Ch 18

Fungi are also important as sources of ___________, providing texture and taste.

food

Black stem ________ affects wheat plants, causing a decrease in crop production.

rust

The resulting _________ becomes an embryo that develops into a ___________________ that is attached to the photosynthetic _______________ for nutrition.

zygote, sporophyte, gametophyte

Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms? a. vascular tissue b. seed c. leaf d. flower e. megaphyll

d. flower Explanation Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants.

The _____________ plants, also known as the ____________________, include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

nonvascular, bryophytes

The _______________ produces ___________ within a sporangium that are released into the ____ and dispersed by air currents until they land on the ground, where they will germinate into a new __________.

sporophyte, spores, air, gametophyte

True or False: Similar to other fungi, zygospores do not have "male" and "female" sexes; but instead have "plus" and "minus" strains.

True Explanation This statement is true. Zygospores do not have sexes like animals or plants, but instead have "plus" and "minus" strains.

Most fungi in the environment function as a. parasites. b. saprotrophs. c. photoautotrophs. d. producers. e. predators.

b. saprotrophs. Explanation Fungi (along with bacteria) are major saprotrophic decomposers.

At what point does a zygospore structure form during sexual reproduction? a. It forms in the aerial hyphae as spores are produced. b.It forms after the spores begin to germinate. c. It forms after the "+" strain and "-" strain make contact and allow their nuclei to fuse together. d. It forms after the male and female mycelium fuse together.

c. It forms after the "+" strain and "-" strain make contact and allow their nuclei to fuse together.

Which of these is mismatched? a. carpel - ovary b. stamen - anther c. calyx - stigma d. corolla - petal e. stamen - filament

c. calyx - stigma Explanation The calyx consists of the sepals. The stigma is part of the carpel.

Bananas, coconuts, and _______________, which become textile fibers used to make cloth, are all examples of ________ we depend on.

cotton bolls, fruits

Beekeepers and scientists are very troubled by a recent decline in bee populations around the world. What would you predict as a likely consequence of the widespread disappearance of bees? a. loss of crop productivity b. decline in conifer numbers c. disappearance of mosses and ferns d. inability of plants to obtain enough nitrogen e. increase in prevalence of seedless vascular plants

a. loss of crop productivity Explanation Most of our crop plants are angiosperms, and many of their flowers are adapted to bees as pollinators.

One of the primary economic benefits of land plants is the use of their ________ as food.

fruits

Forests are important parts in the ________, carbon, and oxygen cycles.

water

What would you predict as a likely consequence of eradicating all fungi from soil before sowing it with plant seeds? a. Although the plants might grow, they would be unlikely to thrive due to the lack of mycorrhizal fungi. b. The plants would grow much more vigorously because they would not have to compete with fungi for nutrients. c. The plants would grow much more vigorously because they would not need to fight off fungal diseases. d. No plants would be able to grow because mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the germination of seeds. e. The plants would grow as normal because the presence or absence of fungi has no impact on plants.

a. Although the plants might grow, they would be unlikely to thrive due to the lack of mycorrhizal fungi. Explanation Mycorrhizal fungi exist in mutualistic relationships with most plants, enhancing their growth.

If you are studying a eukaryotic, multicellular, non-photosynthetic organism, what piece of information would be least useful in determining if it is a fungus or an animal? a. It is motile. b. It has cell walls. c. It ingests or absorbs its food. d. It has specialized tissues and organs. e. All of the choices would be equally useful.

a. It is motile. Explanation Although most fungi are nonmotile, chytrids do have motile stages in their life cycle. Therefore, motility would be the least useful characteristic for evaluation.

The mycelium form a sporangium that produce clonal spores during which type of reproduction? a. asexual reproduction b. both sexual and asexual reproduction c. binary fission d. sexual reproduction

a. asexual reproduction

The closest living relatives of land plants are a. charophytes. b. chytrids. c. sporozoans. d. cyanobacteria. e. lichens.

a. charophytes. Explanation Charophytes, a group of green algae, are the nearest living relatives of today's land plants.

The body of the fungi that consists of a network of microscopic filaments is called the a. mycelium. b. sporangium. c. zygospore. d. sporophyte.

a. mycelium.

Many garden supply stores sell root dips used to treat plants that are being transplanted. Such dips are advertised as containing spores. What kind of spores should these dips contain? a. mycorrhizal fungi b. chytrids c. lycophytes d. yeasts e. lichens

a. mycorrhizal fungi Explanation Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with plant roots and help the plants to thrive.

Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? a. protection of the embryo b. evolution of vascular tissue c. evolution of microphylls d. evolution of seeds e. evolution of flowers in order to attract pollinators

a. protection of the embryo Explanation It is believed that the evolution of protection for the embryo was the first step required for the evolution of land-based plants. Without an embryo that could survive on land, the rest of the features would have been useless.

What structure releases the spores during sexual reproduction? a. the sporangia within the aerial hyphae b. the mycelium c. the sporangium d. the zygospore

a. the sporangia within the aerial hyphae

The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages. a. yeasts b. chytrids c. lichens d. mycorrhizal fungi e. molds

a. yeasts Explanation Yeasts can ferment sugar, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is used to make bread, wine, beer, and even distilled spirits.

hen making bread, you first "proof" the yeast by mixing it with sugar in lukewarm water. Assuming that the yeast are alive, what happens next and why? a. The water will become cloudy as the flagellated yeast cells swim around. b. The yeast will germinate and start to form a mycelium. c. Bubbles form as the yeast ferment the sugar and release carbon dioxide. d. Bubbles form as the yeast produce sugar and release oxygen. e. Nothing could happen, since yeast are not living organisms.

c. Bubbles form as the yeast ferment the sugar and release carbon dioxide. Explanation Yeast ferment the sugar, releasing carbon dioxide, which results in a bubbly foam on top of the water. "Proofing" the yeast is so-called because it proves that the yeast cells are alive and will be able to make the bread rise as they continue to ferment and release carbon dioxide gas.

Other economic benefits from land plants include the use of them for _______________________ such as wood for furniture and _________, and chemicals for __________________.

commercial products, paper, pharmaceuticals

Which statement about the plant alternation-of-generations life cycle is incorrect? a. Spores are produced by meiosis. b. The zygote is diploid. c. The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce the sporophyte plant. d. Gametes are only produced by meiosis. e. Both gametes and spores are haploid.

d. Gametes are only produced by meiosis. Explanation Because the gametophyte is haploid, it is able to produce gametes by mitosis, not meiosis.

________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves. a. Endosperm b. Phloem c. Hypha d. Xylem e. Corolla

d. Xylem Explanation There are two types of plant vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water and minerals, and phloem carries organic nutrients.

While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is a. a lycophyte. b. an angiosperm. c. a gymnosperm. d. a bryophyte. e. not a plant but a charophyte.

d. a bryophyte. Explanation Bryophytes, such as mosses, are nonvascular plants. Charophytes also lack vascular tissue, but would be unable to survive in a land environment.

In ferns, the dominant generation is the a. haploid gametophyte. b. diploid gametophyte. c. haploid sporophyte. d. diploid sporophyte. e. triploid endosperm.

d. diploid sporophyte Explanation The dominant generation in ferns is the sporophyte, which is diploid.

Which of these is mismatched? a. ovule - seed b. ovary - fruit c. microspore mother cell - pollen d. embryo - male gametophyte e. megaspore mother cell - female gametophyte

d. embryo - male gametophyte Explanation The embryo is the immature sporophyte, which grows into the sporophyte plant.

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in a. angiosperms. b. gymnosperms. c. ferns. d. mosses. e. all land plants.

d. mosses. Explanation Only in nonvascular plants, such as mosses, is the gametophyte generation dominant.

By definition, a fruit is derived from the a. archegonium. b. corolla. c. calyx. d. ovary. e. stamen.

d. ovary. Explanation Fruits are ovary-derived structures that enclose the seeds of angiosperms.

Which of these is not a fungal disease (mycosis)? a. wheat rust b. ringworm c. athlete's foot d. oral thrush e. All of the choices are fungal diseases.

e. All of the choices are fungal diseases. Explanation Although not all fungi cause disease, many can and do infect both plants and animals (including humans).

You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant? a. Test for the presence of chlorophylls a and b. b. Examine the cell walls to see if they are composed of cellulose. c. See if the organism stores its excess carbohydrates in the form of starch. d. Determine if the organism protects its zygotes. e. Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos.

e. Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos. Explanation Only plants protect and nourish the embryo.

In the fern life cycle, which of these is haploid? a. frond only b. zygote only c. gametophyte only d. gametes only e. both gametophyte and gametes

e. both gametophyte and gametes Explanation The gametophyte is haploid, and it produces haploid gametes.

Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture? a. ferns only b. mosses only c. lycophytes only d. mosses and ferns but not lycophytes e. mosses, ferns, and lycophytes

e. mosses, ferns, and lycophytes Explanation Mosses, lycophytes, and ferns all depend on a moist environment in order to reproduce, due to their flagellated sperm.

The body of a typical fungus is termed a(n) a. antheridium. b. mycorrhiza. c. sporangium. d. hypha. e. mycelium.

e. mycelium. Explanation The body of a fungus is usually a network of hyphae known as a mycelium.

Walls called _________ divide the cells of hyphae in most types of fungus and contain________ to allow cytoplasm to pass between cells.

septa, pores

Some mushrooms, such as _____________________, are poisonous and can cause death by kidney and liver failure within weeks.

Amanita phalloides

Fungi are important because they help provide medicines including ____________, such as _________________.

antibiotics, penicillin

Which statement about fungi is incorrect? a. Fungi are chemoheterotrophic by absorption. b. Fungi produce gametes that are motile. c. Adult fungal cells are haploid. d. Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. e. Fungi are thought to be descendants of a flagellated protist.

b. Fungi produce gametes that are motile. Explanation Except for chytrids, fungi are nonmotile. Fungi do not produce gametes, but instead produce cells called hyphae that grow like filaments.

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) a. angiosperm. b. gymnosperm. c. lycophyte. d. fern. e. bryophyte.

b. gymnosperm. Explanation Gymnosperms are seed-producing vascular plants with megaphylls, but they do not produce flowers.

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by a. gymnosperms. b. bryophytes. c. angiosperms. d. charophytes. e. lycophytes.

c. angiosperms. Explanation Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are all fruits, which are characteristic of angiosperms.

Thrush, caused by ____________, affects humans, especially ______________, and is characterized by white patches on the tongue.

candidiasis, newborns

Fungal cells typically have thick _____________ composed of _________.

cell walls, chitin

Which of these does not belong to the angiosperm life cycle? a. double fertilization b. pollen c. megaspore d. flagellated sperm e. microspore

d. flagellated sperm Explanation Flagellated sperm are found in the life cycles of nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and a very few gymnosperms, not in angiosperms.

Which of these is mismatched? a. bryophytes - flagellated sperm b. lycophytes - microphylls c. ferns - megaphylls d. gymnosperms - fruits e. angiosperms - seeds

d. gymnosperms - fruits Explanation Gymnosperms produce "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in fruits.

Which of these has a diploid stage in their life cycle? a. mosses only b. mosses and ferns, but not gymnosperms or angiosperms c. gymnosperms and angiosperms, but not mosses or ferns d. mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms e. angiosperms only

d. mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms Explanation All land plants have a diploid stage in their life cycle called the sporophyte.

In bryophytes, the _____________ is the green, "leafy" part that produces the _______________.

gametophyte, gametes

Examples of _______________ include pines, conifers, and redwoods, while examples of ________________ include oak trees, duckweed, and eucalyptus.

gymnosperms, angiosperms

Plants with naked seeds are called _______________ and flowering plants are called ____________.

gymnosperms, angiosperms

All parts of fungi are composed of __________, or thin filaments of cells, packed closely together to form the main body of a fungus called the ________________.

hyphae, mycelium

Animal fungal diseases are known as ____________ and have three levels of infection: (1) cutaneous affect the ____________, (2) subcutaneous affect ______________, and (3) systemic affect the entire body.

mycoses, epidermis, deeper skin layers, entire body

The ecological benefits of land plants are numerous, including the fact that they release ____________ through ________________.

oxygen, photosynthesis

Because they are _______________, they provide food for other organisms in the biosphere.

producers

These structures can be temporary or can survive thousands of years and are often associated with _________________.

reproduction

Most fungi are ________________ that decompose the remains of plants, animals, and microbes in the soil and they play an indispensable role in the environment by returning ______________ nutrients to the soil.

saprotrophs, inorganic

Trees and garden plants are examples of__________ plants, so called because they produce these in order to provide a protective coating and food for the developing ___________.

seed, embryo

Yeast is a(n) __________ fungus that is used in the process of making _________, beer, wine, and alcoholic spirits.

unicellular , bread

Ferns are a group of ___________ plants with large leaves called ______________, or fronds. Examples of ferns include ________________ and royal ferns.

vascular, megaphylls, maidenhair

Lycophytes are ____________ plants with roots, stems, and leaves called _______________. Examples of lycophytes include ________________.

vascular, microphylls, ground pines

This stage is completely dependent on __________ as the flagellated __________ must swim to reach the ______.

water, sperm, egg