ch 15 PQ B&B

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers? a. Micropolygyria b. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy c. Tauopathy d. Dementia

a. Micropolygyria

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction. a. Micropolygyria b. Tauopathy c. Hemispherectomy d. Ectopia

a. Micropolygyria

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time. a. constraint-induced movement b. melodic intonation c. edema reduction d. intense massage

a. constraint-induced movement

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______. a. phonemes; grammar b. linguists; pragmatics c. morphemes; prosody d. dichotics; syntax

a. phonemes; grammar

People with conduction aphasia are unable to a. repeat words or sentences. b. speak fluently. c. comprehend music. d. understand either written or oral materials.

a. repeat words or sentences.

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody. a. right; right b. right; left c. left; right d. left; left

a. right; right

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness. a. Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia c. anomia; apraxia d. global aphasia; conduction aphasia

b. Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate? a. The number of human languages is staying remarkably stable in spite of rising global population. b. Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization. c. Many new languages are emerging as a result of increasingly sophisticated communications systems. d. The number of human languages is expanding sharply as global populations increase.

b. Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization.

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true? a. Only chimps (not monkeys) show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics. b. Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics. c. Unlike humans, monkeys show a reverse pattern language lateralization; with a left ear advantage. d. Unlike humans, monkeys show no preference for using either ear to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.

b. Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech? a. Brain damage results in permanent song elimination. b. Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song. c. Removal of the left temporal cortex of birds eliminates characteristic song patterns. d. Deafened female birds are more sensitive to left-brain injury.

b. Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find? a. Decreased activation of the right planum temporale b. abnormal expression of tau c. Increased clusters of neurons in unusual locations d. Increased cortical folding

b. abnormal expression of tau

Disturbance in reading is called a. apraxia. b. alexia. c. anomia. d. agnosia.

b. alexia.

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that a. both human and bird communication incorporate prosody. b. proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial. c. juveniles do not have to be exposed to vocal adults to develop normal singing behavior. d. the right hemisphere has a greater effect on vocal behavior.

b. proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. a. Wernicke's b. global c. Broca's d. conduction

c. Broca's

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test? a. If a patient has recently had a stroke b. The doctor wants to localize the brain region that is causing a visual problem c. If a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery d. The doctor is attempting to diagnose an aphasia

c. If a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

Apraxia is a. sensory impairment. b. an inability to write. c. an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements. d. a loss of speech and language.

c. an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements.

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally. a. developmental interlude b. time delay c. critical period d. syntax phase

c. critical period

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of a. childhood aphasia. b. Broca's aphasia. c. dyslexia. d. apraxia.

c. dyslexia.

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they a. have difficulty with the patterning of speech sounds. b. are unable to make gestures with their hands. c. have difficulty understanding the meanings of words. d. are unable to speak.

c. have difficulty understanding the meanings of words.

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they a. have difficulty with the patterning of speech sounds. b. are unable to speak. c. have difficulty understanding the meanings of words. d. are unable to make gestures with their hands.

c. have difficulty understanding the meanings of words.

PET scans of brain activation during progressively more complex language processing tasks showed _______ in Broca's area as compared to activation during simple word repetition or reading aloud. a. decreased activity b. minor activation c. marked activation d. no activity

c. marked activation

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called a. paraphasias. b. dyslexias. c. neologisms. d. confabulations.

c. neologisms.

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing. a. anterior; phonological b. anterior; semantic c. posterior; phonological d. posterior; semantic

c. posterior; phonological

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do. a. the same b. completely different c. slightly different d. overlapping but different

c. slightly different

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the two brain hemispheres is that the hemispheres have many connections and function as one. The solution to this has been to study _______ patients in which the _______ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres. a. split-brain; planum temporal b. two-brain; fusiform gyrus c. split-brain; corpus callosum d. two-brain; primary auditory cortex

c. split-brain; corpus callosum

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in a. delicate control of all musculature. b. fine sensory analysis of acoustic information. c. strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors. d. higher-order cognitive functions.

c. strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it a. forces the patient to challenge the way the stroke has changed their physical appearance. b. encourages self-acceptance. c. tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm. d. trains the brain to move only the unaffected limb.

c. tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia? a. Motor b. Global c. Gestalt d. Connectionist

d. Connectionist

In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from _______ cortex. a. P600; temporoparietal b. P600; dorsolateral c. N400; dorsolateral d. N400; temporoparietal

d. N400; temporoparietal

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field a. can be repeated accurately. b. can be written down. c. can be repeated, but only when clues are provided. d. cannot be repeated verbally.

d. cannot be repeated verbally.

An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord. a. astereognosis b. hemispherectomy c. tau protein overexpression d. embryonic stem cells

d. embryonic stem cells

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that a. laterality decreases as we age. b. humans have an inborn mechanism to navigate in their environment. c. much of brain plasticity is hardwired into the brain. d. humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

d. humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

Astereognosis is the a. complete numbness of the fingers and hand. b. failure to accurately perceive faces. c. failure of binaural hearing. d. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

d. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe. a. fusiform gyrus; parietal b. corpus callosum; parietal c. Wernicke's area; frontal d. planum temporale; temporal

d. planum temporale; temporal

All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except a. neurogenesis. b. the use of stem cells. c. collateral sprouting. d. reverse transcription.

d. reverse transcription.

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of a. split-brain patients. b. left-handed individuals. c. individuals with dyslexia. d. right-handed individuals.

d. right-handed individuals.

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found a. many new brain regions important in vision. b. that electrical stimulation enhanced language abilities. c. many new brain regions important in auditory processing. d. that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.

d. that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities.

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______. a. planum temporale; astereognosis b. fusiform gyrus; prosopagnosia c. Broca's area; prosody d. the corpus callosum; epilepsy

d. the corpus callosum; epilepsy

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage. a. within 3 weeks b. during speech therapy c. between 6 months and 1 year d. within 3 months

d. within 3 months