CH 17 EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS: THE FUNGI

What are the Fungal diseases of lower respiratory tract?

1. Cryptococcosis 2. Histoplasmosis 3. Blastomycosis 4. Coccidoidomycosis 5. Pnumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

What common USEFUL fungi is within the Ascomycota Phylum?

1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BAKER'S YEAST) 2. Morchella esculentum (edible morel)-mushroom 3. Penicillium chrysogenum- mold that produces penicillin

1. To divide cytoplasm into separate cells. 2. Without a separating wall or membrane

1. Septate (singular: septa) 2. aseptate/coenocytic

What are 4 types of asexual fungal reproduction?

1. Sporangiospores (common bread mold: Rhizopus) 2. conidia spores (dust like fungus) 3. Arthrospores (hyphae fragments) 4. Blastopores (budding)

What is fungal growth influenced by?

1. Take up nutrients by absorption 2. Most are aerobic 3. Temperature-grow best at room temp a). Psychrophilic-cold liking-can grow in refridgerators 4. Acidic PH- thrive in slightly acidic ph (ph 5-6)

What Fungal Phyla is important to human Health?

1. zygomycota (zygomycetes) 2. Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 3. Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)

inanimate objects that can transmit dermatophytosis such as towels, combs, hats etc..

Fomites

What is the major Difference between Plant and fungus

Fungus has its cell wall made of chitin Plants have its cell wall made of cellulose

What fungal group forms the most symbiosis on earth? These fungi represent a group of endomycorrihizae (~80% of world's land plants).

Glomeromycota

What is the fungal phyla that is a group of mycorrhizae that live in ~80% if plant roots?

Glomeromycota

The process by which fungi reproduce sexually and produce its zygote (+ and - species attract). Means: "different Nucleus".

Heterokaryon-is the zygote that is formed diploid zygospores

Means: Others/different nutrition. To get energy or nutrition by eating other organic matter.

Heterotrophic

WHAT FUNGUS CAN BE FOUND IN Dry, dusty soil, chicken coops, and bat caves?

Histoplasma capsulatum

Mold consists of masses of intertwined tubular filaments. It is the morphological unit of a filamentous fungus

Hyphae (singlular: hypha)

During sexual reproduction, what does the zygomycota form?

It forms a Heterokaryotic-DIPLOID ZYGOSPORE

What can mycetism cause?

Its a neurotoxin that can cause: 1. mimics acetylcholine (ACh)-affects PNS 2. Hallucinations 3. Intoxication (drunk like symptoms)

What is a derivative of an alkaloid in ergot?

LSD (Lysergic acid deithylamide)

Mutualistic association between fungus and photosynthetic organism such as Algae. Algae produces carbohydrates for the fungus and receives water from the fungus

Lichens

What fungus can be found in Upper Respiratory tracts of humans and animals?

Pneumocystis jiroveci

What disease is linked to Pneumocystis jiroveci? Symptoms?

Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients

"cold liking" . Organisms that prefer to grow at cold temperatures

Psychrophilic

What are the most commonly used species of the Saccharomyces? What are they used for?

S. cerevisiae (model eukaryotic organism) & S. ellipsoideus -They are used in bread baking and alcohol production

What fungus has the ability to ferment sugar?

Saccharomyces (saccharo=sugar)

To feed on dead or decaying organic matter (decomposers)

Saprobe

What are the sexual structures of Ascomycetes? What is the sexual spore? What is the asexual spore? Representative Genera?

Sexual Structure: Ascus Sexual Spore: Ascospore Asexual Spore: Conidia Rep Genera: Sacharromyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium

What are the sexual structures of Basidiomycetes? What is the sexual spore? What is the asexual spore? Representative Genera?

Sexual Structure: Basidium Sexual Spore: Basidiospore Asexual Spore: Conidia, Arthrospore (Hyphal fragments) Rep Genera: Amanita, Agaricus

What are the sexual structures of Zygomycetes? What is the sexual spore? What is the asexual spore? Representative Genera?

Sexual Structure: Zygospore Sexual Spore: Zygospore Asexual Spore: Sporangiospore Rep Genera: Rhizopus (MOLD ON BREAD AND FRUITS)

WHAT FUNGUS'S HABITAT IS Wood Wood Products Soil?

Sporothrix schenckii

What is the process of spore formation? (Reproduction in fungi)

Sporulation

White curd like growth on mucous membranes of mouth, lips

Thrush-candidiasis

What fungal group inhabits terrestrial environments and grows as mold on bread and produce (acidic veggies & spoiled fruit)?

Zygomycota (zygomycetes)

What sexual spores do basidia produce?

basidiospores

Fungal life cycles

involve a growth phase and reproductive phase

unicellular fungus that is dimorphic. It is a single-celled stage of a fungus

yeast

What fungus is found in desert valleys of the SW U.S.?

Coccidioides immitis

Reproduction in Fungi: What are asexual spore that develop in sacs? (looks like broccoli)

-sporangiospores are the asexual spores developed in Sporangia (sacs)

What diseases is the Ascomycota Phylum associated with?

1. Aspergillus Flavus-produces "Aflatoxin" -cancer causing 2. Candida albicans-thrush, diaper rash and vaginitis

What are the 5 different phyla fungus can be classified into? (Phylogeny for the kingdom fungi)

1. Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)-related to oldest known fungus. 2. Zygomycota (zygomycetes)-grow as mold on bread & produce. 3. Glomeromycota-group of mycorrhizae that live in >80% of plants' roots. 4. Ascomycota 5. Basidiomycota

What can ascomycetes produce and how?

1. Conidia thru asexual reproduction 2. Ascospores thru sexual reproduction

Some molds do not have septa (no partitions). Contains multiple nuclei. Hyphae without Septa.

Coenocytic

What fungal group does Claviseps purpurea come from? where can it be found?

Acromycetes Found in grain

To require oxygen to live. Most fungus (except yeast) are _______.

Aerobic

A fungal contaminant of nuts and stored grain that is both a toxin and cancer causing (potent carcinogen)

Aflatoxins

What mushroom causes 90% of deaths from mycetism? (leads to liver and kidney failure)

Amanita

Means: "joints" Reproduction in fungi: Fungal spore that forms by fragmentation of the hyphae.

Arthrospores (arthro=joints)

What fungal group accounts for 75% of known fungi?

Ascomycota (ascomycetes-sac fungi that are members of ascomycota)

What fungal group is S. cerevisiae from?

Ascomycota-it is an ascomycete

How do fungi reproduce?

Asexually & sexually.

What 2 acromycetes produce carcinogenic aflatoxins which contaminate agricultural products?

Aspergillus Flavus & Aspergillus parasiticus

What fungus is linked to this habitat: Soil, decaying vegetation, grain?

Aspergillus fumigatus

This fungus is a part of the basidiomycota fungal phylum. It is in the gills of a mushroom cap and produces spores through sexual reproduction between opposite mating types (+ & -). What is the sexual structure?

Basidia (sing: basidium)produce Basidiospores

Where are basidiospores produced on a mushroom?

Basidia on the gills of a mushroom cap contain sexually produced Basidiospores. Ans: Gills of a mushroom cap.

What fungal group are "club fungi", including mushrooms & Puffballs?

Basidiomycota-Basidiomycetes

WHAT FUNGUS CAN BE FOUND IN Dusty soil and bird droppings?

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Reproduction in fungi: A Fungal spore that develops from budding and is derived from its PARENT CELL

Blastospores

Many yeasts reproduce asexually by this process. Blastospores develops from parent cell

Budding

The cell wall of fungus is made up of this. It is a carbohydrate polymer of acetoglucosamine units (glucose molecules containing amino& acetyl groups)

Chitin

What is the fungal group (1 of 5 phyla) that is primarily aquatic and has flagellated reproductive cells? (hint: related to the oldest known fungus). What are its reproductive cells?

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Reproductive cells: Zoospores

What fungus causes Ergotism?

Claviseps purpurea

Reproduction in fungi: What are unprotected spores that are produced by fungi asexually (means "dust")? Where do they grow?

Conidia-The unprotected spore that is produced Conidiophores (the supportive structure where Conidia are produced).

WHAT FUNGUS IS LINKED TO THIS HABITAT: Urban soil and pigeon droppings?

Cryptococcus neoformans

WHAT FUNGUS LIVES IN HUMAN SKIN, ANIMALS, HAIR OR SOIL

DERMATOPHYTES

to change from one form to another. Take on 2 Forms. To grow as filamentous molds but at body temperature it converts to unicellular, pathogenic, yeast like forms

DIMORPHIC

WHAT DISEAS/CONDITION IS CANDIDA ALBICANS LINK TO? SYMPTOMS?

DISEASE: CANDIDIAS/THRUSH. SYMPTOMS: THRUSH, DIAPER RASH, VULVO(VAGINITIS)/YEAST INFECTION

WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION IS LINKED TO CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS? SYMPTOMS?

DISEASE: Cryptococcosis (FUNGAL DISEASE OF LOWER RESPIRATORY). Can also pass into bloodstream and infect the brain & meninges. Among the most dangerous fungal diseases in humans. SYMPTOMS: *Cells penetrate to the air sacs of lungs. *Rarely causes meningitis occurs in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED individuals

WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION IS LINKED TO DERMATOPHYTES? WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

DISEASE: DERMATOPHYTOSIS SYMPTOMS: RING WORM/TINEA INFECTIONS OR ONYCHIA (NAIL INFECTION)

WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION IS LINKED TO HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM? SYMPTOMS?

DISEASE: Histoplasmosis (SYSTEMIC DISEASE). Most common systemic fungal infection SYMPTOMS: *Mild influenza-like symptoms. *Rarely systemic disease

To recycle vast quantities of organic matter. To break down complex biological compounds into simpler raw materials.

Decomposers

Skin, nail and hair disease caused by the dermatophytes. Tinea infection/ringworm.

Dermatophytosis

What disease is linked to Aspergillus fumigatus? Symptoms?

Disease: Aspergillosis Symptoms: *Aspergilloma in lungs (mold which exists in a body cavity such as a paranasal sinus or an organ such as the lung) *Otomycosis in earwax (ear infection)

WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION IS LINKED TO SPOROTHRIX SCHENKII? WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS? (aka "Gardener's disease")

Disease: Sporotrichosis / Symptoms: Pus-filled lesions (nodules & ulcers of lymphnodes & skin)

Fungi living and growing entirely w/in plants (LEAF TISSUE). They do NOT cause disease, but provide better or new growth opportunities for the plants (like mycorrhizae)

Endophytes

Poisoning that is effected by ingesting food effected by the Ergot Fungi- "Claviceps purpurea"-grows on grains

Ergotism

What fungal group lacks a sexual cycle of reproduction? Produces by mitosis (cell division)

Mitosporic fungi

This fungus grows as long, tangled filaments of cells in visible colonies. It is multicellular

Mold

benefits both parties

Mutualistic

What is a thick mass/network of Hyphae. Rough cottony texture

Mycelium (pl: mycelia)

What is mushroom poisoning called? (Mushrooms that produce mycotoxins)

Mycetism

Mushroom poisoning that causes 90% of deaths due to ingesting poisonous mushrooms.

Mycetism- Amanita

Study of fungus

Mycology

Means: fungus_root. Fungus that live harmoniously with plants where the hyphae of these fungi invade or envelop the roots of plants. They live in mutually beneficial relationships with other species in nature

Mycorrhizae Myco=fungus rhiza=root

What are fungal toxins called?

Mycotoxins

What is the name for Fungal Toxins?

Mycotoxins

WHAT IS THE HABITAT FOR CANDIDA ALBICANS?

NORMAL FLORA OF HUMAN MOUTH, THROAT, VAGINA

How are fungus heterotrophs?

They break molecules outside of themselves then absorb it to get their nutrition/energy. "ABSORPTION"

WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION IS LINKED TO Blastomyces dermatitidis? What are the symptoms?

disease: Blastomycosis. It can cause chronic pneumonia (lower respiratory infection-acquired via respiratory route) symptoms: Lung and skin infections.

WHAT other DISEASE/CONDITION IS LINKED TO Coccidioides immitis (dessert valley of sw U.S.)? Symptoms? (FUNGAL DISEASE OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT)

disease: Coccidioidomycosis ("valley fever") symptoms: *Dry, hacking cough *Rarely-meningitis of spine

How is mycorrhizae demonstrate mutualistic symbiosis?

mycorrhizae consume carbohydrates produced by the plants and act as a second root system contributing essential minerals and water to promote plant growth

slime molds

myxomycetes

water molds

oomycetes