Ch 18 study guide

Identify dietary sources of protein.

Meats, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, and eggs Legumes (beans and peas) contain less protein

Explain what happens to excess glucose in the body.

Excess glucose is converted into glycogen by glycogenesis, and is stored in liver and muscle cells. After a certain level of glycogen storage is reached, excess glucose is converted into fats by lipogenesis, and stored in the adipose tissue.

Energy balance

Exists when caloric intake in the form of foods equals caloric output from basal metabolic rate and muscular activities.

Explain how fats may provide energy.

Fats contain more than twice as much chemical energy per gram as carbohydrates or proteins Fat intake must be sufficient to support absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Distinguish among marasmus, kwashiorkor, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia.

Marasmus- is caused by a lack of nutrients and causes the person to resemble a living skeleton. Kwashiorkor- is a form of protein starvation that generally appears in a child that has just been weaned from protein-rich breast milk to protein-poor gruel. These are the children with protruding bellies. Anorexia nervosa- is a condition where the person suffers from a self imposed starvation. Bullimia-where a person eats everything they want, often in large quantitie, and then forces themselves to throw up or abuse laxatives.

Explain how leptin and ghrelin influence appetite.

Leptin: suppressed appetite by inhibiting release of Neuropeptide Y -secreted by adipocytes while eating Grehlin: enhances appetite causing secretion of Neuropeptide Y -secreted by stomach

Indicate whether each is a major mineral or a trace element required for nutrition. Write functions for each mineral or trace element.

Calcium (Ca) Major mineral Chlorine (Cl) Major mineral Chromium (Cr) Trace elelment Cobalt (Co) Trace element Copper (Cu) Trace element Fluorine (F) Trace element Iodine (I) Trace element Iron (Fe) Trace element Magnesium (Mg)Major mineral Manganese (Mn) Trace element Phosphorus (P) Major mineral Potassium (K) Major mineral Selenium (Se) Trace element Sodium (Na)Major mineral Sulfur (S)Major mineral Zinc (Zn)Trace element

Summarize the importance of cellulose in the diet.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate abundant in our food; it is not digested, but provides bulk (fiber or roughage)

Review the major functions of cholesterol.

Cholesterol is used to produce bile salts. It also provides structural material for cell and organelle membranes.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins.

Complete proteins (also called high quality proteins) contain adequate amounts of the essential amino acids to maintain good health; found in meat, milk, and eggs Incomplete proteins (also called low quality protiens): do not contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids; found in many plant proteins

Define deamination, and explain its importance.

Deamination is the process where nitrogen groups (-NH2) are removed from amino acids

Explain why a protein deficiency may accompany edema.

Deficiency of protein leads to tissue wasting and a decline in plasma proteins which results in decresed plasma osmotic pressure and nutritional edema.

Distinguish among underweight, desirable weight, overweight, and obesity

Desirable weight is difficult to determine Overweight- exceeding desireable weight by 10%-20% or with a BMI over 30 Obesity- is excess adipose tissue

Define adequate diet.

Diet which meets all the nutritional needs of the person.

Explain various methods to eat an adequate diet.

Eating a variet of vegetabes, fruits, and whole grain products. Eating lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products. Limiting consumption of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fats, and trans fats. Reading food labels.

List some of the factors that affect the BMR.

Gender Body size Body temp Thyroid hormone activity

Identify the part of the brain where hormones act, controlling appetite.

Hypothalamus

Describe the liver's role in fat metabolism.

In the liver, fatty acyl CoA is converted into ketone bodies Can convert fatty acids from one form to another Cannot synthesice essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid; essential nutrients must be obtained from the diet

dynamic equilibrium

Is when the amount of nitrogen taken in is equal to the amount excreted. Negative nitrogen balance develops from starvation Positive nitrogen balance develops in growing children, pregnant women, or an athlete in training

Name some medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequate nutrition as a person ages.

Medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequest nutrition include: depression, tooth decay, periodontal disease, diabetes mellitus, lactose intolerance, and alcoholism.

Distinguish between essential and nonessential amino acids.

Nonessential amino acids- can be synthesized in the body (12) Essential amino acids- cannot be synthesized in the body and are not stored in the body (8) *all must be present at the same time in order for protein synthesis to occur*

Contrast primary and secondary malnutrition.

Primary malnutrition- inadequate food availability Secondary malnutrition-inadequate utilization of the food consumed.

Proteins

Proteins consist of chains of amino acids Functions: building more proteins, such as structural proteins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, clotting factors, and other plasma proteins They also supply energy

Identify dietary sources of carbohydrates.

Starch from plant foods Glycogen from meats Simple carbohydrates: Disaccharides (double sugars): Milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses Monosaccharides (single sugars): from honey and fruits

Lipids

Supply energy for cellular processes Serve as building blocks for structures such as cell membranes

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which body expends energy under basal conditions (awake, at rest, after overnight fasting, in comfortable environment) Reflects the energy needed to support the activities of the organs

Identify dietary sources of lipids

Triglycerides- composed of glycerol and fatty acids Saturated fats: Found in meats, eggs, milk, and lard (of animal origin) Palm and coconut oils Associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease No double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acids Unsaturated fats: Seeds, nuts, and plant oils. Contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms Monounsaturated fats are the healthiest

Factors that may lead to inadequate nutrition later in life include

medical conditions, social circumstances, economic circumstances

Define malnutrition.

poor nutrition that results from a lack of essential nutrients or a failure to utitlize them.

Define appetite.

psychological desire to eat

Define calorie

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius The amount of potential energy a food contains Units of heat

Indicate if the vitamin is fat-soluble or water-soluble. Write functions for each vitamin.

vitamin A- Fat soluble vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) vitamin B6 vitamin B7 (biotin) vitamin B9 (folacin) vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) *All B vitamins are water-soluble ?* vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Water soluble vitamin D - Fat soluble vitamin E - Fat soluble vitamin K - Fat soluble Fat soluble vitamin: dissolve in fats Water soluble: dissolve in water