Ch. 16 Hearing
bending stereocilia toward kinocoilium _______ hair cells and increases their ______ release. This increases impulse frequency on vestibular part of CN ____. Opposite reaction happens if bending is away from kinocilium
depolarizes, transmitter, VIII
loudness is measured in......
decibels
loudness
depends on wave amplitude (degree of molecular compresion)
tip link pull open ion channel allowing K to diffuse into hair cell and ______ it
depolarize
if stereocilia is bent toward the kinocilium, the hair cell ________
depolarizes
when head rotates _____ pushes against cupula
endolymph
high frequency
excite cells in stiff basilar membrane near oval window
hair cell releases more neurotransmitter from its base, _____ the sensory neuron, which can fire action potentials
exciting
macula is composed of ___ cells, and supporting cells
hair
vestibular nuclei (superior medulla)
help control reflexive eye movements and balance
cochlea
houses membranous cochlear duct
if stereocilia is bent away from kinocilium, the hair cell ____-
hyperpolarizes
utricle and saccule detect _________ _____ and _____ ____
scatic equilibrium, linear acceleration
____ dB is threshold for hearing
0
energy of sound increases ____ times for every 10 dB increase
10
humans can hear _____ - ________ Hz
20, 20,000
membranous labyrinth contains endolymph, which is similar to intracellular fluid, rich in ____
K+
hair cells are bathed in ____ enolymph that is far more positive than the fluid ______ the cell
K, inside
base of each simicirculuar canal has swollen _____
ampulla
deafness
any hearing loss
equilibrium
awareness and monitoring of head position
cerebelum helps coordinate _______ and ______ tone
balance, muscle
variations in pitch are detectable due to variation in stiffness of _____ membrane from oval window to ________ _____
basilar, cochlear apex
thalamus relays information to cerebral cortex for awareness of _______ ______
body position
the axons of the equilibrium path way terminate in the vestibular nuclei or the ______
cerebellum
vestibule
contains 2 sacklike, membranous parts called utricle and saccule, innterocnnected and positioned at right angles
semicircular canal
contains membranous semicircular ducts
stereocilia and kinocilia of hair cells are embedded in gelatinous _____
cupula
T or F: neurotransmitter release from hair cells stay the same
false, they change
perilymph (inerstitial fluid)
fills most of the bony labyrinth
pitch depends on the _____ of the vibrating object
frequency
hair cells in macula have sereocillia and one kinicilium projecting in the ______ _______ ______
gelatinous otolithic membrane
conductive deafness
interference of wave transmission in external of middle ear
louder sounds create _____ movements of basilar membrane
larger
signals from______ or crista ampullaris are conveyed by the vestibular branch of CN VIII
maculae
sensorineural deafness
malfunction in inner ear or cochlear nerve
bony labyrinth
mazelike spaces in temporal bone
membranous labyrinth
membrane lined fluid filled tubes within bony labyrinth that contain receptors for hearing and equilibrium
larger movements cause faster rate of _____ _____ and a larger number of stimulated cells
nerve signals, (temporal lobes auditory cortex interprets this as loudness)
macula membrane is covered with _______, which are calcium carbonate crystals
otoliths
macula
receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration
when basilar membrane moves down, the process quickly ______
reverses
low frequency
sounds excite cells in flexible basilar membrane near apex
head tilt shifts otolothic membrane and bends _______
stereocilia
when basilar membrane moves up, hair cells are pushed into _____ membrane and their tips are tilted, pulling tip links
tectorial
vestibular nuclei and cerebellum send signals to _______
thalamus
frequency
the rate of vibration in Hertz (Hz cycles per second)
inner hair cells contain ion channels at their tips, and ____ ____ proteins that connect them
tip link
macula is located in the ______ and ____ of vestibule
utricle, saccule
firing rate changes on ____________ branch of CN VIII
vestibular
equlibrium is monitored by _______ _______, which are the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts
vestibular apparatus
the perception of sound is created by pressure waves of vibrating objects how does this work?
vibration pushes molecules, which transfer energy from one molecule to the next
equilibrium is information sent to our brain to help keep our balance, _____ and ___ help this
vision, proprioception
cupula bends sterocilia and changes hair cell ______
voltage