CH. 14 Prep for lecture exam

Each label describes an aspect of either coagulation or agglutination, which are illustrated in the photographs. Drag and drop each label onto the appropriate photographs.

-Agglutination, transfusion reaction, antigens and antibodies, blockage of small blood vessels, clumping of RBCs. -Coagulation, role of thrombin, RBCs caught in protein mesh, hemostasis, blockage of tear in vessel wall, fibrin.

The last few steps in coagulation are the same for both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting mechanisms. Place steps in correct order

1. Activation of factor X 2. Production of prothrombin activator 3. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 4. Conversion of fibrinogen of fibrin 5. Formation of fibrin mesh (clot)

Place the following stages of red blood cell production in chronological order.

1. Hematopoietic stem cells 2. Myeloid stem cells 3. Erythroblast 4. Reticulocyte 5. Erythrocyte

Processes that occur in order leading to hemostasis

1. Vasospasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation

What is the typical life span of a red blood cell?

120 days

-Plasma is __1__ water. Water serves as the solvent in which a variety of organic and inorganic substances are dissolved. - Blood gases, including __2__ and carbon dioxide, are transported between the lungs and the cells of the body via the blood. These gasses are involved in cellular metabolism. - The plasma transports nutrients from the __3__ system to the cells of the body to be used as fuel or as raw material to produce needed compounds. - Nonprotein nitrogenous substances are __4__ molecules. such as urea uric acid, produced during metabolism. They are carried by the plasma to the excreted. - Also present in plasma are the __5__ including sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and other. They have a variety of function, including maintenance of blood osmotic pressure and pH.

1= 92 2= Oxygen 3= Digestive 4= Waste 5= Electrolytes

- The ABO blood type of an individual depends upon the type of surface molecules, called ___1___, that they have on their red blood cells. These molecules are classified as A or B. - Depending on a person's ABO blood type, they may also have in their blood one or more ___2___, molecules which are "against" specific antigens. - List the antigens and antibodies associated with each blood type:Type A: __3__antigens and __4__ antibodies.Type B: __5__antigens and __6__ antibodies. - Type AB: __7__ antigens and __8__ antibodies.Type O: __9__ antigens and __10__ antibodies.

1= Antigens 2= Antibodies 3= Only A 4= Only anti-B 5= Only B 6= Only anti-A 7= Both A and B 8= Neither anti-A or anti-B 9= Neither A or B 10= Both anti-A and anti-B

For each blood type, determine which transfusions would be safe. A person with type AB blood: 1 A person with type O blood: 2

1= Can receive type A blood, can receive type B blood, can receive type AB blood, can receive type O blood, can donate type AB recipient 2= Can receive type O blood, can donate type A recipient, can donate type B recipient, can donate type O recipient. Can donate type AB recipient, can only receive type O

Person with Type A blood= 1 Person with Type B blood =2

1= Can receive type A blood, can receive type O blood, can donate to type A, can donate to type AB recipient. 2= Can receive type B blood, can receive type O blood, can donate to type B recipient, can donate to type AB recipient.

- Blood is contained within the ___1___ system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules. - Blood contains numerous ___2___ red blood cells called ___3___. These cells are unique because they lack ___4___. - There are smaller numbers of larger cells with large, multi-lobed nuclei called ___5___, or white blood cells. Some contain abundant visible ___6___ in their cytoplasm. - The blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix called ___7___, in which is dissolved many types of molecules that are being transported.

1= Cardiovascular 2= Biconcave 3= Erythrocytes 4= Nuclei 5= Leukocytes 6= Granules 7= Plasma

- The proteins in plasma are of three types; albumins, globulins, and __1__. The __2__ being the most abundant, are important in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma. - Both albumin and some of the __3__ function as transponder molecules in the plasma, carrying substances such as lipids, hormones, and certain drugs. - Fibrinogen is important in __4__ of the blood. It is the largest of the plasma protein molecules. - A class of plasma proteins called __5__ globulins are produced by lymphocytes. The other types of plasma proteins are synthesized by the __6__. - In order, the __7__ are most abundant; the __8__ account for about 36% of the plasma proteins; and __9__ is least abundant.

1= Fibrinogen 2= Albumins 3= Globulins 4= Coagulation 5= Gamma 6= Liver 7= Albumins 8= Globulins 9= Fibrinogen

- The average human has approximately __1__ liters of blood in their circulation. - The fluid portion of the blood, called __2__, accounts for about 55% of the blood volume. - Plasma is approximately 92% __3__, 7% protein, and 1% other solutes. - Most of the plasma proteins are produced by the __4__, except for the gamma globulins, which are produced by __5__.

1= Five 2= Plasma 3= Water 4= Liver 5= Immune cells

- What part of the hemoglobin molecule is broken down to individual amino acids that can be re-used to make new proteins? __1__ - Bilirubin, a pigment, is formed from what breakdown product of hemoglobin? __2__ - What plasma protein molecule functions to transport iron? __3__ - Name the byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown that is excreted by the kidneys and intestines. __4__

1= Globin 2= Biliverdin 3= Transferrin 4= Bilirubin

1. An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as ____1____ 2. A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as __2___

1= Leukocytosis 2= Leukopenia

- Red blood cells are the most common cells found in blood, with about five ___1___ cells per microliter of blood. - However, this number can vary greatly depending on genetics, ___2__, and state of health. - These cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a life span of 3 to ___3___. - When they die, they are destroyed by ___4___ in the liver and spleen. - This process releases ___5___, which can be stored in the liver, and ___6___, which will be excreted via the intestines.

1= Million 2= Sex 3= Months 4= Macrophages 5= Iron 6= Bilirubin

54-62% of WBCs: ___1___ 25-33% of WBCs: ___2___ 3-9% of WBCs: ___3___ 1-3% of WBCs: ___4___ <1% of WBCs: ___5___

1= Neutrophil 2= Lymphocytes 3= Monocytes 4= Eosinophils 5= Basophils

Identify the type of white blood cell shown in each microscopic image.

1= Neutrophil 2= Monocyte 3= Eosinophil 4= Lymphocyte 5= Basophil

- Phagocytizes small particles; first-responders at infection site= 1 - Phagocytizes large particles in tissues= 2 - Provides immunity= 3 - Releases histamine and heparin= 4 - Moderates allergic reactions; defends against parasitic worm infections= 5

1= Neutrophil 2= Monocytes 3= Lymphocytes 4= Basophil 5= Eosinophil

Type O blood= 1 Type A blood= 2 Type B blood= 3 Type AB blood= 4

1= No A or B antigens on RBCs, anti-A antibodies in plasma, anti-B antibodies in plasma. 2= A antigen on RBCs, anti-B antibodies in plasma. 3= B antigen on RBCs, anti-A antibodies in plasma. 4= A antigen on RBCs, B antigen on RBCs, neither anti-A nor anti-B in plasma.

- Waste molecules produced during metabolism= 1 - Protein that transports lipids= 2 -Maintenance of pH; can influence water balance= 3 -Regulates temperature; transports substances (solute) = 4 - Used and produced during cellular respiration= 5 -Vitamins, lipids, sugars, and amino acids used in metabolic processes= 6 - Protein that maintains osmotic pressure= 7 - Antibodies for immune defense= 8 - Protein that functions in blood clotting= 9

1= Nonprotein nitrogenous substances 2= Alpha & beta globulin 3= Electrolytes 4= water 5= plasma gases 6= plasma nutrients 7= albumin 8= gamma globulin 9= fibrinogen

- Having an adequate RBC count ensures that tissues will receive enough ___1___ to function. - If oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced, the homeostatic response is to produce more ___2___ blood cells. - If oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced, the homeostatic response is to produce more ___3___ sense a drop in oxygen delivery, the hormone ___4___ is released into the bloodstream. - This hormone stimulates the production of more RBCs in the ___5___. As more RBCs enter the blood, increasing the RBC count, the oxygen delivery will improve. - This mechanism of control of RBC count is an example of ___6___ feedback control.

1= Oxygen 2= Red 3= Kidney 4= Erythropoietin 5= Red bone Marrow 6= Negative

- When compared to living at a lower altitude, the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude will be ___1___ - Combining the effect in question #1 with the workouts that an Olympic-level athlete would participate in while at the Training Center, it is likely that the athlete's tissues will experience ___2___ (prolonged oxygen deficiency). - A response to the situation in question #2 would be an increase in production of ___3___ by cells of the kidneys. - Which of the following will result from being at high altitude? ___4___

1= Reduced 2= Hypoxia 3= Erythropoietin 4= Increased RBC count

- Damage to a blood vessel results in contraction of __1__ muscle cells in the vessel wall. This may be due to direct stimulation, a __2__ response to pain, and/or the presence of __3__ released by platelets. - The collagen in the vessel wall that is exposed when damage occurs allows adhesion of __4__. Accumulation of these formed elements can plug a small break in a vessel. - Formation of a blood clot, called __5__, results from a series of reactions occurring in cascade. The result is a meshwork of a protein called __6__. - For a small break in a blood vessel, the sequence of vascular __7__, platelet __8__ formation, and coagulation results in the break being sealed off. Blood loss is reduced and healing can begin.

1= Smooth 2= Reflex 3= Serotonin 4= Platelets 5= Coagulation 6= Fibrin 7= Spasm 8= Plug

- As red blood cells wear out, they typically rupture as they pass through the ___1___ or liver. Phagocytic cells called ___2___then phagocytize and breakdown the cells. - As hemoglobin is released from the ruptured cells, each molecule is broken down into its component parts: proteins chains, called ___3___ and the iron-containing groups, called ___4___. - The globin is broken down into individual ___5___ which can be reused or released into the blood. - The heme group is broken down into its components ___6___ which served to bind oxygen, and ___7___ which is a green pigment. - The iron is either stored in the liver as the storage molecule ___8___ or enters the blood and is transported to the red bone marrow bound to ___9___. - The biliverdin is converted to ___10___ , an orange pigment that is excreted by the liver in bile.

1= Spleen 2= Macrophages 3= Globin 4= Heme 5= Amino acids 6= Iron 7= Biliverdin 8= Ferritin 9= Transferrin 10= Bilirubin

-Deficiency of hemoglobin due to defective gene; short life span for RBCs. ___1___ -Defective gene leads to abnormally shaped RBCs in conditions of low oxygen ___2___ -Damage to bone marrow due to toxic chemicals, radiation, and other factors __3__ -Destruction of red blood cells; toxic chemicals are one possible cause __4__ -Increase in RBCs that are large and fragile; due to deficiency in vitamin B-12. __5__

1= Thalassemia 2= Sickle cell disease 3= Aplastic anemia 4= Hemolytic anemia 5= Pernicious anemia

- Prolonged immobility can result in the formation of a(n) ___1___ , an unnecessary (and possibly dangerous) blood clot. The abnormal process that results in the formation of this clot is called ___2___ . - If the abnormal clot, or a part of it, breaks free of the blood vessel wall and circulates, it is now called a(n) ___3___ . These free-floating clots can potentially lodge in small blood vessels. - Any abnormal clot can result in the blockage of blood flow into vital tissues, resulting in ___4___ , the death of the blood-starved tissue. - Abnormal clots are responsible for conditions such as ___5___ if coronary vessels are blocked, or ___6___ if vessels of the brain become blocked.

1= Thrombus 2= Thrombosis 3= Embolus 4= Infarction 5= Heart attack 6= stroke

- Iron is recycled. __1__. - Transferrin and ferritin are molecules named for their association with __2__. - The breakdown of red blood cells is due to the activity of __3__.

1= True 2= Iron 3= Macrophages

-__1__ Blood cells are responsible for the defense of the body. -Like red blood cells, these cells are formed from the stem cells of the __ 2__ The different types of these cells have life spans from hours to __3__ -Approximately 5 to 10 __4__ of these cells are found per microliter of blood. Their function includes defense of the body against infection. -These cells use the process of __5__ to leave the circulation and move toward areas of infection or inflammation. They move about within the interstitial fluid by the process of __6__ motion.

1= White 2= Bone marrow 3= Years 4= Thousand 5= Diapedesis 6= Ameboid

- ___1___ blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body. - There are approximately 5 to 10 ___2___white blood cells per microliter of blood. These cells function to defend the body against infection. - Like red blood cells, the white blood cells are formed from the stem cells of the ___3___. The different types of white blood cells have life spans from hours to ___4___. - When white blood cells die, they are destroyed by surrounding white blood cells and replaced with new ones.

1= White 2= Thousand 3= Bone marrow 4= Years

- Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin= 1 - Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin= 2 - Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions= 3 - Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising= 4

1= cyanosis 2= anemia 3= sickle-cell disease 4= thrombocytopenia

-The value of 45% is a normal value for __1__? -The value of 5,200,000 per microliter is a normal value for __2__? -The value of 300,000 per microliter is a normal value for __3__? -The value of 6,000 per microliter is a normal value for __4__?

1= hematocrit 2= red blood cell count 3= platelet count 4= white blood cell count

Blood contains numerous biconcave cells called __1__, contained in a liquid matrix called __2__. These numerous cells, also called erythrocytes, are unique in that, as mature cells, they lack __3__ Fewer in number are the white blood cells, also called __4__. They are large and have multi-lobed nuclei. Blood is located within the __5__ system where it functions to transport nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules.

1= red blood cells 2= plasma 3= nuclei 4= leukocytes 5= cardiovascular

Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?

A mass of platelets

What is a thrombocytes?

A platelet

This figure shows the result of interaction of RBC antigens (A antigens) with the antibody against the RBC antigen (anti-A antibodies). What is this result called?

Agglutination

What would result when a patient with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

Agglutination of the donor red blood cells

Abnormal red blood cell count have what consequences on health?

Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood

What is the name of the condition involving a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin?

Anemia

Describe the role of plasmin

Breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot

The leukocyte indicated in the image is undergoing what process?

Diapedesis

The kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production is?

Erythropoietin

T/F people who are Rh-negative will typically have anti-Rh antibodies in their blood

False

Determine whether each item is formed element or a component of the plasma.

Formed Elements: Platelets, Red blood cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes. Plasma Component: Electrolytes, Gases, Proteins, Nutrients.

Determine whether each cell develops from the myeloid stem cell or the lymphoid stem cell.

From myeloid stem cells: erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte. From lymphoid stem cells: plasma cell, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte.

Some of the features of the process of blood coagulation are listen. Determine whether each label refers to the intrinsic clotting mechanism or the extrinsic clotting mechanism. Drop each label into its appropriate box.

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Involves Hageman factor (XII), all factors are within the bloodstream, factors V, VIII, IX, X, XI. Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Involves tissue thromboplastin (III), activates prothrombin activator, includes factors from outside the bloodstream, factors V, VII, X

Type O Type A Type B Type AB

O- Neither A nor B antigens/ Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies A- Only the A antigen/ Only anti-B antibodies B- Only the B antigen/ Only anti-A antibodies AB- Both A and B antigens/ Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Determine whether each cell arises from a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell

Part of Myeloid stem cell line: myeloblast, monoblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, megakaryoblast. Part of lymphoid cell line: lymphoblast, macrophage.

Associate each disorder with the correct blood component.

Plasma proteins: edema, bleeding disorders White blood cells: leukemia Red blood cells: Anemia, polycythemia Platelets: bleeding disorders, thrombosis

Platelets cling to exposed collagen at the site of injury of a blood vessel. What is the result of this process called?

Platelet Plug

What stage in the process of hemostasis is illustrated in this image?

Platelet Plug formation

Indicate which situation would increase the risk of blood clot formation.

Prolonged immobility

Compare the processes of red blood cell production, white blood cell production, and platelet production.

Red blood cells: Erythropoietin, From myeloid stem cells, develop in red bone marrow, develop from hematopoietic stem cells. White blood cells: from lymphoid stem cells, develop in red bone marrow, develop from hematopoietic stem cells, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors. Platelets: thrombopoietin, develop from hematopoietic stem cells, megakaryocytes, develop in red bone marrow, from myeloid stem cells.

Which scenario involves the risk of erythroblastosis fetalis?

Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus

Determine whether each of the conditions would stimulate an increase in RBC production. then drag and drop the labels into the appropriate box.

Stimulates Erythropoietin Release and RBC Production: Low blood oxygen level, at high altitude, chronic lung disease, blood loss, hemolytic diseases. No effect on Erythropoietin release or RBC production: Infection, moderate exercise, dehydration, leukopenia (low WBC count), fever.

Leukocytes can undergo diapedesis. What is diapedesis?

The ability of cells to squeeze between cells of capillary walls.

What is a function of platelets?

They reduce blood loss from damaged blood vessels

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Thrombin

What is the role of hematopoietic growth factors?

To influence hemocytoblasts to give rise to specific formed elements.

Which of the following are functions of blood?

Transportation, heat distribution, maintenance of interstitial fluid composition

Person with _____ blood have neither antigen A Nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have antibody anti A and antibody anti B in their plasma.

Type O

What characteristic of red blood cells allows oxygen to more easily reach hemoglobin molecules within the cytoplasm?

biconcave shape

Proteins in the blood plasma contribute to which of the following factors?

colloid osmotic pressure

What reaction is catalyzed by thrombin?

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

What is a result of reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood?

diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

A patient is severely malnourished. The lack of of dietary protein has caused a deficiency in plasma proteins. Which symptom would you expect to see as a result?

edema

In initiating hemostasis, what typically activates platelets?

exposed collagen

The stem cells that give rise to all of the formed elements are called the ______ stem cells.

hematopoietic

Red blood cells are formed from which cell type?

hematopoietic stem cells

Which type(s) of leukocytes are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume?

plasma

Name the formed element that is a cell fragment.

platelet

Chemicals released by damaged cells, white blood cells, and platelets act to attract white blood cells to the area. What is this attraction called?

positive chemotaxis

What function do the compounds heparin and Coumadin have in common?

prevention of coagulation

Define hemostasis

process that stops bleeding

Describe the function of platelets?

reduces blood loss from damaged blood vessels

At what stage of erythropoiesis is the developing red blood cell released into the circulation?

reticulocyte

What is the function of antithrombin found in the blood and on the cells lining blood vessels?

to prevent unwanted clot formation