Ch 19

what are the characteristics of anthropods?

1. exhibit cephalization, including a head with sense organs 2. include insects, crustaceans, and arachnids 3. invertebrate coelomates 4. undergo metamorphosis 5. exhibit segmentation with appendages or body parts 6. utilize gills, book lungs, or trachae to exchange gases 7. have rigid exoskeletons that undergo molting

what are the characteristics of deuterostomes?

1. includes echinoderms and chordates 2. the coelom develops as outpockets of the primitive gut 3. the blastopore becomes the anus

what are the characteristics of protosomes?

1. includes flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, and arthropods 2. divided into the lophotrochozoa 3. the coelom develops by a splitting of the mesoderm 4. the blastopore becomes the mouth 5. can be acoelomates or pseudocoelomates

what are characteristics of echinoderms?

1. invertebrates that exhibit radial symmetry as adults 2. have free-swimming larval stage 3. have no head, brain, or segmentation as adults

what characteristics of chordates?

1. most are vertebrates that exhibit bilateral symmetry 2. have notochords at some point in their life cycle 3. have dorsal tubular nerve cords at some point during development 4. have pharyngeal pouches at some point in development 5. have postanal tails at some point during development

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?

1. nucleus present 2. organelles 3. endoplasmic reticulum is present

what are the characteristics of amphibians?

1. respire through their skin or small lungs 2. spend some part of their life cycle in water 3. ectothermic 4. some undergo metamorphosis 5. have eyelids to keep eyes moist 6. evolved from lobe-finned fishes 7. have three-chambered hearts 8. produce sound through their larynx 9. have jointed appendages for movement

There are currently _____ animal phyla today that all descended from one ancestor.

35

True or False: Since eukaryotes do not have cell walls, it is easy to distinguish this group from domains Bacteria and Archaea.

False

True or False: Bacteria and Archaea are both domains consisting of prokaryotic organisms.

True

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotic domains, though they differ from one another. What is the difference between these domains? a. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; archaeal cell walls do not. b. Bacterial cell walls do not contain polysaccharides; archaeal cell walls do. Correct c. Bacterial cells have nuclear membranes; archaeal cells do not. d. Bacterial cells do not have endoplasmic reticulum; archaeal cells do.

a. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; archaeal cell walls do not.

Which statement is not true about invertebrate animals? a. Invertebrates lack a nervous system. b. The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. c. Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. d. Most animal phyla are invertebrates. e. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors.

a. Invertebrates lack a nervous system. Explanation Invertebrates such as sponges do lack nerve tissue, while others have a nervous system that includes cephalization, eyes, and a brain.

Which of these worms are segmented? a. annelids b. planarians c. roundworms d. flukes e. All worms are segmented.

a. annelids Explanation Annelids, such as earthworms and leeches, have segmentation; the other worms listed do not.

How are domains organized? a. based upon comparisons of ribosomal RNA and characteristics like cell structure b. based upon similarities in cell structure c. based upon DNA sequence similarity d. based upon the presence or absence of a nucleus

a. based upon comparisons of ribosomal RNA and characteristics like cell structure

Which of these is a bivalve? a. clam b. octopus c. snail d. squid e. conch

a. clam Explanation The two parts of a clamshell are the valves.

Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? a. hair b. four-chambered heart c. extraembryonic membranes d. endothermic e. cephalization

a. hair Explanation Only mammals have hair; all the other characteristics listed are found in other animal groups as well.

Which of these has the necessary adaptations to survive in a dry land environment? a. insect b. lobe-finned fish c. amphibian d. planarian e. tunicate

a. insect Explanation Insects are well-adapted to life on land.

Which of these has a coelom? a. sea star b. roundworm c. fluke d. planarian e. hydra

a. sea star Explanation Sea stars, like all echinoderms, have a coelom. A roundworm has a pseudocoelom, flukes and planarians are acoelomates. Hydras, like all cnidarians, do not have mesoderm, and thus cannot be said to possess a coelom.

Reptiles produce leathery shelled ______________ eggs that can withstand dry conditions on land.

amniotic

Cnidarians are evolutionarily ___________ organisms that display _______ symmetry.

ancient, radial

Birds are not a. reptiles. b. ectothermic. c. amniotes. d. chordates. e. deuterostomes.

b. ectothermic. Explanation Although most reptiles are ectothermic, birds are endothermic.

The mantle, foot, and visceral mass are all parts of a(n) a. annelid. b. mollusc. c. planarian. d. tunicate. e. arthropod.

b. mollusc. Explanation These are the three main parts of the mollusc body.

Which of these is not a chordate characteristic? a. notochord b. ventral, solid nerve cord c. pharyngeal pouches d. postanal tail e. coelom

b. ventral, solid nerve cord Explanation The chordate nerve cord is dorsal and tubular (hollow).

Flatworms are acoelomates with _________ symmetry and ________ germ layers.

bilateral, three

The most numerous and diverse of all vertebrates are the _________ fishes and they include perch, trout, and salmon.

bony

They have large __________ that are not fully developed upon birth and offspring remain dependent on their parents for a time after birth.

brains

Sponges reproduce asexually through _____________ and sexually by releasing egg and sperm into the water.

budding

In 2004, fossil skeletons of a new Homo species were discovered in Indonesia and named Homo floresiensis. Which factor was the key to classifying this species in the genus Homo? a. evidence of bipedalism b. resemblance to other hominins c. humanlike rather than apelike craniums d. evidence of being placental mammals e. evidence of mosaic evolution

c. humanlike rather than apelike craniums Explanation Members of the genus Homo have humanlike craniums.

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods? a. arachnids b. millipedes c. insects d. crustaceans e. centipedes

c. insects Explanation Insects are the largest, most diverse group, not only among the arthropods, but among all animals.

Which of these has radial symmetry? a. human b. planarian c. jellyfish d. roundworm e. nudibranch

c. jellyfish Explanation All of the other animals listed have bilateral symmetry.

Amphibians are the descendants of a. ray-finned fishes. b. cartilaginous fishes. c. lobe-finned fishes. d. hagfishes. e. reptiles.

c. lobe-finned fishes. Explanation Ancient lobe-finned fishes were the ancestors of today's amphibians.

The main reason reptiles are so well-adapted to land environment is their method of a. respiration. b. vocalization. c. reproduction. d. predation. e. temperature regulation.

c. reproduction. Explanation Reptiles have internal fertilization and females lay amniote eggs; these reproductive methods enable reptiles to reproduce in a land environment.

An endoparasitic acoelomate with a body consisting of a scolex and a series of proglottids is a a. fluke. b. roundworm. c. tapeworm. d. hydra. e. sponge.

c. tapeworm. Explanation A tapeworm uses its scolex to attach itself to the intestinal wall of its host. The proglottids are reproductive units.

Fishes with skeletons of cartilage instead of bone are called ______________ fishes and include sharks, rays, and skates.

cartilaginous

Sponges are multicellular organisms with a(n) __________ level of organization, therefore placing them at the ______ of the evolutionary tree of animals.

cellular, base

Flatworms exhibit _________________, meaning they have a(n) ______________end with a small brain, eye spots, and chemosensitive organs.

cephalization, anterior

The body of a sponge is lined with _______________ that use flagella to create water currents that flow through pores and out the ____________.

choanocytes, osculum

The deuterostomes include the ___________, which at one time in their life history had four basic characteristics.

chordates

The ___________ contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta, while part of the _________________ contributes to the maternal portion.

chorion, uterine wall

They have three muscle layers for varied movement and they have _______ along their lower epidermis to help facilitate movement.

cilia

Monotremes are mammals that possess a(n) _________ at the terminal end of the digestive system and lay hard-shelled amniotic eggs, as seen in birds.

cloaca

Cnidarians capture their food through stinging cells called _____________, each of which have capsules called _____________ that are discharged when triggered.

cnidocytes, nematocysts

Which of the following is not a member of the protostomes? a. sponges b. chordates c. echinoderms d. Neither echinoderms nor chordates are protostomes. e. None of the answer choices is correct.

d. Neither echinoderms nor chordates are protostomes. Explanation That is correct. Neither chordates nor echinoderms are protostomes. Both are deuterostomes.

Animals are not a. multicellular. b. heterotrophic. c. motile. d. autotrophic. e. eukaryotic.

d. autotrophic. Explanation Animals must obtain nutrients by ingesting food.

Egg-laying mammals are known as a. marsupials. b. ectotherms. c. placental mammals. d. monotremes. e. prosimians.

d. monotremes. Explanation The spiny anteater and duckbill platypus are monotremes.

Cleavage in protostomes a. occurs radially and the fate of the resulting cells is fixed and determinate. b. occurs radially and the fate of the resulting cells is not fixed and is indeterminate. c. occurs spirally and the fate of the resulting cells is not fixed and is indeterminate. d. occurs spirally and the fate of the resulting cells is fixed and determinate.

d. occurs spirally and the fate of the resulting cells is fixed and determinate.

Which of these diseases is not caused by roundworms? a. hookworm infection b. pinworm infection c. trichinosis d. schistosomiasis e. elephantiasis

d. schistosomiasis Explanation Schistosomiasis is a blood fluke infection; flukes are flatworms.

Which of these is a cephalopod? a. nudibranch b. snail c. oyster d. squid e. mussel

d. squid Explanation A squid, like any cephalopod, has a foot that forms tentacles surrounding its head.

As development proceeds in deuterostomes a. both the mouth and the anus form simultaneously at or near the blastopore. b. the first opening at or near the blastopore closes up and the second opening becomes both the mouth and anus. c. the mouth appears at or near the blastopore and the second opening forms the anus at a later point. d. the anus appears at or near the blastopore and the second opening forms the mouth at a later point.

d. the anus appears at or near the blastopore and the second opening forms the mouth at a later point.

During coelom development in protostomes a. the endoderm forms a pair of pouches that eventually fuse together. These pouches go on to enlarge and form the coelom. b. the mesoderm forms a pair of pouches that eventually fuse together. These pouches go on to enlarge and form the coelom. c. the endoderm is formed from cells located near the blastopore. The endoderm then splits to form the coelom. d. the mesoderm is formed from cells located near the blastopore. The mesoderm then splits to form the coelom.

d. the mesoderm is formed from cells located near the blastopore. The mesoderm then splits to form the coelom.

Which of the following are invertebrate chordates? a. tunicates only b. lancelets only c. jawless fishes only d. tunicates and lancelets but not jawless fishes e. tunicates, lancelets, and jawless fishes

d. tunicates and lancelets but not jawless fishes Explanation Although both tunicates and lancelets are chordates, they do not have a vertebral column.

what characteristics do chordates and echinoderms share?

deuterostomes, exhibit bilateral symmetry at some point in their life cycles

At some point in development, chordates possess a(n) ____________________ that is filled with fluid and protected by the vertebrae.

dorsal tubular nerve cord

Which statement about sponges is correct? a. Sponges have two germ layers, which give rise to well-organized tissues. b. Sponges can only reproduce asexually by fragmentation or budding. c. Most sponges have bilateral symmetry. d. Sponges belong to the group of invertebrates known as cnidarians. e. Sponges are filter feeders.

e. Sponges are filter feeders. Explanation A sponge obtains microscopic food particles by filtering them from water that passes through its porous walls.

Which are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates? a. reptiles b. lancelets c. cartilaginous fishes d. mammals e. bony fishes

e. bony fishes Explanation Bony fishes are not only the most numerous and diverse group of fishes, they are also the largest group of vertebrates.

Which of these features would not belong to an echinoderm? a. water vascular system b. coelom c. larval stage d. skin gills e. nephridium

e. nephridium Explanation Nephridia are excretory structures found in certain protostomes. Echinoderms do not have complex excretory structures; instead, wastes pass from the coelomic fluid and across the body wall by diffusion.

Which of these is present in all fishes? a. jaws b. lungs c. fleshy, bone-containing appendages d. fins supported by bony spikes e. vertebrae

e. vertebrae Explanation Fishes are vertebrates.

Reptiles are __________, meaning that their body temperature matches the temperature of the external environment.

ectothermic

These fish can detect their prey by detecting ___________________ in water. They also have a keen sense of smell and have a(n) _____________________ to detect nearby movements.

electric currents, lateral line system

Animals are multicellular, _________________ organisms and are ______________________ because they must aquire nutrients from an external source.

eukaryotic, chemoheterotrophs

These water currents help the sponge, which is a(n) _____________, obtain its food.

filter feeder

They have ______________ hearts, expanded lungs, and a consistent body temperatures.

four-chambered

Flatworms are ___________________, so they possess both male and female sex organs, and they practice ___________________.

hermaphrodites, cross-fertilization

Marsupials, on the other hand, are born in a very ____________ condition and further develop after birth in a(n) _________ on the mother's abdomen.

immature, pouch

Flatworms have a three-branched gastrovascular cavity that undergoes ______________ digestion.

incomplete

Chordates that are ________________ possess a notochord that is never replaced by a bony vertebral column, as is the case with _______________.

invertebrates, vertebrates

Fishes that are cylindrical with smooth, scaleless skin and no jaws or paired fins are called ___________ fishes. Examples include lampreys and hagfishes.

jawless

Examples of marsupials include the kangaroo and the _________.

koala

These mammals have adapted to life on land and have _______ to allow for rapid movement.

limbs

The________________ fishes gave rise to the amphibians as they evolved lungs for respiration and appendages for movement on land.

lobe-finned, lungs

Two types of tissues, __________ and nerves, characterize animals and allow them to exhibit motility and a variety of flexible movements.

muscles

They possess a dorsal supporting rod, called a(n) _____________, at some point in their lifetime.

notochord

They must also possess ____________________, which become gills in fish, and a postanal ________ at some point in their development.

pharyngeal pouches, tail

Most living mammals are ___________ mammals, meaning the extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg have been modified for __________ development within the uterus of the female.

placental, internal

Examples of such mammals are the spiny anteater and the duckbill __________.

platypus

The two body types exhibited by cnidarians include the ____________, a tubular form with the mouth directed _________, and the __________, which contains jelly-like material and a mouth pointing ____________.

polyp, upward, medusa, downward

The _______________ fishes have bony spikes to support their fins and have ________________ to assist in bouyancy.

ray-finned, swim bladders

The _________, including the now extinct _____________, were most abundant between 245 and 66 million years ago, and today include birds, crocodiles, snakes, and lizards.

reptiles, dinosaurs

Mammals are amniotes that share a common ancestor with ___________, and their earliest forms are represented today by the monotremes and _______________.

reptiles, marsupials

Modern-day reptiles possess hard, keratinized _________ that protect them from ___________ and predation.

scales, desiccation

Animals typically reproduce ____________ and begin life as a fertilized ___________ egg.

sexually, diploid

Some sponges have endoskeletons made of ___________ and fibers of ___________ to provide support.

spicules, spongin

Cnidarians have a(n) __________ level of organization with two germ layers: the ____________ and the endoderm.

tissue, ectoderm

From there, an animal undergoes a series of developmental stages to produce an organism with specialized ____________.

tissues

Some reptiles, including snakes, possess specialized ____________ that are used as sense organs to analyze chemicals in the environment.

tongues