Ch 19 blood vessels

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4. elastic arteries 7. muscular arteries 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 1. venules 5. medium veins 6. large veins

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States.

50

Which of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation?

- blood flow through tissues meets the demand for oxygen - blood flow changes to match tissue responses - changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure - blood flow through tissues meets the demand for nutrients

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

- decreased plasma albumen - increased blood hydrostatic pressure

Veins of the upper arm include the ________ vein(s).

-basili -cephalic -brachial

Branches off the aortic arch include the

-brachiocephalic trunk. -left subclavian artery. -left common carotid artery.

Materials can move across capillary walls by

-diffusion. -filtration. -reabsorption.

Arteriosclerosis can lead to

-hypertension. -stroke -coronary artery disease.

In response to hemorrhage, there is

-peripheral vasoconstriction. -mobilization of the venous reserve.

Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery?

0.4 cm

Near the carotid sinus,

the common carotid divides into an internal and an external branch.

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

tunica intima

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media.

The brachial artery branches to form the radial and ________ arteries.

ulnar

These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins.

The thoroughfare channel ends at the

venule.

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

venules

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules.

Elderly individuals are more prone than are younger individuals to have all of the following, except A) hypertension. B) venous thrombosis. C) increased elasticity of vessel walls. D) problems with the conducting system of the heart. E) arteriosclerosis.

C) increased elasticity of vessel walls.

During exercise A) vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles. B) venous return increases. C) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. D) all of the above E) A and C only

D) all of the above

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane.

Blood from the brain returns to the heart through the ________ vein.

internal jugular

The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n)

large vein.

Major branches of the subclavian artery include the ________ artery(ies).

lateral thoracic

Pulmonary veins carry blood to the

left atrium.

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs.

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?

muscular

Branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following, except the ________ arteries.

basilar

The two vertebral arteries fuse to form a large artery, the

basilar artery.

After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery.

brachial

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form the ________ vein.

brachial

The vein that is formed from the fusion of the subclavian with the internal and external jugulars is the ________ vein.

brachiocephalic

The superior sagittal sinus collects blood from the

brain.

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries.

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations?

capillary

RBCs move single file through this structure.

capillary

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the

capillary hydrostatic pressure.

The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the

cerebral arterial circle.

Venous valves are responsible for

channeling blood toward the heart.

Which of the following obeys the rule that arteries carry blood away from the heart?

common carotid artery

Near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form the ________ arteries.

common iliac

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins.

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaries.

The ________ divides the aorta into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta.

diaphragm

Blood from capillaries on the superior surface of the foot drain into a(n)

dorsal venous arch.

Veins of the brain empty into

dural sinuses.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is:

epinephrine.

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output.

equal to

Blood pressure is determined by

estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the

external elastic membrane.

The ________ vein is formed by the fusion of the greater saphenous vein, femoral vein, and deep femoral vein.

external iliac

When the popliteal vein reaches the femur, it becomes the ________ vein.

femoral

The external iliac artery branches to form the ________ arteries.

femoral and deep femoral

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called

fenestrated capillaries.

Branches of the popliteal artery include the

fibular artery.

Compared to arteries, veins

have thinner walls.

Nutrients from the digestive tract enter the

hepatic portal vein.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased

parasympathetic innervation.

At the knee, the femoral artery becomes the ________ artery.

popliteal

At the knee, the small saphenous, tibial, and fibular veins unite to form the ________ vein.

popliteal

The smallest arterial branches are called the

precapillary arterioles.

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the

precapillary sphincter.

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Which of the following is a deep vein of the forearm?

radial

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Blood from the dorsal venous arch is drained by the ________ vein(s).

small saphenous

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?

stroke

At the level of the first rib, the axillary vein becomes the ________ vein.

subclavian

The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the

superior vena cava.

The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the

superior vena cava.

Which vessel is known as a resistance vessel?

arteriole

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the

arteriole.

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

arterioles dilate.

Blood pressure is highest here.

artery

After passing the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the ________ artery.

axillary

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except A) increased hematocrit. B) increased vessel diameter. C) increased blood pressure. D) decreased peripheral resistance. E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters.

A) increased hematocrit.

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except A) release of renin. B) decrease in blood volume. C) decreased peripheral resistance. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) increased levels of aldosterone.

A) release of renin.

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following, except A) uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure. B) inhibition of EPO secretion. C) activation of ADH secretion. D) activation of aldosterone secretion. E) increased thirst and water intake.

B) inhibition of EPO secretion.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the A) length of a blood vessel. B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids. C) flow characteristics. D) blood viscosity. E) blood vessel diameter.

B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except A) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. C) the respiratory pump. D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. E) muscular compression.

B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except A) increased levels of aldosterone. B) increased levels of angiotensin II. C) increased blood volume. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space. B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary. C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure. D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement. E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

Elderly individuals usually have A) reduced hematocrits. B) stiff inelastic arteries. C) increased blood pressure. D) decreased cardiac reserve. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A) blood viscosity B) vessel diameter C) turbulence D) vascular resistance E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Each of the following arteries is a component of the cerebral arterial circle, except the A) anterior communicating artery. B) anterior cerebral artery. C) posterior communicating artery. D) posterior cerebral artery. E) basilar artery.

E) basilar artery.

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

E) tunica externa

A vein that measures 5 mm would be considered

a medium vein.

When renin is released from the kidney

angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

Which of these contributes to the formation of the popliteal vein?

anterior and posterior tibial and fibular

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to

arterial pressure.

Elastic fibers in the walls of these vessels are stretched during systole.

arteries

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexly results in

increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Fear can result in

increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.

The two common iliac veins form the

inferior vena cava.

An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery.

internal carotid