It focuses on pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.

Maslow Rogers

These two psychologists were associated with humanistic psychology.

Self transcendence

This is meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self. self-concept self-actualization self-transcendence self-esteem

Social cognitive theory

This theory views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Traits interact with our environment.

Psychodynamic therioes

View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. (obviously thought of by Freud).

Psychoanalytic

Which major personality theory assumes emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics, such as unresolved sexual and other childhood conflicts, and fixation at various developmental stages. Defense mechanisms fend off anxiety.

Social Cognitive

Which major personality theory assumes our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviours.

Humanistic

Which major personality theory assumes rather than examining the struggles of sick people, it's better to focus on the ways healthy people strive for self-realization.

Psychodynamic

Which major personality theory assumes the unconscious and conscious minds interact. Childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important.

Trait

Which major personality theory assumes we have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influences by genetic predispositions.

Social Cognitive

Which major personality views personality as conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns.

Psychoanalytic

Which major personality views personality as consisting of pleasure seeking impluses (id), a reality oriented executive (ego), and an internalized set of ideals (superego).

Humanistic

Which major personality views personality as if our basic human needs are met, people will strive toward self actualization and a more realistic and positive self concept.

Trait

Which major personality views personality as isolating important dimensions of personality, such as the big five traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion).

Psychodynamic

Which major personality views personality as the dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts shape our personality.

Terror management theory

Which theory is for death related anxiety; explore people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impeding death?

Adler Horney

Which two psychologists agreed with Freud that childhood is important but instead of focusing on the sexual relationships they had as a child, they focused on childhood social influences.