Ch 16 Review, AP Macro Econ Ch 15 & 16, Test Practice Questions (Exam 3), Chapter 10 Macro Review, Macro Final

What two institutions did Congress create in order to increase the availability of mortgages in a secondary​ market?

"Fannie Mae" and​ "Freddie Mac"

How do investment banks differ from commercial​ banks?

.Investment banks do not take deposits, Investment banks generally do not lend to households.

What causes shifts in the aggregate demand curve?

1. Changes in government policies 2. Expectations of households and firms. 3. Changes in foreign variables

Why does the short-run aggregate supply curve slope upward?

1. Contracts keep wages​ "sticky." 2. Firms are slow to adjust wages in an attempt to maximize profits.​ 3. Menu costs keep prices​ "sticky."

Borrowers are ____ of loanable funds, and lenders are _____ or loanable funds? Demanders or Suppliers

1. Demanders 2. Suppliers

What causes an inverse effect (or downward sloping) aggregate demand curve?

1. Wealth effect 2. Interest rate effect 3. International-trade effect

How to calculate value of the multiplier?

1/(1-MCP)

What is the multiplier formula?

1/(1-MPC)

the formula for simple deposit multiplier is

1/RR or ratio of deposits by amount of new reserves

What years did the rate of real GDP per hour worked slow in the United States?

1974-1995 and 2006-2016

If the marginal propensity to consume equals 0.90​, the tax rate equals 0.20​, what is the value of the government purchases​ multiplier?

3.57

In real GDP per capita doubles between 2005 and 2020, what is the average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita? A. 4.7 B. 10.5 C. 15 D. 21

4.7

What is the stable unemployment rate?

5%

A good measure of the standard of living is A) real GDP per capita. B) total nominal GDP. C) nominal GDP per capita. D) total real GDP

A

According to the short-run Phillips curve, the unemployment rate and the inflation rate are A) negatively related. B) unaffected by monetary policy. C) unrelated. D) positively related.

A

An increase in government purchases of $200 billion will shift the aggregate demand curve to the right by A) more than $200 billion. B) less than $200 billion. C) $200 billion. D) None of the above are correct. This policy shifts the long-run aggregate supply curve.

A

As the economy nears the end of a recession, which of the following do we typically see? A) increased spending on capital goods by firms B) further decreases in consumer spending C) increasing interest rates D) all of the above

A

If government purchases are $400 million, taxes are $700 million, and transfers are $200 million, which of the following is true? A) Public saving is $100 million. B) The budget deficit is $500 mill ion. C) Public saving is $500 million. D) The budget deficit is $100 million

A

If labor productivity growth slows down in a country, this will A) slow down the increase in real GDP per capita. B) slow down the increase in nominal GDP. C) accelerate the increase in nominal GDP. D) accelerate the increase in real GDP per capita

A

If, in an economy experiencing inflation, the government decided to tax real interest income rather than nominal interest income, this change would cause the real interest rate to ________ and the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds to ________. A) fall; rise B) rise; rise C) fall; fall D) rise; fall

A

The curve showing the short-run relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate is called A) the Phillips curve. B) the monetary policy curve. C) the Sargent curve. D) the unemployment curve.

A

The demand for durable goods A) declines by a greater percentage than does GDP during a recession. B) rises by a greater percentage than does GDP during a recession. C) declines by a smaller percentage than does GDP during a recession D) has decreased over time

A

The period between a business cycle peak and a business cycle trough is called A) recession. B) diffusion. C) recalculation. D) expansion

A

What can the Federal Reserve do to reduce the natural rate of unemployment? A) nothing B) follow contractionary monetary policy that will increase inflation C) follow expansionary monetary policy that will increase inflation D) follow expansionary monetary policy that will reduce inflation

A

What two factors are the keys to determining labor productivity? A) technology and the quantity of capital per hour worked B) the business cycle and the growth rate of real GDP C) the growth rate of real GDP and the interest rate D) the average level of education of the workforce and the price level

A

When the economy enters a recessionary phase of the business cycle, unemployment tends to A) increase. B) be unchanged. C) decrease. D) change in the same direction as the rate of inflation.

A

Which of the following is an example of human capital? A) a college education B) a software program C) a computer D) a factory building

A

Which of the following is most liquid? A) a dollar bill B) a government bond C) a mutual fund share D) a corporate bond

A

Which of the following would contribute to a sustained high rate of economic growth in the long run in an economy? A) growth in capital per hour accompanied by technological change B) a shift of workers in the economy from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector C) increases in labor force participation rates as workers who are out of the labor force pursue rising wages D) an influx of immigrant labor into an economy without any accompanying technological change

A

Y = $12 trillion C = $8 trillion I = $2 trillion G = $2 trillion TR = $2 trillion T = $3 trillion Based on the information above, what is the level of private saving in the economy? A) $3 trillion B) $4 trillion C) $5 trillion D) $8 trillion

A

If the tax multiplier is -1.5 and $200 billion tax increase is implemented, what is the change in GDP , holding everything else constant? (Assume the price level stays constant)

A $300 billion decrease in GDP

Movement along the aggregate demand curve is caused by?

A change in price level

What effect does expansionary monetary policy have on equilibrium if consumers have rational expectations?

A movement along the LR Phillips Curve

If actual inflation is less than expected inflation, which of the following will be true? A) Real wages will fall. B) The Phillips curve will be a vertical line. C) Real wages will rise. D) The unemployment rate will fall.

A or D

What is a banking panic?

A situation in which many banks experience runs at the same time.

Which of the following would be considered a fiscal policy action?

A tax cut is designed to stimulate spending during a recession

16-1. Suppose the economy is in a recession and expasionary fiscal policy is pursued. Using the static AD-AS model in the figure above, this would be depicted as a movement from

A to B

16-1. Suppose the economy is in the short-run equilibrium below potential GDP and Congress and the president lower taxes to move the economy back to long-run equilibrium. Using the static AD-AS model in the figure above, this would be depicted as a movement from

A to B

Refer to Figure 15-7. Suppose the economy is in a recession and the Fed pursues an expansionary monetary policy. Using the static AD-AS model in the figure above, this would be depicted as a movement from

A to B

Refer to figure 16-1. Suppose the economy is in short-run equilibrium below potential GDP and Congress and the president lower taxes to move the economy back to long-run equilibrium. Using the static AD-AS model in the figure above, this would be depicted as a movement from

A to B

Refer to Figure 15-7. Suppose the economy is in a recession and no policy is pursued. Using the static AD-AS model in the figure above, this situation would be depicted as a movement from

A to E

Which of the following factors brought on the recession of 2007-​2009?

A. A rapid increase in the price of oil. B. The end of the housing bubble. C. The financial crisis.

According to the dynamic​ AD-AS model, what is the most common cause of​ inflation?

A. AD increases by more than LRAS. B. Total spending increases faster than total production.

The aggregate expenditure model can be written in terms of four spending categories. Which equation shows the relationship between aggregate expenditure and the four spending​ categories?

A. AE​ = C​ + I​ + G​ + NX

Firms that act as financial intermediaries match households that have excess funds with firms that want to borrow funds. What other key services does the financial system provide to savers and​ lenders? ​(Mark all that​ apply.)

A. Collects and communicates information about borrowers to savers B. Allows savers to spread their money among many financial investments. C. Provides an easy method of exchanging a financial security for money.

We can use the diagram to compare movements in real consumption between 1979 and 2017.

A. Consumption follows a​ smooth, upward​ trend, interrupted only infrequently by brief recessions.

Why might the unemployment rate continue to rise during the early stages of a​ recovery?

A. Employment growth may be slow relative to the growth in the labor force. C. Some firms continue to operate well below their capacity even after a recession has ended.

Why do economic growth rates​ matter?

A. High levels of sustained economic growth reduce infant mortality. B. When a country sustains high growth​ rates, life expectancy at birth increases. C. High growth rates coincide with improved living standards.

Which of the following does NOT lead to long-run economic growth?

A. Increase in average wages

Which of the following will increase planned investment spending on the part of​ firms?

A. Increased optimism about future demand for its product B. A lower real interest rate

The figure to the right illustrates the relationship between weak and strong rule-of-law LOADING... countries and economic growth. In addition to a​ country's failure to enforce​ rule-of-law, what else explains why more​ low-income countries do NOT experience rapid growth as the​ catch-up line​ predicts?

A. Lengthy civil wars B. Shortage of childhood vaccinations C. Inability to borrow money needed for investment

The relationship between the marginal propensity to consume​ (MPC) and the marginal propensity to save​ (MPS) can best be described as

A. MPC​ = 1minusMPS. B. MPS​ = 1minusMPC. C. MPC​ + MPS​ = 1. D. All of the above.

New growth theory suggests that the accumulation of knowledge capital can be slowed because knowledge is both nonrival and nonexcludable. How does the federal government intervene in the market to increase the amount of knowledge​ capital?

A. Public education B. Subsidies C. Patents

Indicate which of the following is correct about the multiplier effect.

A. The multiplier ignores the effect on real GDP of​ imports, inflation, and interest rates. B. The larger the​ MPC, the more additional consumption that occurs. C. A decrease in autonomous spending decreases real GDP by a multiple of the change. D. All of the above.

Which of the following is NOT included in the calculation of total government​ purchases?

A. Unemployment insurance benefits paid for by the federal government (Transfer Payments)

In the aggregate expenditure​ model, when is planned investment greater than actual​ investment?

A. When there is an unplanned decrease in inventories.

Which of the following is usually the cause of​ stagflation?

A. a supply shock as a result of an unexpected increase in the price of a natural resource

The​ long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical because in the long​ run

A. changes in the price level do not affect potential​ GDP, as potential GDP depends on the size of the labor​ force, capital​ stock, and technology.

The​ short-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward because of all of the following reasons

A. in the short​ run, as prices of final goods and services​ increase, input prices react more slowly. B. in the short​ run, as prices of final goods and services​ increase, some firms are very slow to adjust their​ prices, thus their sales increase. C. in the short​ run, prices of final goods and services adjust slowly due to the existence of menu costs.

We say that the economy as a whole is in macroeconomic equilibrium if

A. total spending equals GDP. B. aggregate expenditure equals GDP. C. total spending equals total production. D. aggregate expenditure equals total production. E. all of the above.

U.S. real net exports are typically

A. ​negative, and usually rise in recessions and fall in expansions.

Consider the choices below. All of these except one truly represent the record of productivity growth in the United States from 1800 to the present. Find the one that does not belong.

A. GDP per capita fell rapidly between 1900 and 1950.

The government policy that does not increase economic growth is

A. foreign trade policy that favors imposing a high tariff on imported​ high-tech goods.

Which of the following best explains how and why the economy will adjust back to​ long-run equilibrium?

Aggregate demand will​ increase, restoring the original equilibrium price and quantity

what constitutes M2?

All of M1 in addition to savings account, time deposits, money market, and noninstitutional money

The figure to the right illustrates the economy using the Dynamic Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model What would be the​ Fed's reaction if actual real GDP in 2006 occurs at point B and potential GDP occurs at LRAS 06​? That​ is, what step will the Fed likely take to control inflation in the second​ period?

An open market sale of government securities.

What is the Fed doing to increase the credibility of its​ policies?

Announcing the federal funds target rate. Whenever a change in policy is​ announced, the change actually takes place.

The economic definition of money​ is:

Any asset that people are generally willing to accept in exchange for goods and services

A shift in the aggregate demand curve is caused by?

Any factor other than price change like... 1. Increases in labor and in the capital stock. 2. Technology 3. Expected changes in the future price level 4. Adjustments to past errors in expected price level 5. Unexpected change in the price of an important natural resource

According to the short-run Phillips curve, if unemployment is 3.2% and inflation is 1.3%, an increase in the inflation rate might result in which of the following? A) an increase in the unemployment rate to 3.4% B) a decrease in the unemployment rate to 3.0% C) a decrease in the demand for labor in the economy D) Both A and C are correct answers.

B

Deflation refers to A) a decrease in the rate of inflation. B) a falling price level. C) Both A and B are correct. D) None of the above are correct.

B

How will an increase in the government budget surplus as a result of lower government spending (with no change in net taxes) affect private saving in the economy? A) Private saving will increase by the amount of increase in the budget surplus. B) Private saving will decrease by less than the amount of increase in the budget surplus. C) Private saving will decrease by the amount of increase in the budget surplus. D) Private saving will be unaffected by the increase in the budget surplus

B

If rational workers and firms know that the Federal Reserve is following an expansionary monetary policy, they will expect inflation to ________ and will adjust wages so that the real wage ________. A) increase; decreases B) increase; remains unchanged C) increase; increases D) decrease; decreases

B

If the Federal Reserve attempts to continue reducing unemployment by manipulating monetary policy, which of the following would you expect to see? A) The Fed's policies will be deflationary. B) The Fed's policies will be inflationary. C) The Fed will reduce the natural rate of unemployment. D) The rate of inflation will fall as the Fed tries to reduce the unemployment rate.

B

If the Federal Reserve chooses to fight high inflation with contractionary monetary policy and firms and consumers expect this policy to reduce inflation, which of the following would you expect to see? A) a decrease in the long-run aggregate supply curve B) a downward shift of the short-run Phillips curve C) a reduction in the unemployment rate D) Both A and B are correct answers.

B

If the federal government's expenditures are less than its tax revenues, then A) a budget deficit results. B) a budget surplus results. C) the budget is balanced. D) No conclusion can be drawn here regarding the budget surplus or deficit without information regarding government purchases versus other outlays.

B

If the growth rate of real GDP rises from 3% to 4% per year, then the number of years required to double real GDP will decrease from A) 23.3 years to 20.6 years. B) 23.3 years to 17.5 years. C) 11.2 years to 10.8 years. D) 28.0 years to 21.0 years

B

If we include consideration of potential effects of a proposed tax reduction and simplification on the labor supply, we would expect crowding out of investment and net exports brought about by the tax cut to be A) increased as aggregate real income and output rise in the long run. B) less than it would be without the supply-side effects. C) unaffected by shifting long-run aggregate supply curve. D) dependent upon the impact of this tax change on consumer disposable income.

B

In a closed economy, private saving is equal to which of the following? A) Y-C-T B) Y+TR-C-T C) Y-G-T D) Y-G-T+TR

B

In a closed economy, which of the following components of GDP is not included? A) consumption B) net exports C) investment D) government spending

B

In a closed economy, which of the following equations reflects investment? A) Y-T+TR B) Y-C-G C) Y-C-T D) C+G-T

B

Inflation tends to ________ during the expansion phase of the business cycle and ________ during the recession phase of the business cycle. A) decrease; decrease further B) increase; decrease C) increase; increase further D) decrease; increase

B

Matt's real wage in 2005 is $26.80. If the price level is 104, what is Matt's nominal wage? A) $30.80 B) $27.87 C) $26.80 D) $25.77

B

The effect of a recession on a company like Boeing Aircraft is such that A) there is no difference in the impact of the recession on its profits as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods. B) sales decline more sharply for Boeing as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods. C) the decline in sales is more short lived as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods. D) profits fall less sharply as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods.

B

The federal budget deficit acts as an automatic stabilizer because A) Medicaid payments increase during expansionary periods. B) government tax revenues decrease during a recession. C) food stamp payments increase during expansionary periods. D) unemployment insurance payments decrease during a recession.

B

The federal government debt equals A) government spending minus tax revenues. B) the total value of U.S. Treasury bonds outstanding. C) the accumulation of past budget deficits. D) tax revenues minus government spending.

B

The only people without jobs at the natural rate of unemployment are the A) cyclically and structurally unemployed B) structurally and frictionally unemployed C) structurally, frictionally, and cyclically unemployed D) frictionally and cyclically unemployed

B

The period of expansion ends with a ________ and the period of recession ends with a ________. A) business cycle peak; business cycle peak B) business cycle peak; business cycle trough C) business cycle trough; business cycle trough D) business cycle trough; business cycle peak

B

The response of investment spending to an increase in the government budget deficit is called A) private dissaving. B) crowding out. C) expansionary investment. D) income minus net taxes

B

Under which of the following circumstances would the government be running a deficit? 19) ______ A) G = $7 trillion T= $7 trillion TR = $0 B) G = $5 trillion T = $5 trillion TR = $1 trillion C)G = $7 trillion T = $10 trillion TR = $3 trillion D) G = $5 trillion T = $7 trillion TR= $1 trillion

B

When the government runs a budget deficit, we would expect to see that A) public saving is positive. B) investment will fall. C) private saving will fall. D)G+ TR <T

B

Which of the following could increase unemployment and inflation simultaneously? A) a decrease in the real wage B) an increase in oil prices C) contractionary monetary policy D) expansionary monetary policy

B

Which of the following explains the cause of the change in the unemployment rate at the end of a recession? A) Firms rapidly hire new workers at the first sign of on an increase in demand for their goods. B) Firms are hesitant to rehire laid off workers as they continue to operate below capacity. C) Discouraged workers return to the labor force and this makes the unemployment rate fall. D) Discouraged workers leave the labor force and this makes the unemployment rate rise

B

Which of the following would you expect to increase the equilibrium interest rate? A) a change from an income tax to a consumption tax B) an increase in the budget deficit C) a decrease in the profitability of investment projects firms are considering D) an increase in the percentage of income after net taxes that households save

B

Year |Potential Real GDP |Real GDP |Price Level 2011 | $14 trillion |$14 trill | 150 2012 | 14.5 trillion |14.2 trill | 152 Consider the hypothetical information in the table above for potential real GDP, real GDP and the price level in 2011 and in 2012 if the Congress and the president do not use fiscal policy. If the Congress and the president want to keep real GDP at its potential level in 2012, they should A) increase the level of interest rates. B) decrease income taxes. C) decrease government purchases. D) decrease the money supply.

B

Refer to Figure 16-1. An increase in taxes would be depicted as a movement from (blank), using the static AD-AS model in the figure above

B to A

The economic growth model explains growth in real GDP per capita in the long run. Because of the importance of labor productivity in explaining economic​ growth, the economic growth model focuses on the causes of increases in​ long-run labor productivity. What are the key factors that determine labor​ productivity?

B. Quantity of capital per hour worked C. Technological change

The financial system-either financial markets or financial intermediaries-provides savers and borrowers with

B. The financial system provides liquidity to savers by giving them the opportunity to buy and sell their financial securities. C. The financial system provides savers with facts and information about borrowers and about expected returns on their financial investments. D. The financial system provides risk sharing to savers by giving them the opportunity to diversify their funds among different investment choices.

Often the multiplier formula is considered to be too simple because it ignores some real world complications. Which of the following is not such a​ reason?

B. The formula ignores the impact of an increase in GDP on consumption.

Aggregate demand​ (AD) is comprised of expenditure components that​ include:

B. government​ spending, consumption,​ investment, and net exports.

Potential GDP

B. increases over time as technological change occurs. C. increases over time as the labor force grows.

The aggregate demand curve shows the relationship between

B. the price level and the quantity of real GDP demanded by​ households, firms, and the government.

What is the general relationship between the business cycle and unemployment and​ inflation?

B. During an​ expansion, unemployment falls and inflation increases.

What can​ low-income countries do in order to increase the amount of loanable funds available to firms for investment projects such as new factories or improved​ technology?

B. Provide savings incentives

Using GDP per capita in 2016​ (measured in U.S.​ dollars, corrected for differences across countries in the cost of​ living), identify which one of the following statements is​ true?

B. Western​ Europe, Australia,​ Canada, Japan, New​ Zealand, and the United States are​ high-income countries.

Technological change is more important to​ long-run economic growth than changes in capital. The easiest way for firms to gain access to new technology is through

B. foreign direct investment

Developing countries have benefited from​ globalization, because globalization can do all of the following except

B. impose trade barriers and tariffs on imported goods so as to protect domestic industries.

Changes in interest rates affect aggregate demand. Which of the following is affected by changes in interest rates​ and, as a​ result, impacts aggregate​ demand?

Business investment projects Consumption of durable goods The value of the dollar

How does the Federal Open Market Committee increase and decrease money supply?

By buying and selling U.S. Treasury securities

A(n) ________ in private expenditures as a result of a(n) ________ in government purchases is called crowding out. A) increase; increase B) decrease; decrease C) decrease; increase D) increase; decrease

C

According to the "Rule of 70", how many years will it take for real GDP per capita to double when the growth rate of real GDP per capita is 5%? A) less than 1 year B) 5 years C) 14 years D) 35 years

C

Automatic stabilizers refer to A) changes in federal taxes and purchases that are intended to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives. B) the money supply and interest rates that automatically increase or decrease along with the business cycle. C) government spending and taxes that automatically increase or decrease along with the business cycle. D) changes in the money supply and interest rates that are intended to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives.

C

During a recession, spending on ________ tends to fall more dramatically than spending on ________. A) food; cars B) necessities; luxuries C) durable goods; nondurable goods D) nondurable goods; durable goods

C

Expansionary fiscal policy actions ________ savings public, _________ the supply of loanable funds, and ______ the real interest rate. A) increase, increase, decrease B) decrease, increase, decrease C) decrease, decrease, increase D) increase, increase, increase

C

Fiscal policy refers to changes in A) federal taxes and purchases that are intended to fund the war on terrorism. B) state and local taxes and purchases that are intended to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives. C) federal taxes and purchases that are intended to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives. D) the money supply and interest rates that are intended to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives.

C

If consumers decide to be more frugal and save more out of their income, then this will cause A) a movement to the right along the supply curve for loanable funds. B) a movement to the left along the supply curve for loanable funds. C) a shift in the supply curve for loanable funds to the right. D) a shift in the supply curve for loanable funds to the left.

C

If real GDP in a small country in 2010 is $8 billion and real GDP in the same country in 2011 is $8.3 billion, the growth rate of real GDP between 2010 and 2011 A) is 3.0%. B) is 3.6%. C) is 3.75%. D) cannot be determined from the information given

C

If real GDP per capita measured in 2000 dollars was $6,000 in 1950 and $48,000 in 2010, we would say that in the year 2010, the average American could buy ________ times as many goods and services as the average American in 1950. A) 1/8 B) 4 C) 8 D) 12

C

In a closed economy public saving plus private saving is equal to A) taxes minus transfers. B) the budget deficit. C) investment. D) the budget surplus

C

Increasing the amount of consumption spending and reducing the amount of savings ________ investment expenditures, and ________ long -run economic growth in the economy. A) increases; increases B) decreases; increases C) decreases; decreases D) increases; decreases

C

Liquidity refers to A) the number of shares of stock a corporation issues. B) the number of times a dollar changes hands in the creation of GDP in an economy. C) the ease with which a financial security can be traded for cash. D) the ease with a stock can be traded for a bond.

C

Potential GDP refers to A) the extent to which real GDP is above or below nominal GDP. B) the difference between the highest level of real GDP per quarter and the lowest level of real GDP per quarter within any given year. C) the level of GDP attained when all firms are producing at capacity. D) the level of GDP attained by the country with the highest growth in real GDP in a given year.

C

Purchases of which of the following goods would be dramatically reduced during a recession? A) tomatoes B)ink pens C) refrigerators D) gasoline

C

Technological advances generally result in A) increased average number of hours worked per day. B) increased infant mortality rates. C) increased life expectancy. D) decreased incomes

C

The aggregate demand curve will shift to the right ________ the initial increase in government purchases. A) by the same amount as B) sometimes by more than and other times by less than C) by more than D) by less than

C

The natural rate of unemployment equals A) structural plus frictional plus cyclical unemployment. B) the rate of unemployment we observe in any given period of measurement. C) structural plus frictional unemployment. D) the rate of structural unemployment.

C

There is a government budget surplus if A) G > TR B) G > T C) T - TR > G D) TR < T

C

Which of the following increases labor productivity? A) decreases in the availability of computers and factory buildings B) a decline in the health of the population C) inventions of new machinery, equipment, or software D) an increase in the aggregate hours of work

C

Which of the following is a government expenditure, but is not a government purchase? A) The Federal government pays to support research on Aids. B) The federal government pays the salary of an FBI agent. C) The federal government pays out an unemployment insurance claim. D) The federal government buys a Humvee.

C

16-1. Suppose the economy is in a short0run equilibrium above potential GDP and automatic stabilizers move the economy back to long-run equilibrium. Using static AD-AS model in the figure above, this would be depicted as a movement from

C to B

16-1. Suppose the economy is in short-run equilibrium above potential GDP and wages and prices are rising. If contractionary policy is used to move the economy back to long run equilibrium, this would be depicted as a move from (blank) using the static AD-AS mode

C to B

Formula for Planned Aggregate Expenditures

C+I+G+NX

The equation for aggregate demand is...

C+I+G+Nx

Why should government policymakers be worried about a housing​ bubble?

C. A housing bubble would deflate housing​ prices, which would decrease household​ wealth, which would decrease aggregate​ demand, which could cause a recession.

What is the effect on​ inventories, GDP, and employment when aggregate expenditure​ (total spending) exceeds​ GDP?

C. Inventories​ decrease, GDP​ increases, and employment increases.

Which one of the following is not true when the economy is in macroeconomic​ equilibrium?

C. When the economy is at​ long-run equilibrium, firms will have excess capacity.

If the economy adjusts through the automatic​ mechanism, then a decline in aggregate demand causes

C. a recession in the short run and a decline in the price level in the long run.

If the economy is initially at​ full-employment equilibrium, then an increase in aggregate demand causes​ _____________ in real GDP in the short run and​ ___________ in the price level in the long run.

C. an​ increase; an increase

"Saving money is not lending. How can it​ be? When I save my​ money, I put it in a bank. I​ don't loan it out to someone​ else."

C. incorrect. The supply of loanable funds is determined by household saving.

To have growth without​ inflation, which of the following must be​ true?

C. ​AD, SRAS, and LRAS must increase by the same amount.

Strong​ rule-of-law countries grow more rapidly than weak​ rule-of-law countries. What factor will most likely improve economic growth in weak​ rule-of-law countries?

C. Political reform

What causes demand curve to shift?

Changes in real GDP or price level. Increase in real GDP and price level means buying and selling increases demand for money, shift to the right.

What is inflation targeting?

Committing the central bank to achieve an announced level of inflation.

What is inflation​ targeting?

Committing the central bank to achieve an announced level of inflation.

Fiscal policy is determined by

Congress and the president

Which of the following is considered contractionary fiscal policy

Congress increases the income tax rate

The simple multiplier effect shows the resulting change in real GDP due to an increase in government purchases or a decrease in taxes assuming that the price level is

Constant

Globalization entails all of the following except​:

Cultural exchange between nations.

One-time tax​ rebates, such as those in 2001 and​ 2008, increase consumption spending by less than a permanent tax cut because​ one-time tax rebates increase

Current income

Active changes in tax and spending by government intended to smooth out the business cycle are called ________, and changes in taxes and spending that occur passively over the business cycle are called ________. A) automatic stabilizers; monetary policy B) discretionary fiscal policy; conscious fiscal policy C) automatic stabilizers; discretionary fiscal policy D) discretionary fiscal policy; automatic stabilizers

D

Actual real GDP will be above potential GDP if A) firms are producing at capacity. B) firms are producing below capacity. C) inflation is rising. D) firms are producing above capacity

D

All other factors held constant, increased growth in aggregate demand will A) move the economy to a higher point on the short-run Phillips curve. B) increase inflation. C) reduce unemployment. D) All of the above are correct.

D

Contractionary monetary policy will result in A) reduced rates of inflation. B) a decrease in aggregate demand. C) higher interest rates. D) All of the above are correct.

D

Countries with high rates of economic growth tend to have A) low rates of technological advancement. B) a declining incidence of business cycle fluctuations. C) a lower life expectancy at birth. D) a labor force that is more productive

D

Crowding out will be greater A) the less sensitive consumption spending is to changes in the interest rate. B) the further equilibrium GDP is below potential GDP. C) if the economy is in recession, rather than at full employment. D) the more sensitive investment spending is to changes in the interest rate.

D

During the expansion phase of the business cycle, which of the following eventually increases? A) employment B) income C) production D) all of the above

D

Fiscal policy is defined as changes in federal ________ and ________ to achieve macroeconomic objectives such as price stability, high rates of economic growth, and high employment. A) interest rates; money supply B) taxes; the money supply C) taxes; interest rates D) taxes; expenditures

D

How would the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds respond to a change from an income tax to a consumption tax? A) The equilibrium quantity of loanable funds would be unaffected. B) The equilibrium quantity of loanable funds may rise or fall based on whether household saving increases or decreases as a result of the change from an income tax to a consumption tax. C) The equilibrium quantity of loanable funds would fall. D) The equilibrium quantity of loanable funds would rise

D

If the economy experiences a negative supply shock, which of the following will be true? A) Inflation will fall, and real GDP will fall. B) Inflation will fall, and real GDP will rise. C) Inflation will rise, and real GDP will rise. D) Inflation will rise, and real GDP will fall.

D

If you invest $10,000 in a bond that earns 8% interest per year, how many years will it take to double your money? A) 1 year and 3 months B) 2 years and 6 months C) 8 years D) 8 years and 9 months

D

In a graph of unemployment rates (on the horizontal axis) versus inflation rates (on the vertical axis), the short-run Phillips Curve is A) upward sloping. B) horizontal. C) vertical. D) downward sloping.

D

In conducting monetary policy, how has the Federal Reserve enhanced its credibility? A) by revealing the Fed's target for the federal funds rate B) by following through with changes it has announced C) by making the minutes of the open market committee meetings public D) All of the above have enhanced the Federal Reserve's credibility in conducting monetary policy.

D

Monetary policy can A) shift both the short-run and long-run trade-offs between inflation and unemployment if changes in policy are credible. B) shift the long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment through changes in cyclical unemployment. C) shift neither the short-run nor long-run Phillips curve trade-offs between inflation and unemployment. D) shift the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment if it affects expected inflation.

D

Since 1900, real GDP per capita has ________ and this measure ________ the actual growth in standards of living in the United States over this time. A) increased; overstates B)decreased; overstates C) decreased; understates D) increased; understate

D

What is the natural rate of unemployment? A) the unemployment rate that exists when the economy is at a trough in a business cycle B) any unemployment rate that is above the inflation rate C) an unemployment rate of 0% D) the unemployment rate that exists when the economy is at potential GDP

D

What is the key idea in the aggregate expenditure macroeconomic​ model?

D. in any particular​ year, the level of GDP is determined mainly by the level of aggregate expenditure.

The growth in U.S. real government purchases

D. tends to be​ positive, but has fallen in recessions and in response to concerns about the size of budget deficits.

The short run aggregate supply curve shows the relationship in the short run between

D. the price level and the quantity of real GDP supplied by firms.

Compared to the U.S. aggregate demand​ curve, the reason that the demand curve for an individual​ product, such as​ bananas, slopes downward is

D. ​different, because consumers can substitute between individual products.

Suppose two​ countries, Country A and Country​ B, have a similar real GDP per capita. Country A has an average economic growth rate of​ 2% and Country B has an average economic growth rate of​ 3.3%. In the long​ run, what can we predict about living standards in the two​ countries?

D. Country​ B's living standards will increase much more rapidly in the long run.

Consider the figure to the right. Which of the following is responsible for the upward shifts in the​ per-worker production​ function?

D. Technological change

Have poor countries been catching up to rich​ countries?

D. There has been​ catch-up by some poor but industrialized countries.

A​ country's rate of economic growth is important because

D. an economy that grows too slowly fails to raise the living standards of its citizens.

Some economies are able to maintain high growth rates despite diminishing returns to capital by using

D. better or enhanced​ technology, along with accumulating​ capital; these economies are growing because​ technology, unlike​ capital, is subject to increasing returns.

The financial system of a country is important for​ long-run economic growth because

D. firms need the financial system to acquire funds from households.

By improving health and​ education, developing countries can generate economic​ growth, and increase incomes. This will help combat the prevalence of educated people leaving their home countries for opportunities elsewhere. That​ is, it will combat

D. the brain drain.

An increase in the U.S. price level relative to other​ countries' price levels, the growth rate of U.S. GDP relative to other​ countries', the exchange rate between the dollar and other currencies will do what to net exports?

Decrease

During the recession phase of the business​ cycle, production,​ employment, and income

Decrease

How does the fed conduct expansionary monetary policy?

Decrease discount rate, decrease in reserve requirement and conduct open market purchase of government securities

How would the Fed enact an expansionary monetary policy?

Decrease discount rate, decrease in reserve requirement and conduct open market purchase of government securities and vice versa

What is contractionary monetary policy?

Decrease in price level and real GDP.

How does the fed conduct expansionary fiscal policy?

Decrease taxes Increase government spending

In the figure to the​ right, the opportunity cost of holding money ___________ when moving from Point A to Point B on the money demand curve.

Decreases

Which of the following best explains how the economy will adjust from the​ short-run equilibrium point to the new​ long-run equilibrium​ point?

Due to the higher price​ level, workers will demand higher​ wages, and firms will raise prices and cause SRAS to shift to the left to point C.

If the tax multiplier is -1.5 and a $200 billion tax increase is implemented, what is the change in GDP, holding everything else constant? (Assume the price level stays constant.) A) a $133.33 billion increase in GDP B) a $30 billion increase in GDP C) a $133.33 billion decrease in GDP D) a $300 billion increase in GDP E) a $300 billion decrease in GDP

E

Refer to figure 17-1. Suppose the economy is currently at point A on the short-run Phillips curve in the figure above, and the unemployment rate at A is the natural rate. If the economy was to move to point C, which of the following must be true?

Equilibrium GDP at point C must be above potential GDP

The figure to the right illustrates a dynamic AD-AS model Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point A. In the second​ period, the economy reaches point B. We would expect the Fed to pursue what type of policy in order to move AD 2 to AD 2 comma policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period? If the Federal Reserve​ Bank's policy is​ successful, what is the effect on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real​ GDP: Potential real​ GDP: Price​ level: ​Unemployment:

Expansionary monetary policy Increases Does not change Increases Decreases

Why did the Fed help JP Morgan Chase buy Bear​ Stearns?

Failure of Bear Stearns would lead to a larger investment bank failure, Commercial banks would be reluctant to lend to investment banks.

The multiplier effect is only a consideration for increases in government purchases. True or False

False

Expansionary monetary policy refers to the ___ to increase real GDP.

Federal Reserve's increasing the money supply and decreasing interest rates

As of​ 1993, the Fed sets targets for which of the following in order to achieve price stability and high​ employment?

Federal funds rate

According to many economists and​ policymakers, what other options does the Fed have to improve its credibility with​ workers, firms, and​ investors?

Following a discretion strategy. Following the Taylor rule. Following a rules strategy.

What is the difference between federal government purchases​ (spending) and federal government​ expenditures?

Government purchases are included in government expenditures.

Each year that the federal government runs a​ deficit, the federal debt

Grows

What is the goal of fiscal policy?

High employment, price stability, high growth rates

The Fed buys and sells bonds as a part of its policy to reach all of the following objectives​ except:

High unemployment.

During the expansion phase of the business​ cycle, production,​ employment, and income

Increase

How does the fed conduct contractionary monetary policy?

Increase discount rate, increase in reserve requirement and conduct open market purchase of government securities

What is expansionary monetary policy?

Increase in price level and real GDP.

In the figure to the​ right, the economy experiences inflation in the second period. What would be the​ Fed's reaction if actual real GDP occurs at point B and potential GDP occurs at LRAS 2​?

Increase interest rates Open market sale of government securities Contractionary policy

Decreases in price level, household wealth, expected future income, current disposable income, and interest rates do what to consumption?

Increase, decrease, decrease, decrease, increase

In the figure to the​ right, when the money supply increased from MS 1 to MS 2​, the equilibrium interest rate fell from​ 4% to​ 3%. Why?

Increased demand for Treasury securities drives up their prices. ​Initially, firms hold more money than they want relative to other financial assets. Increased demand for Treasury securities drives down their interest rate.

What is crowding out?

Increased government spending leads to borrowing more which means interest rates go up and this leads to a decrease in investment when an increase in government spending decreases a component of GDP (most likely investment)

How does the fed conduct contractionary fiscal policy?

Increasing taxes on individuals and businesses Decreasing government spending on goods and services

In the dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model, if aggregate demand increases faster than potential real​ GDP, there will be

Inflation

Refer to figure 17-2. Suppose the economy is at point A. The Fed uses expansionary monetary policy to lower the unemployment rate permanently below the level associated with A. Which of the following will occur?

Inflation will accelerate in the long run

The Phillips curve was developed by A.W. Phillips in 1957 and shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation. The​ curve, shown at the​ right, indicates what type of relationship between the two​ variables?

Inverse relationship

How do investment banks differ from commercial​ banks?

Investment banks do not take deposits. Investment banks generally do not lend to households.

What happens to the​ short-run Phillips curve when the​ short-run aggregate supply curve shifts​ (a supply​ shock)?

It shifts up such that a given level of unemployment occurs at a higher price level.

As a​ result, when AD shifts to the​ right, in reality the change in real GDP will be ________ it would be if the price level were constant.

Less than

Which of the following is NOT a monetary policy goal of the Federal Reserve bank​ (the Fed)?

Low prices

Suppose you decide to withraw $100 in currency from your checking account.?

M1 remains unchanged

According to the multiplier effect​, an initial decrease in government purchases decreases real GDP by ___________ the initial decrease in government purchases.

More than

Do price changes affect long run GDP?

No

Consider the figure to the right. Can the Fed achieve a​ $900 billion money supply​ (MS) AND a​ 5% interest rate​ (point C)?

No. The Fed cannot target both the money supply and the interest rate simultaneously.

After September​ 11, 2001, the federal government increased military spending on wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Is this increase in spending considered fiscal​ policy?

No. The increase in defense spending after that date was designed to achieve homeland security objectives.

Where is ​long-run macroeconomic​ equilibrium?

Occurs at a point where the AD curve and the SRAS curve intersect at a point on the LRAS curve

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point A. In the second​ period, the economy reaches point B. What policy would the Fed likely pursue in order to move AD 2 to AD 2 comma policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period? ​ (What policy will increase the price level and increase actual real​ GDP?)

Open market purchase of government securities

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point A. In the second​ period, the economy reaches point B. What policy would the Fed likely pursue in order to move AD 2 to AD Subscript 2 comma policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period?

Open market purchase of government securities.

In the long​ run, increases in government purchases result in

Partial crowding out

What is the goal of monetary policy?

Price stability, full employment, and economic growth

What are the monetary goals of the Fed?

Price stability, high employment, economic growth, stable financial markets

Suppose congress increased spending by $100 billion and raised taxes by $100 billion to keep the budget balanced. What will happen to real equilibrium GDP?

Real equilibrium GDP will rise

In the dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model, if aggregate demand increases slower than potential real​ GDP, there will be

Recession

What are the short-run and long-run effects of a decrease in aggregate demand?

Recession in the short-run. A decrease in price level in the long-run. SRAS curve shifts to the right as workers adjust to lower price level. The new long-run equilibrium is at AD1 and SRAS1

What are the gains to be had from simplifying the tax​ code?

Resources from the tax preparation industry freed up for other endeavors. Increased efficiency of households and firms. Greater clarity of the decisions made by households and firms.

Which of the following​ contribute(s) to shorter​ recessions, longer​ expansions, and less severe fluctuations in real​ GDP?

Service based economy, fiscal policy, unemployment insurance

Which interest rate is most relevant?

Short-term nominal interest rate because it is most affected by changes in money supply.

Each year that the federal government runs a​ surplus, the federal debt

Shrinks

The higher the tax​ rate, the __________ the multiplier effect.

Smaller

Policy that is specifically designed to affect aggregate supply and increase incentives to​ work, save, and start a​ business, by reducing the tax wedge LOADING... is called

Supply-side economics

Public Savings Formula

T-G-TR

Which of the following best explains how the Federal Reserve acts to help prevent banking​ panics?

The Fed acts as a lender of last​ resort, making loans to banks so that they can pay off depositors

The Fed uses monetary policy to offset the effects of a recession​ (high unemployment and falling prices when actual real GDP falls short of potential​ GDP) and the effects of a rapid expansion​ (high prices and​ wages). Can the​ Fed, therefore, eliminate​ recessions?

The Fed can only soften the magnitude of​ recessions, not eliminate them

Can the​ Fed, therefore, eliminate​ recessions?

The Fed can only soften the magnitude of​ recessions, not eliminate them.

In which of these following situations would the Fed conduct contractionary monetary policy?

The Fed is concerned that aggregate demand would continue to exceed the growth in potential GDP.

Nobel laureate Milton Friedman and his followers belong to a school of thought known as monetarism. What do the monetarists argue the Fed should​ target?

The Fed should target the money​ supply, not the interest​ rate, and that it should adopt the monetary growth rule

Monetary policy is defined​ as:

The actions the Federal Reserve takes to manage the money supply and interest rates.

If weak aggregate demand is pushing the economy into recession, which of the following must be true?

The economy is at an equilibrium that is not on the long-run Phillips curve

Refer to figure 17-2. Suppose the economy is at point B in the figure above. Which of the following is true?

The expected rate of inflation is 3%.

As the figure to the right​ indicates, the Fed can affect both the money supply and interest rates.​ However, in recent​ years, the Fed targets interest rates in monetary policy more often than it does the money supply. Which interest rate does the Fed​ target?

The federal funds rate

Which interest rate does the Fed​ target?

The federal funds rate

Which of the following would be classified as fiscal policy

The federal government cuts taxes to stimulate the economy

The federal funds rate is what?

The interest rate banks charge each other for overnight loans

What is the federal funds rate?

The interest rate banks charge each other for overnight loans

What is the discount rate?

The minimum interest rate set by the Federal Reserve for lending to other banks.

What are the​ Fed's main monetary policy​ targets?

The money supply and interest rates

How does moving up and down the demand curve affect the opportunity cost of holding money?

The opportunity cost is the interest rate. Interest rate decreases, so does opportunity cost

ow does the quantity theory provide an explanation about the cause of ​ inflation?

The quantity equation shows that if the money supply grows at a faster rate than real​ GDP, then there will be inflation.

What is affected by changes in interest rates​ and, as a​ result, impacts aggregate​ demand?

The value of the dollar, Business investment projects, Consumption of durable goods

In​ reality, the SRAS is

Upward sloping

When is it considered​ "good policy" for the government to run a budget​ deficit?

When borrowing is used for​ long-lived capital goods.

What are the impact of a change in the money supply on interest rate?

When the Fed increases the money​ supply, the​ short-term interest rate must fall until it reaches a level at which firms and households are willing to hold the extra money.

What is a procyclical policy?

When the Fed recognizes a recession too late and tries to implement an expansionary monetary policy but instead causes inflation.

GDP Formula

Y = C + I + G

Private Savings Formula

Y+TR-C-T

If the tax multiplier is -1.5 and a $200 billion tax increase is implemented, what is the change in GDP, holding everything else constant?

a $300 billion decrease in GDP

The​ international-trade effect refers to the fact that an increase in the price level will result in

a decrease in exports and an increase in imports.

According to the short-run Phillips curve, if unemployment is 3.2% and inflation is 1.3%, an increase in the inflation rate might result in which of the following?

a decrease in the unemployment rate to 3.0%

Economists who believed that the Phillips curve represented a structural relationship believed that the curve represented

a permanent​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation.

If actual inflation is higher than expected​ inflation, the wages...

actual real wage is less than the expected real​ wage: unemployment falls.

Fiscal policy actions that are intended to have long-run effects on real GDP attempt to increase ___ through changing ___.

aggregate supply; taxes

Which of the following would cause a decrease in real GDP​ and, if large​ enough, a​ recession?

an increase in interest rates that causes aggregate demand to fall

Which of the following scenarios would lead to a reduction in real GDP and may even cause a​ recession?

an increase in oil prices that causes short run aggregate supply to fall

If real GDP exceeded potential real GDP and inflation was increasing, which of the following would be an appropriate fiscal policy

an increase in taxes

The increase in the amount that the government collects in taxes when the economy expands and the decrease in the amount that that the government collects in taxes when the economy goes into a recession is an example of

automatic stabilizers

balls

balls

Tax cuts on business income increase aggregate demand by increasing

business investment spending

To increase the money​ supply, the FOMC directs the trading​ desk, located at the Federal Reserve Bank of New​ York, to

buy U.S treasure securities form the public

The aggregate demand curve will shift to the left (blank) the initial decrease in government purchases

by more than

Expansionary fiscal policy

can be effective in the short run

The _______ school of economics states that leaving the economy alone will keep it stable.

classical

Which of the following best explains the difference between commodity money and fiat​ money?

commodity money is a good used as money where flat money is just money through central bank

The theory that, in the long run, fiscal policy is self-destructive is defined as:

crowding out

what constitutes M1?

currency (paper money and coins), checking account, and travelers checks

what are the 5 most important variables in consumption spending

current disposable income, household wealth, expected future income, price level, and interest rate

Using the money demand and money supply model, an open market purchase of Treasury securities by the Federal Reserve would cause the equilibrium interest rate to

decrease

What are the three expansionary fiscal policy actions?

decrease taxes, increase purchases, increase transfer payments

An economic expansion tends to cause the federal budget deficit to ___ because tax revenues ___ and government spending on transfer payments ___.

decrease; rise; falls

What is the rule of 70?

divide 70 by the real GDP growth rate to find the number of year for an economy to double in size

The government purchases multiplier equals change in (blank) divided by the change in (blank)

equilibrium real GDP; government purchases

The tax multiplier equals the change in (blank) divided by the change in (blank)

equilibrium real GDP; taxes

The tax multiplier equals the change in ___ divided by the change in ___.

equilibrium real GDP; taxes

what are the 4 functions of money

exchange, unit of account, store value, and deffered payment

When aggregate expenditure is greater than​ GDP, inventories will​ __________ and GDP and total employment will​ __________.

fall, increase

Refer to the Article Summary. When Fed Chair Janet Yellen announced that a rate increase would be warranted by the end of the year, she was referring to the

federal funds rate

Fiscal policy refers to

federal taxes and purchases that are intended to achieve macroeconomics policy objectives

If people assume that future rates of inflation will ___, they are said to have adaptive expectations.

follow the pattern of inflation rates in the past

An increase in government purchases will increase aggregate demand because

government expenditures are a component of aggregate demand

If the economy is falling below potential real GDP, which of the following would be an appropriate fiscal policy to bring the economy back to long-run aggregate supply? An increase in

government purchases

Congress and the president carry out fiscal policy through changes in

government purchases and taxes

Which of the following is an objective of fiscal policy

high rates of economic growth

The interest rate effect refers to the fact that a higher price level results in

higher interest rates and lower investments

Expansionary fiscal policy to prevent real GDP from falling below potential real GDP would cause the inflation rate to be (blank) and real GDP to be (blank)

higher;higher

Very high rates of inflation are called

hyperinflation

Which of the following would be most likely to induce Congress and the president to conduct contractionary fiscal policy?

increase in inflation

A rise in stock prices and housing prices

increases household wealth which increases consumption which leads to UPWARD shift of the consumption function.

Expansionary fiscal policy involves

increasing government purchases or decreasing taxes

The multiplier effect refers to the series of

induced increases in consumption spending that result from an initial increase in autonomous expenditures

If the Fed is too slow to react to a recession and applies an expansionary monetary policy only after the economy begins to​ recover, then

inflation will be higher than if the Fed had not acted.

What is a monetary policy target used by the​ Fed?

interest rate and money supply

A countercyclical policy is one that

is used to attempt to stabilize the economy.

The Fed uses policy targets of interest rate​ and/or money supply because

it can affect the interest rate and the money supply directly and these in turn can affect​ unemployment, GDP​ growth, and the price level

Which of the following would NOT be considered an automatic stabilizer

legislation increasing funding for job retraining passed during a recession

The economic growth model predicts that the

level of per capita GDP in poor countries will increase faster than rich countries and the poor nations will catch up with the rich nations.

When interest rates on Treasury bills and other financial assets are​ low, the opportunity cost of holding money is​ _________, so the quantity of money demanded will be​ _________.

low, high

Those who are constantly unemployed accept _______ pay rates.

lower

Suppose real GDP is $12.6 trillion and potential GDP is $12.4 trillion. To move the economy back to potential GDP, Congress should

lower government purchases by an amount less than $200 billion

Contractionary fiscal policy to prevent real GDP from rising above potential real GDP would cause the inflation rate to be (blank) and real GDP to be (blank)

lower;lower

Rising prices erode the value of money as a ___ and as a ___.

medium of exchange; store of value

Which of the following is included in M2 but not​ M1?

money market deposit accounts in bank

What can the Federal Reserve do to increase the natural rate of unemployment?

nothing

nuts

nuts

What are the policy tools the Fed uses to control the money​ supply?

open market operations, discount policy, and reserve requirements

Money serves as a standard of deferred payment when

payments agreed to today but can be payed in future in terms of money

The dynamic​ AD-AS model assumes

potential GDP increases​ continually, while the​ AD-AS model assumes the LRAS does not change.

The aggravated demand curve shows the relationship between what?

price level and quantity of real GDP demanded by households, firms, and the government

The Federal Reserve System's four monetary policy goals are

price stability, high employment, economic growth, and stability of financial markets and institutions

What are the goals of monetary policy?

price stability, high employment, finaincial markets, economic growth

money serves as a unit of account when

prices of goods and services are stated in terms of money

Crowding out refers to a decline in (blank) as a result of an increase in (blank)

private expenditures; government purchases

If the Federal Reserve raises or lowers interest rates too late, it could result in a ___ policy that destabilizes the economy.

procyclical

When individuals use all available information about an economic variable to make a decision, expectations are

rational

Refer to Figure 15-1. In the figure, the money demand curve would move from Money demand1 to Money demand2 if

real GDP increased

Models that use​ factors, such as technology​ shocks, to explain fluctuations in real GDP instead of changes in the money supply are called

real business cycle models.

If an output gap exists, a _______ exists.

recession

Which of the following policy tools is the Federal Reserve least likely to use in order to actively change the money​ supply?

reserve requirements

During recessions, government expenditure automatically

rises because of programs such as unemployment insurance and medicaid

Refer to figure 17-1. What should the Federal Reserve do if it wants to move from point A to point B in the short-run Phillips curve depicted in the figure above?

sell treasury bills

Economic growth will

slow down or stop if more capital per hour is used because of diminishing returns to capital

the real world money multiplier is

smaller than the simple deposit multiplier because banks keep excess reserves and households hold excess cash

Congress broadened the​ Fed's responsibility since

the 1930s as a result of the Great Depression.

The federal funds rate is very important for the Feds monetary policy because..

the Fed uses the federal funds rate as a monetary policy target since it can control the rate through open market operations

If, in the long​ run, real GDP returns to its potential​ level, then in the long​ run,

the Phillips curve is vertical.

The federal funds rate is

the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans.

The use of fiscal policy to stabilize the economy is limited because

the legislative process can be slow, which means that it is difficult to make fiscal policy actions in a timely way

If the price level​ decreases,

the money demand curve shifts to the left

If real GDP​ increases,

the money demand curve shifts to the right

When the Federal Reserve decreases the required reserve ratio

the money supply will increase

What relationship is shown by the aggregate supply​ curve?

the price level and the quantity of real GDP supplied by firms.

When the Federal Reserve purchases Treasury securities in the open​ market,

the sellers of such securities deposit the funds in their banks and bank reserves increase.

If the long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical,

the trade-off between unemployment and inflation cannot be permanent

When Congress established the Federal Reserve in​ 1913, its main responsibility was

to make discount loans to banks suffering from large withdrawals by depositors.

The largest and fastest-growing category of federal government expenditures is

transfer payments

If the Fed believes the inflation rate is about to​ increase, it should

use a contractionary monetary policy to increase the interest rate and shift AD to the left.

If the Fed believes the economy is about to fall into​ recession, it should

use an expansionary monetary policy to lower the interest rate and shift AD to the right.

Governments sometimes allow hyperinflation to occur because

when governments want to spend more than they collect in​ taxes, central banks increase the money supply at a rate higher than GDP​ growth, often resulting in hyperinflation

The wealth effect refers to the fact that

when the price level​ falls, the real value of household wealth​ rises, and so will consumption.

how do banks "create money"

when there is an increase in checking account deposits, banks gain reserves and make new loans, and the money supply expands

In the aggregate expenditure​ model, when is planned investment greater than actual​ investment?

when there is an unplaned DECREASE in inventories

Figure 6-4. In the graph above, the shift AD 1 to AD 2 represents the total change in aggregate demand. If government purchases increased by $50 billion, then the distance from point A to point B (blank) $50 billion

would be greater than

Tax cuts on business income (blank) aggregate

would increase

What two institutions did Congress create in order to increase the availability of mortgages in a secondary​ market?

​"Fannie Mae" and​ "Freddie Mac"

Why do poorer countries grow faster than richer countries on catch-up lines?

​The lower the initial level of real GDP per​ capita, the higher the rate of growth in real GDP per capita. (By adding the same amount of new technology for example)

Does government spending ever reduce private​ spending?

​Yes, due to crowding out.