Ch 19
Which of the items indicated in the illustration allow sight in dim light?
1
Which of the choices listed below is a/are characteristic(s) of gustatory epithelial cells? 1. lack axons 2. possess dendrites 3. possess cilia containing receptor sites
1 only
Which of the cells listed below form lateral neural circuits within the retina? 1. amacrine cells 2. bipolar cells 3. cone cells 4. ganglion cells 5. horizontal cells 6. rod cells
1,5 only
Which of the choices listed below are functions of the fluid produced by the lacrimal apparatus? 1. cleanses the nasal passage in which it drains 2. cleans the surface of the eyeball of particulate matter 3. lubricates the eyeball 4. moistens the eyeball 5. provides a bactericidal enzyme to protect the eyeball
2,3,4,5
Which of the substances listed below bind(s) to adrenergic receptors? 1. acetylcholine 2. epinephrine 3. nicotine 4. norepinephrine
2-4
receptors bind both norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Adrenergic
Sympathetic stimulation is more widespread and longer lasting than parasympathetic. Which statement support this?
All choices are correct
Which of the statements below is/are TRUE?
All of these choices are correct. The auditory ossicles include the malleus, incus and stapes. - The spiral organ or organ of Corti contains the receptors for hearing. • The vestibular apparatus includes the semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule. • The auricle (pinna) collects sound waves.
Which of the following is TRUE?
All of these choices are correct. Varicosities release neurotransmitters over a large area. Varicosities are swellings of the terminal branches of autonomic fibers. Varicosities allow entire organs to be influenced by autonomic activity.
innervation occurs when organs receive impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Dual
Nervous tissue development begins with a thickening of the ectoderm, known as the
Neural plate
A sensory receptor which responds to painful stimuli is called a
Nociceptors
Beta-blockers block the effect of
Norepinephrine on the heart to speed it up
Which of the following organs is served by the sympathetic division but NOT the parasympathetic division?
Skin
pain can be described as chronic, burning, aching or throbbing.
Slow
Biofeedback can explain what about the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system is somewhat dependent on higher centers.
Which of these cranial nerve does NOT transport parasympathetic fibers?
V
After running in a track meet, your body temperature rose, activating sweat glands around your trunk to cool down the core body temperature. Which neurotransmitter was released to activate the receptor on the sweat glands?
acetylcholine
After surgery, some patients may have decreased vagal nerve function. Bethanechol can be used to stimulate motility and increase secretions. Which neurotransmitter does bethanechol mimic?
acetylcholine
This substance binds to or blocks a receptor, thereby preventing the normal expected effect. What is this term?
antagonist
The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled by the
anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus
Which of the following amplifies sound vibrations?
auditory ossicles
What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?
auditory tube
In the figure shown, what structure is indicated?
autonomic ganglion containing cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
Balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity is
autonomic tone
To increase force and contraction rate, which receptor needs to be stimulated in cardiac muscle cell membranes?
beta 1
Which is innervated almost entirely by the sympathetic system?
blood vessels
Which of the following are sensory tracts in the spinal cord?
both cuneate fasciculus and spinothalamic
Which of the following are shared anatomical features of the autonomic motor pathways?
both divisions consist of two motor neurons from the CNS to the effector
The nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are found in which division(s)?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
This division of the ANS has acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter at the autonomic ganglion between the pregangionic and postganglionic nerve fibers.
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
The cell bodies of lower motor neurons can be found in the
brainstem and spinal cord
Which of the following is characteristic of slow pain?
can occur in both skin and deep tissues or internal organs
In the figure shown, what structure is indicated?
celiac ganglion
Which of the following continuously receives sensory information from the utricle and saccule, monitors the information, and subsequently sends impulses to the motor cortex of the cerebrum?
cerebellum
Acetylcholine can be mimicked by nicotine in which situation?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae
The hair cells associated with your sense of hearing are found where in the inner ear?
cochlea
What is the name of the structure marked with an arrow?
cochlea
The structure at A, as well as the in formation of an image.
cornea
Rapidly adapting touch receptors that are located in hairless skin are called
corpuscles of touch
What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?
cupula
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and ("SLUDD") are all responses of the parasympathetic response.
digestion
While cleaning out the garage, Amanda saw a black widow spider. Which of the following probably occurred?
dilation of airways
The ability to assess the weight of an object is called weight
discrimination
Most of the organs of the body are said to have innervation.
dual
Muscarinic receptors are located on
effector cell membranes
Beta receptors are located on
effector cells membrane
Which four "E" situations does the sympathetic nervous system experience?
emergency, excitement, embarrassment, exercise
Catechol-O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that can degrade catecholamines such as
epinephrine
Thermogenesis is stimulated to begin when which neurotransmitter binds to an adrenergic receptor?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is released from neurons by which process?
exocytosis
Receptors that provide information about the external environment are called
exteroceptors
The skeletal fibers in a muscle which surround a muscle spindle are called
extrafusal muscle fibers
Most papillae have taste buds that transduce tastant stimuli along cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. However, ______________ have tactile receptors that transduce tactile stimuli along afferent branches of cranial nerve V.
filiform papillae
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is often referred to as the
flight-or-fight division
In the figure shown, what structure is indicated?
fovea centralis
Which nerve endings are bare?
free
In the olfactory pathway, where do olfactory receptor cells meet with mitral cells and transmit information about a select group of odorants?
glomeruli
Receptors for which of the special senses are located in the soft palate?
gustation
The organ(s) served by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia include(s) the
heart and lacrimal glands
The distorted somatic sensory map of the body is known as the sensory
homunculus
The sympathetic chain of ganglia are found in this location:
in a vertical row next to the vertebral column
All direct motor pathways decussate, but in different places. Where do axons of the lateral corticospinal tracts decussate as they descend?
in the pyramids of the medulla
Amanda is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a dog runs out in front of her. Which effects would you NOT expect to see in Amanda's body?
increased digestive activity
Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic response?
increased motility in stomach and intestines
Which is an effect of parasympathetic stimulation?
increased smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract
You are about to give a class presentation and your palms begin to sweat. This is due to
increased sympathetic stimulation of alpha 1 receptors on sweat glands
Which of the following would be considered a tactile sensation?
itch
Which of the following is/are supplied with nerves by the sympathetic part of the autonomic division, but NOT by the parasympathetic part?
kidneys
Blood vessels are dilated due to
lack of stimulation by the sympathetic system
Clenching your fist or wiggling your toes would involve efferent motor impulses traveling along the ________ tract.
lateral corticospinal
What is the name of these neurons within the brain?
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Which muscles contract simultaneously when you are looking to the left?
lateral rectus of the left eyeball and medial rectus of the right eyeball
Which somatic sensory pathway conveys sensory impulses for pain and temperature?
lateral spinothalamic tract
Curare blocks ACh from binding at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Which type of receptor is being blocked?
ligand-gated
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons are relatively _. However, sympathetic preganglionic axons are relatively
long/short
Stimulating which regions of the hypothalamus would cause a lowering in blood pressure, an increase in digestive motility, and an increase in digestive secretions?
medial and anterior
If you crossed your eyes, which extrinsic eye muscle would you be contracting?
medial rectus
Which of the following is a feature exclusively of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
most preganglionic axons are short
When the internal sphincter relaxes and the bladder contracts, which type of receptor is being activated?
muscarinic
Antidepressant drugs can cause dry mouth, constipation, and problems with urination because of blockage of
muscarinic receptors
Atropine blocks the binding of ACh to effectors. Which does atropine bind to?
muscarinic receptors
Like all neurons with their cell bodies in ganglia, the postganglionic motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system are derived from
neural crest cells
Beta-blockers block the effect of
norepinephrine on the heart to speed it up
In the figure shown, which structure is indicated?
olfactory sensory neuron
The study of the eye is called
ophthalmology
What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?
optic disc
Which of the following correctly identifies the visual pathway from the eye to the brain?
optic nerves; optic chiasm; optic tract; occipital lobes
In which of these following locations does odor identification and discrimination occur?
orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
Another name for the upper or lower eyelids is
palpebrae
What is the "rest and digest" part of the autonomic division called?
parasympathetic
Which part of the autonomic division normally has longer preganglionic and shorter postganglionic nerve fibers?
parasympathetic
division enhances rest-and-digest activities.
parasympathetic
Parasympathetic responses tend to be more localized compared to those sympathetic responses because
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with fewer postglanglionic neurons
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system, the neurotransmitter, and the receptor would be involved in increased intestinal secretions?
parasympathetic, ACh, muscarinic
The axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons that enter the sympathetic trunk ganglia can do the following, EXCEPT:
pass into the trunk and then back through a white communicating ramus to return to the spinal cord
Which of the following is a correct visual pathway, beginning with light stimulation and ending in the brain?
rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > thalamus
What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?
sclera
Aqueous humor leaves the eyeball and returns to circulation by way of the
scleral venous sinuses
Which of the following would be an effector of the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
Which of the following would the autonomic nervous system not control?
skeletal muscle
The overstimulation of the vagus nerve may cause
slowing or stopping of the heart rate
The division of the peripheral nervous system controls the respiratory muscles for breathing rate; the division of the peripheral nervous system controls the cardiac muscles for heart rate.
somatic; autonomic
Somatic sensory impulses from the neck, trunk, limbs, and posterior aspect of the head travel along the
spinal
This bone is attached to the oval window of the inner ear.
stapes
During an experiment in class, your group manipulated the hypothalamus in a living rat. In response to artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus, the rat's heart rate increases drastically. What does this indicate?
stimulation occurred in the posterior or lateral parts of the hypothalamus.
Discrimination of sounds of different pitch are determined by?
stimulation of hair cells associated with different parts of the basilar membrane in the cochlear organ
The olfactory epithelium is located within the
superior nasal cavity
(choose all that apply) Which of the extrinsic eye muscles below are not controlled by CN III?
superior oblique latetral rectus
All of the following are innervated by both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system except
sweat glands
The innervation of the suprarenal medulla is by the _ parts) of the autonomic division.
sympathetic
The release of adrenalin prolongs and enhances the division'(s)' impact upon the body.
sympathetic
The white and gray rami communicates are found in which division(s)?
sympathetic
What division is shown in the figure?
sympathetic
division enhances the fight-or-flight response.
sympathetic
All neurons are always considered cholinergic except
sympathetic postganglionic neurons to other effectors
What is the name of this neuron? (a general name)
sympathetic preganglionic neuron
Which somatic sensation includes itch, tickle, touch, pressure, and vibration?
tactile
The structure made of a thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids.
tarsal plate
Hearing is done by hair cells embedded within the
tectorial membrane
Why is the sympathetic division called the thoracolumbar division even though its ganglia extend from the cervical region to the sacral region?
the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
If you had to design a clinical test for a patient suffering from a possible autonomic neuropathy (damage of autonomic nerves), what is something you could do?
You could turn up the heat in the room and check to see whether the patient begins to sweat.
are located in blood vessels, visceral organs, and muscles.
Interoceptors or visceroceptors
Which of the following is not
An increase of one decibel represents a one-fold increase in sound intensity.
inhibit or slow down the target cell's response by blocking the neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor.
Antagonists
Which of the follwoing is not true about the auditory pathway?
Axons from the superior olivary nuclei ascend to the midbrain, where they terminate in the superior colliculi.
On which receptor can ACh cause an excitatory or an inhibitory response?
C
During neural development, failure of the neural folds to elevate and form a neural tube would result in compromised anatomy of the
CNS
Sensation and perception only occur in the
CNS
The ________ plexus contains two large celiac ganglia, two aorticorenal ganglia, and a dense network of autonomic axons. It is the largest autonomic plexus.
Celiac
Gustatory receptor cells are the first-order neurons of the gustatory pathway.
False
The impact of motor information at A would be to reduce stroke volume and intensity of the heart.
False
Which of the following is a correct pathway for the flow of tears?
Lacrimal gland -- lacrimal ducts -- lacrimal canal -- lacrimal sac -- nasolacrimal duct -- nasal cavity
Blood-borne epinephrine and norepinephrine are destroyed by enzymes in the
Liver
Which receptor type is named after a mushroom poison that mimics the actions of ACh?
Muscarinic
The myelinated axons that conduct action potential from lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus to the primary visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
Optic radiation
The only skeletal muscles in the body which do not have muscles spindles are the middle ear muscles.
TRUE
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
The result of autonomic motor neuron stimulation is always excitatory to effectors.
Why can sympathetic responses affect the entire body?
The preganglionic neurons participate in divergence.
The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by the
posterior and lateral parts of the hypothalamus
The gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are associated with the
posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Migrating crest cells give rise to
postganglionic motor neurons
The gray ramus of the rami communicantes contains the axon of a
postganglionic neuron
Where are integral membrane proteins located for acetylcholine?
postganglionic neurons cell membrane
The olfactory cortex where conscious awareness of smell occurs is the
primary olfactory area
How do basal cells contribute to olfaction?
produce new olfactory receptors
What does the lacrimal apparatus do?
produces and drains tears
Receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear are called
proprioceptors
What is the correct order of components for passage of nerve impulses over an autonomic reflex arc? (from left to right)
receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, preganglionic motor neuron, postganglionic motor neuron, effector
Most thoracic, abdominopelvic, and retroperitoneal organs have _____________ and, therefore, can be excited by one autonomic division and inhibited by the other division resulting in negative feedback. The kidneys and suprarenal glands are exceptions to this generalization.
reciprocal innervation dual innervation
These cells of the retina form the fibers of the optic nerve and the beginning of the visual pathway.
retinal ganglion cells
Most second-order sensory neurons synapse with third -order neurons in
the thalamus
Which of the following is INCORRECT about preganglionic neurons?
unmyelinated axon
What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?
utricle
Your sense of static equilibrium is associated with which part of the ear?
utricle and saccule
These structures form an inverted v-shaped row at the back of the tongue.
vallate papillae
Which named papillae occupy the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
vallate papillae
In the figure shown, what structure is indicated? HINT: This structure contains myelinated axons.
white ramus communicans
The effects of the parasympathetic nervous stimulation. (select all that apply)
~ Salivation ~ Constriction of air pathways ~ Urination -Lipogenesis in the adipocytes
