Ch 19

Which of the items indicated in the illustration allow sight in dim light?

1

Which of the choices listed below is a/are characteristic(s) of gustatory epithelial cells? 1. lack axons 2. possess dendrites 3. possess cilia containing receptor sites

1 only

Which of the cells listed below form lateral neural circuits within the retina? 1. amacrine cells 2. bipolar cells 3. cone cells 4. ganglion cells 5. horizontal cells 6. rod cells

1,5 only

Which of the choices listed below are functions of the fluid produced by the lacrimal apparatus? 1. cleanses the nasal passage in which it drains 2. cleans the surface of the eyeball of particulate matter 3. lubricates the eyeball 4. moistens the eyeball 5. provides a bactericidal enzyme to protect the eyeball

2,3,4,5

Which of the substances listed below bind(s) to adrenergic receptors? 1. acetylcholine 2. epinephrine 3. nicotine 4. norepinephrine

2-4

receptors bind both norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Adrenergic

Sympathetic stimulation is more widespread and longer lasting than parasympathetic. Which statement support this?

All choices are correct

Which of the statements below is/are TRUE?

All of these choices are correct. The auditory ossicles include the malleus, incus and stapes. - The spiral organ or organ of Corti contains the receptors for hearing. • The vestibular apparatus includes the semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule. • The auricle (pinna) collects sound waves.

Which of the following is TRUE?

All of these choices are correct. Varicosities release neurotransmitters over a large area. Varicosities are swellings of the terminal branches of autonomic fibers. Varicosities allow entire organs to be influenced by autonomic activity.

innervation occurs when organs receive impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Dual

Nervous tissue development begins with a thickening of the ectoderm, known as the

Neural plate

A sensory receptor which responds to painful stimuli is called a

Nociceptors

Beta-blockers block the effect of

Norepinephrine on the heart to speed it up

Which of the following organs is served by the sympathetic division but NOT the parasympathetic division?

Skin

pain can be described as chronic, burning, aching or throbbing.

Slow

Biofeedback can explain what about the autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system is somewhat dependent on higher centers.

Which of these cranial nerve does NOT transport parasympathetic fibers?

V

After running in a track meet, your body temperature rose, activating sweat glands around your trunk to cool down the core body temperature. Which neurotransmitter was released to activate the receptor on the sweat glands?

acetylcholine

After surgery, some patients may have decreased vagal nerve function. Bethanechol can be used to stimulate motility and increase secretions. Which neurotransmitter does bethanechol mimic?

acetylcholine

This substance binds to or blocks a receptor, thereby preventing the normal expected effect. What is this term?

antagonist

The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled by the

anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus

Which of the following amplifies sound vibrations?

auditory ossicles

What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?

auditory tube

In the figure shown, what structure is indicated?

autonomic ganglion containing cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity is

autonomic tone

To increase force and contraction rate, which receptor needs to be stimulated in cardiac muscle cell membranes?

beta 1

Which is innervated almost entirely by the sympathetic system?

blood vessels

Which of the following are sensory tracts in the spinal cord?

both cuneate fasciculus and spinothalamic

Which of the following are shared anatomical features of the autonomic motor pathways?

both divisions consist of two motor neurons from the CNS to the effector

The nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are found in which division(s)?

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

This division of the ANS has acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter at the autonomic ganglion between the pregangionic and postganglionic nerve fibers.

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

The cell bodies of lower motor neurons can be found in the

brainstem and spinal cord

Which of the following is characteristic of slow pain?

can occur in both skin and deep tissues or internal organs

In the figure shown, what structure is indicated?

celiac ganglion

Which of the following continuously receives sensory information from the utricle and saccule, monitors the information, and subsequently sends impulses to the motor cortex of the cerebrum?

cerebellum

Acetylcholine can be mimicked by nicotine in which situation?

chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae

The hair cells associated with your sense of hearing are found where in the inner ear?

cochlea

What is the name of the structure marked with an arrow?

cochlea

The structure at A, as well as the in formation of an image.

cornea

Rapidly adapting touch receptors that are located in hairless skin are called

corpuscles of touch

What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?

cupula

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and ("SLUDD") are all responses of the parasympathetic response.

digestion

While cleaning out the garage, Amanda saw a black widow spider. Which of the following probably occurred?

dilation of airways

The ability to assess the weight of an object is called weight

discrimination

Most of the organs of the body are said to have innervation.

dual

Muscarinic receptors are located on

effector cell membranes

Beta receptors are located on

effector cells membrane

Which four "E" situations does the sympathetic nervous system experience?

emergency, excitement, embarrassment, exercise

Catechol-O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that can degrade catecholamines such as

epinephrine

Thermogenesis is stimulated to begin when which neurotransmitter binds to an adrenergic receptor?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is released from neurons by which process?

exocytosis

Receptors that provide information about the external environment are called

exteroceptors

The skeletal fibers in a muscle which surround a muscle spindle are called

extrafusal muscle fibers

Most papillae have taste buds that transduce tastant stimuli along cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. However, ______________ have tactile receptors that transduce tactile stimuli along afferent branches of cranial nerve V.

filiform papillae

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is often referred to as the

flight-or-fight division

In the figure shown, what structure is indicated?

fovea centralis

Which nerve endings are bare?

free

In the olfactory pathway, where do olfactory receptor cells meet with mitral cells and transmit information about a select group of odorants?

glomeruli

Receptors for which of the special senses are located in the soft palate?

gustation

The organ(s) served by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia include(s) the

heart and lacrimal glands

The distorted somatic sensory map of the body is known as the sensory

homunculus

The sympathetic chain of ganglia are found in this location:

in a vertical row next to the vertebral column

All direct motor pathways decussate, but in different places. Where do axons of the lateral corticospinal tracts decussate as they descend?

in the pyramids of the medulla

Amanda is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a dog runs out in front of her. Which effects would you NOT expect to see in Amanda's body?

increased digestive activity

Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic response?

increased motility in stomach and intestines

Which is an effect of parasympathetic stimulation?

increased smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract

You are about to give a class presentation and your palms begin to sweat. This is due to

increased sympathetic stimulation of alpha 1 receptors on sweat glands

Which of the following would be considered a tactile sensation?

itch

Which of the following is/are supplied with nerves by the sympathetic part of the autonomic division, but NOT by the parasympathetic part?

kidneys

Blood vessels are dilated due to

lack of stimulation by the sympathetic system

Clenching your fist or wiggling your toes would involve efferent motor impulses traveling along the ________ tract.

lateral corticospinal

What is the name of these neurons within the brain?

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Which muscles contract simultaneously when you are looking to the left?

lateral rectus of the left eyeball and medial rectus of the right eyeball

Which somatic sensory pathway conveys sensory impulses for pain and temperature?

lateral spinothalamic tract

Curare blocks ACh from binding at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Which type of receptor is being blocked?

ligand-gated

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons are relatively _. However, sympathetic preganglionic axons are relatively

long/short

Stimulating which regions of the hypothalamus would cause a lowering in blood pressure, an increase in digestive motility, and an increase in digestive secretions?

medial and anterior

If you crossed your eyes, which extrinsic eye muscle would you be contracting?

medial rectus

Which of the following is a feature exclusively of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

most preganglionic axons are short

When the internal sphincter relaxes and the bladder contracts, which type of receptor is being activated?

muscarinic

Antidepressant drugs can cause dry mouth, constipation, and problems with urination because of blockage of

muscarinic receptors

Atropine blocks the binding of ACh to effectors. Which does atropine bind to?

muscarinic receptors

Like all neurons with their cell bodies in ganglia, the postganglionic motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system are derived from

neural crest cells

Beta-blockers block the effect of

norepinephrine on the heart to speed it up

In the figure shown, which structure is indicated?

olfactory sensory neuron

The study of the eye is called

ophthalmology

What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?

optic disc

Which of the following correctly identifies the visual pathway from the eye to the brain?

optic nerves; optic chiasm; optic tract; occipital lobes

In which of these following locations does odor identification and discrimination occur?

orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

Another name for the upper or lower eyelids is

palpebrae

What is the "rest and digest" part of the autonomic division called?

parasympathetic

Which part of the autonomic division normally has longer preganglionic and shorter postganglionic nerve fibers?

parasympathetic

division enhances rest-and-digest activities.

parasympathetic

Parasympathetic responses tend to be more localized compared to those sympathetic responses because

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with fewer postglanglionic neurons

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system, the neurotransmitter, and the receptor would be involved in increased intestinal secretions?

parasympathetic, ACh, muscarinic

The axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons that enter the sympathetic trunk ganglia can do the following, EXCEPT:

pass into the trunk and then back through a white communicating ramus to return to the spinal cord

Which of the following is a correct visual pathway, beginning with light stimulation and ending in the brain?

rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > thalamus

What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?

sclera

Aqueous humor leaves the eyeball and returns to circulation by way of the

scleral venous sinuses

Which of the following would be an effector of the somatic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following would the autonomic nervous system not control?

skeletal muscle

The overstimulation of the vagus nerve may cause

slowing or stopping of the heart rate

The division of the peripheral nervous system controls the respiratory muscles for breathing rate; the division of the peripheral nervous system controls the cardiac muscles for heart rate.

somatic; autonomic

Somatic sensory impulses from the neck, trunk, limbs, and posterior aspect of the head travel along the

spinal

This bone is attached to the oval window of the inner ear.

stapes

During an experiment in class, your group manipulated the hypothalamus in a living rat. In response to artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus, the rat's heart rate increases drastically. What does this indicate?

stimulation occurred in the posterior or lateral parts of the hypothalamus.

Discrimination of sounds of different pitch are determined by?

stimulation of hair cells associated with different parts of the basilar membrane in the cochlear organ

The olfactory epithelium is located within the

superior nasal cavity

(choose all that apply) Which of the extrinsic eye muscles below are not controlled by CN III?

superior oblique latetral rectus

All of the following are innervated by both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system except

sweat glands

The innervation of the suprarenal medulla is by the _ parts) of the autonomic division.

sympathetic

The release of adrenalin prolongs and enhances the division'(s)' impact upon the body.

sympathetic

The white and gray rami communicates are found in which division(s)?

sympathetic

What division is shown in the figure?

sympathetic

division enhances the fight-or-flight response.

sympathetic

All neurons are always considered cholinergic except

sympathetic postganglionic neurons to other effectors

What is the name of this neuron? (a general name)

sympathetic preganglionic neuron

Which somatic sensation includes itch, tickle, touch, pressure, and vibration?

tactile

The structure made of a thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids.

tarsal plate

Hearing is done by hair cells embedded within the

tectorial membrane

Why is the sympathetic division called the thoracolumbar division even though its ganglia extend from the cervical region to the sacral region?

the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

If you had to design a clinical test for a patient suffering from a possible autonomic neuropathy (damage of autonomic nerves), what is something you could do?

You could turn up the heat in the room and check to see whether the patient begins to sweat.

are located in blood vessels, visceral organs, and muscles.

Interoceptors or visceroceptors

Which of the following is not

An increase of one decibel represents a one-fold increase in sound intensity.

inhibit or slow down the target cell's response by blocking the neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor.

Antagonists

Which of the follwoing is not true about the auditory pathway?

Axons from the superior olivary nuclei ascend to the midbrain, where they terminate in the superior colliculi.

On which receptor can ACh cause an excitatory or an inhibitory response?

C

During neural development, failure of the neural folds to elevate and form a neural tube would result in compromised anatomy of the

CNS

Sensation and perception only occur in the

CNS

The ________ plexus contains two large celiac ganglia, two aorticorenal ganglia, and a dense network of autonomic axons. It is the largest autonomic plexus.

Celiac

Gustatory receptor cells are the first-order neurons of the gustatory pathway.

False

The impact of motor information at A would be to reduce stroke volume and intensity of the heart.

False

Which of the following is a correct pathway for the flow of tears?

Lacrimal gland -- lacrimal ducts -- lacrimal canal -- lacrimal sac -- nasolacrimal duct -- nasal cavity

Blood-borne epinephrine and norepinephrine are destroyed by enzymes in the

Liver

Which receptor type is named after a mushroom poison that mimics the actions of ACh?

Muscarinic

The myelinated axons that conduct action potential from lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus to the primary visual areas of the cerebral cortex.

Optic radiation

The only skeletal muscles in the body which do not have muscles spindles are the middle ear muscles.

TRUE

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The result of autonomic motor neuron stimulation is always excitatory to effectors.

Why can sympathetic responses affect the entire body?

The preganglionic neurons participate in divergence.

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by the

posterior and lateral parts of the hypothalamus

The gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are associated with the

posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

Migrating crest cells give rise to

postganglionic motor neurons

The gray ramus of the rami communicantes contains the axon of a

postganglionic neuron

Where are integral membrane proteins located for acetylcholine?

postganglionic neurons cell membrane

The olfactory cortex where conscious awareness of smell occurs is the

primary olfactory area

How do basal cells contribute to olfaction?

produce new olfactory receptors

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

produces and drains tears

Receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear are called

proprioceptors

What is the correct order of components for passage of nerve impulses over an autonomic reflex arc? (from left to right)

receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, preganglionic motor neuron, postganglionic motor neuron, effector

Most thoracic, abdominopelvic, and retroperitoneal organs have _____________ and, therefore, can be excited by one autonomic division and inhibited by the other division resulting in negative feedback. The kidneys and suprarenal glands are exceptions to this generalization.

reciprocal innervation dual innervation

These cells of the retina form the fibers of the optic nerve and the beginning of the visual pathway.

retinal ganglion cells

Most second-order sensory neurons synapse with third -order neurons in

the thalamus

Which of the following is INCORRECT about preganglionic neurons?

unmyelinated axon

What is the name of the structure labeled with the arrow?

utricle

Your sense of static equilibrium is associated with which part of the ear?

utricle and saccule

These structures form an inverted v-shaped row at the back of the tongue.

vallate papillae

Which named papillae occupy the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

vallate papillae

In the figure shown, what structure is indicated? HINT: This structure contains myelinated axons.

white ramus communicans

The effects of the parasympathetic nervous stimulation. (select all that apply)

~ Salivation ~ Constriction of air pathways ~ Urination -Lipogenesis in the adipocytes