CH. 16 MC

Among the following, which group was least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier of the West?

(A) Eastern city dwellers

In post-Civil War America, what was the only reason that Indians voluntarily surrendered their ancestral lands?

(B) Indians received solemn promises from the federal government that they would be left alone and provided with food, clothing, and supplies on their remaining lands.

Which of the following did late-nineteenth century farmers believe to be most responsible for their difficult economic circumstances?

(C) A deflated currency

What was the primary cause of the monetary inflation that eventually relieved, but did not end, the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century?

(C) An increase in the international gold supply

Which of the following was NOT a serious obstacle or difficulty encountered by families seeking to farm in the frontier West?

(C) Inhospitable soil and inadequate available technology for farming the prairie sod of the Great Plains

What sparked a new round of warfare between the Sioux tribe and the U.S. Army in 1874?

(D) The discovery of gold by Colonel George Custer on Sioux land in the Black Hills

What was the most important role played by the mining frontier?

(E) Attracting substantial white population and wealth to the West

All of the following factors contributed to the ultimate surrender of the Plains Indians by the 1880s EXCEPT the

(E) failure of Plains Indians to display courage, cunning, and cruelty in warfare.

In an effort to assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following EXCEPT

(E) outlawing the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance.

What did Sitting Bull wish for his children by 1885?

A "white" education

Which of the following is true of the Sand Creek Massacre?

A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia.

Technological innovation and the global expansion of export agriculture had what impact on farmers working on the plains in the late 1800s?

A drop in crop prices

Why was it necessary for railroads and land speculators to promote settlement of the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century?

Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert.

The purposeful destruction of which of the following opened the Great Plains to settlement?

Bison

Which of the following groups called themselves the Exodusters in 1879?

Blacks who migrated to Kansas.

How did the federal and state governments encourage railroad building in the nineteenth century?

Both granted public lands to private companies.

Which of the following events demonstrated the newfound international power of the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War?

Britain's damage payments to the United States.

Which of the following countries was the first to convert to the gold standard?

Britian.

Why did Great Britain agree to pay the United States $15.5 million in damages after the Civil War?

British shipyards had built Confederate raiding vessels such as CSS Alabama.

How did the United States persuade the Japanese to open trade relations?

By wielding naval power to persuade the Japanese to sign a treaty

The majority of white settlers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century viewed themselves as?

Conquerors over the wilds of nature.

In the largest mass hanging in U.S. history, President Abraham Lincoln ordered the execution of thirty-eight men from which group?

Dakota Sioux

Why were late-nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains much larger than eastern farms?

Dry-farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family.

Reformers believed that the best way to save the Indians was through

Education.

The phrase "The largest, longest-run agricultural and environmental miscalculation in American history" refers to

Farming the Great Plains.

Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court use in the 1870s to the 1890s to protect the rights of corporations—even though it had been written to protect individual rights?

Fourteenth

Which president refashioned U.S. Indian policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

Grant.

Farmers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century often faced which of the following natural challenges that could easily destroy crops?

Hailstorms.

Republicans in the 1880s were staunch advocates of what economic policy?

High tariffs

Which of the following describes the Homestead Act of 1862?

Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land.

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the post-Civil War western cattle boom?

It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do?

It gave 160 acres to applicants who occupied and improved them.

The United States adopted the gold standard in the 1870s for its currency because?

It hoped to encourage European investment in the United States.

Which of the following statements describes the agricultural technique known as dry farming?

It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls.

Which tribe openly refused to settle on a reservation in the mid-1870s?

Lakota Sioux

Which issue distinguished homesteading in the plains from pioneer farming in Iowa or Oregon in the antebellum years?

Land speculation

As a result of the Dawes Severalty Act, Indian tribes?

Lost almost two-thirds of their land.

Which of the following was one of the reasons that the United States encouraged Chinese immigration after the Civil War?

Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West.

John Wesley Powell, in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States (1878), famously stated that?

Massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains.

What was one consequence of the shift to steam-powered vessels in the transoceanic trade in the 1850s?

Merchants and the U.S. Navy needed ports where they could refuel.

In the 1860s and 1870s, Nevada's Comstock Lode, Colorado's Rocky Mountains, and South Dakota's Black Hills were all known for

Mining.

Which of the following was a consequence of widespread settlement on the Great Plains after the Civil War?

New rights and opportunities for many women.

Which Indian tribe was pursued 1,100 miles and forced to surrender just south of the Canadian border in 1877?

Nez Perce.

Which two languages became the primary languages spoken in parts of Minnesota and the Dakotas by the mid-1880s?

Norwegian and Swedish

What distinguished farming on the plains in the 1880s from frontier farming in America fifty or one hundred years earlier?

Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market.

Who benefited most from the General Mining Act of 1872, which allowed individuals who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep the proceeds?

Powerful investors.

What was the result of the first wildlife protection bill passed by Congress in 1874?

President Grant vetoed the bill because he knew that killing the bison would cripple Indian resistance.

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was intended to?

Promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands.

Republicans used which of the following arguments to justify high tariffs?

Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary.

Following the Sioux victory at Little Big Horn, the U.S. government?

Pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered.

Which mode of transportation helped integrate the national economy after the Civil War?

Railroad

Why did Indians view reformers as just another white interest group?

Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept.

Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of the Indian peace policy in the late nineteenth century?

Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups.

In Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), the Supreme Court?

Ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties.

In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from?

Russia.

The 1868 Burlingame Treaty achieved the American goal of?

Setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers.

The nation's monetary policy between 1865 and 1880 can best be described as deflationary, which means policymakers did what?

Sharply limited the nation's money supply

Which of the following statements describes women's experience in the West in the late nineteenth century?

Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota

Which of the following was the dominant northern Plains Indian tribe?

Sioux.

Which Sioux leader led the forces that annihilated Colonel George A. Custer and his men on June 25, 1876?

Sitting Bull.

Which technology permitted homesteaders in the West to plant crops in the prairie in the 1860s and 1870s?

Steel plows

Which of the following technological advances played an important role in opening up the Great Plains to farming?

Steel plows and other farm machinery.

During and after the Civil War, the Republican Congress implemented its economic vision for the United States by?

Subsidizing the transcontinental railroad.

The federal government's Civil War debt was paid off primarily through?

Tariff revenues.

The major silver discovery made in Nevada in 1859 was known by what name?

The Comstock Lode

The largest mass execution in American history took place as a result of?

The Dakota uprising.

Which act of 1887 led to the break-up and sale of Indian reservation lands?

The Dawes Severalty Act

What federal department did Congress create in 1862 to conduct research and provide advice to farmers?

The Department of Agriculture

What was the name of the Native American religious movement that drew upon and combined significant Christian and native elements?

The Ghost Dance

Who was in charge of Yellowstone National Park prior to the creation of a national park service?

The U.S. Army

Which of the following developments made open ranching feasible on the Great Plains between the 1860s and the 1880s?

The availability of free land.

What was the significance of the Battle of the Little Big Horn?

The battle overshadowed the white massacre of Indians at Sand Creek.

Why did the Ghost Dance movement spread so quickly in Native American reservations in the late 1880s and early 1890s?

The dance fostered native peoples' hope that they could drive away white settlers.

What was the basis for the development of the Far West of the United States?

The extraction of natural resources

White reformers, such as those who founded the Indian Rights Association, advocated for?

The idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites.

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee?

The massacre of the Lakotas there stands as an indictment of U.S. Indian policy and western expansionism.

Why were Republicans so eager to fund the construction of a transcontinental railroad in the 1860s?

They saw the failure to connect different regions via the railroad as one cause of the Civil War.

What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools in the late nineteenth century?

To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture.

Which of the following was a reason the U.S. government elected to define small preserves of "uninhabited wilderness" in the 1860s and 1870s?

To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West

For what reason had states chartered corporations in the early nineteenth century?

To fulfill specific public purposes

Why did William Seward urge Congress to purchase refueling stations in the Pacific and the Caribbean?

To support growing trade with Asia and Latin America

What was the status of land ownership in New Mexico and Arizona in the late 1800s?

Traditional land claims from Spanish colonial times were rejected in favor of new claims by Anglos.

What event highlighted federal incompetence in regard to Indian relations in 1870, early in Ulysses S. Grant's presidency?

U.S. troops killed over 170 Blackfoot Indians in Montana.

What prompted the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890?

White efforts to suppress the Ghost Dance

Which of the following phenomena led the U.S. government to dismantle the Indian reservation system it had previously established?

White land hunger.

Which Reconstruction-era politician created the blueprint for American economic expansion and later imperialism?

William Seward.

In 1872, which of the following was established by Congress as the first national park?

Yellowstone.

Exodusters were blacks who left which region to seek a better life in the 1870s?

south