ch. 18/ 19: Digestive System & Nutrition
What is the greater omentum?
"lace apron" that covers stomach and transverse colon over intestines
what is the serosa layer?
-outer covering of abdominal organs -visceral peritoneum
function and structure of large intestine
1.5 m long lower part of digestive tract`
how much saliva do you secrete a day?
1L
How long is the small intestine?
20 feet, 2 cm in diameter
How long is the GI tract?
29-30 feet
what is another name for alimentary canal?
GI tract
what is chyme?
a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
what are permanent teeth?
adult teeth- full set is 32,comes in around 6
The end product of protein digestion is:
amino acids
What is the lingual frenulum?
anchors tongue to the floor of mouth
colon
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
where are the sphincters located? what are their function?
at either end of the esophagus, keep ingested material moving in one direction
What are deciduous teeth?
baby teeth- compete set around 2 years old
what is salivary amylase?
begins digestion of carbohydrates especially starch
explain function and structure of the pancreas?
behind the stomach secreate pancreatic juice ducts empty into duodenum
The emulsifying agent that helps to digest fats is known as:
bile
After food has been chewed, a small round ball is formed, making it easier to swallow. This mass is called a:
bolus
chemical digestion
breaking down food with enzymes
what are gallstones?
calculi (stones) made of crystallized bile pigments and calcium salts
colorectal cancer
cancer of the colon and rectum
what are the divisions of the large intestine>
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
What are pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)?
cells not connected with pancreatic ducts secrete hormones and insulin into blood to regulate blood sugar levels
what is the pyloric sphincter muscle?
closes opening of pylorus to retain food to facilitate partial digestion
What is cholelithiasis?
condition of having gallstones
cecum
connects the small and large intestine
what is the visceral layer?
covers abdominal organs
what are the structures of a typical tooth?
crown, neck, and root
what are the two types of teeth?
deciduous and permanent
what is the main function of the GI tract?
digestion,absorption, metabolism
what is the Uvula?
downward projection of the soft palate
what is the common bile duct?
drains bile from hepatic or cystic ducts into duodenum
what is the hepatic duct?
drains bile from liver
what is the cystic duct?
duct that bile enters and leaves gallbladder
Explain the sublingual gland
ducts open into floor of mouth
explain the submandibular glands
ducts open on either side of lingual frenulum
what are the divisions of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what can the liver be classified as?
exocrine gland
what is mesentery?
extension of parietal peritoneum, attaches most of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
explain pancreatic cancer
fatal in majority of cases
what is ascites?
fluid in the peritoneal cavity
What is the "floor"?
formed by tongue and its muscles
What are taste buds?
found in many papillae
diarrhea
frequent discharge of liquid stool
what are the divisions of the stomach?
fundus, body, pylorus
what stores bile?
gallbladder (36cc)
Cholelithiasis is:
gallstones
what is GERD?
gastroesophageal re-flux disease, back-flow of acidic stomach contents into esophagus causes symptoms of heartburn and indigestion
What is cirrhosis?
hardening of the liver
explain pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
explain peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum resulting from infection of other irritant, often caused by a ruptured appendix
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
colitis
inflammation of the colon
Diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula
What is cholecystitis?
inflammation of the gallbladder
what is hepatitis?
inflammation of the liver caused by toxins, bacteria, viruses, and parasites
what is the mucosa layer?
innermost layer made of mucous epithelium
Which of the following represents proper chemical digestive breakdown (end product)?
lactase to glucose
Explain parotid glands
largest gland, located in front of the ear at angle of jaw
what is the parietal layer?
lines abdominal cavity
what is the mucous membrane?
lines the stomach and secretes mucous to protect stomach
what produces bile?
liver
describe function and structure of the liver?
liver is the largest gland upper right section of abdominal cavity
what is the stomach?
main protein digester
Which of the following is mechanical digestion?
mastication
What are the main organs of the digestive system?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
The layers of the alimentary canal are made up of:
mucosa, submucosa, serosa
what is the structure/ function of the esophagus?
muscular tube, 10 inches long connects pharynx to stomach muscular walls push food to stomach
Does the large intestine have villi?
no
anus
opening to exterior
what are the three kinds of salivary glands?
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
What is the correct sequence of organs that food passes through during digestion?
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food
what is the stomach?
pouch for food the lies in upper part of abdominal cavity just under diaphragm
what are the three layers of the digestive tract from outside to inside?
serosa, muscularis, mucosa
what is the size of the stomach?
size of a large sausage - when empty expands considerably- after a meal
what is papillae?
small elevations on mucosa of tongue
The following terms, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, describe areas of the:
small intestine
rectum
stores feces
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
teeth and tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, vermiform appendix`
what is the lumen?
the hollow space within the tube of the digestive tract
constipation
the passage of a hard, dry stool
What is cystic fibrosis?
thick secretions block flow of pancreatic juice
what is the muscularis layer?
two layers of smooth muscle that move food through the tube by rhythmic muscular waves known as "peristalsis"
what is the function and location of the gallbladder?
under surface of the liver stores bile
what are the two names for the sphincters?
upper esophageal sphincter (UES) lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
