CH 2

A family living in England in 1860 was part of the community where district nursing was implemented. Who would most likely have seen this family? a.A social worker and a nurse b.A health teacher and a nurse c.A nurse d.A physician and a nurse

a.A social worker and a nurse

Which of the following best describes the first measures used by large communities to ensure community health? a.Building safe sewage disposal systems b.Healthy food choices and exercise c.Praying to the gods for preservation d.Use of medicine and other herbal remedies

a.Building safe sewage disposal systems

What current emphases are focusing attention on public health? (Select all that apply.) a.Cost containment and managed care models b.Focus on disease prevention and health promotion c.Increased funding for care of chronic diseases d.Liberal politicians encouraging public health as part of a national health reform e.Movies showing national disasters and government lack of preparedness f.Shortage of the H1N1 flu vaccine

a.Cost containment and managed care models b.Focus on disease prevention and health promotion

Which of the following diseases provided immunity to smallpox? a.Cowpox b.Measles c.Mumps d.Scarlet fever

a.Cowpox

Which of the following best describes why folk healers are used by many people? (Select all that apply.) a.Folk healers are often effective. b.Folk healers do not charge for their efforts. c.Folk healers integrate religion and medicine. d.Folk healers use media very effectively. e.Folk healers may involve the whole family. f.Many physicians recommend folk healers.

a.Folk healers are often effective. c.Folk healers integrate religion and medicine e.Folk healers may involve the whole family.

Which of the following were the chief factors that led to the creation and growth of Blue Cross hospital insurance? (Select all that apply.) a.Hospitals banded together, and their leaders encouraged such plans. b.Hospitals thought such a plan would allow them to expand further and faster. c.It was an employer alternative to increasing employee pay compensation. d.Nurses fought for the right of all citizens to purchase insurance as desired. e.Physicians were concerned with nonpayment of their office fees. f.Politicians encouraged this alternative to government-supported health care.

a.Hospitals banded together, and their leaders encouraged such plans. c.It was an employer alternative to increasing employee pay compensation.

Which of the following best describes the district nursing service created in the United States by Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster? a.House on Henry Street b.Visiting Nurses Association c.New York City District Nursing Service d.Wald and Brewster Nursing Service

a.House on Henry Street

Which of the following interventions was the first step in controlling the incidence of tuberculosis (TB)? a.Institutions were required to report TB cases. b.Federal funding was devoted to seeking TB causes and cures. c.Physicians began surveillance of TB cases. d.States built large public hospitals to treat patients with TB.

a.Institutions were required to report TB cases.

Which of the following best describes how John Snow was able to decrease deaths from cholera? a.Removed a source of contaminated water b.Created the world's first antibiotic c.Encouraged the new process of vaccination d.Helped pass laws that required home quarantine

a.Removed a source of contaminated water

Which of the following statements best summarizes Wald and Brewster's approach to home nursing? a."All services all the time" b."Helping people to help themselves" c."One person, one family, at a time" d."Your home or ours"

b."Helping people to help themselves"

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of health care efforts in the United States? a.Acute illnesses and trauma b.Chronic diseases c.Diarrhea and starvation d.Infectious diseases

b.Chronic diseases

A nurse has determined that there is always a consistent level of people in the population who experience pneumonia. Which of the following best describes the prevalence of this disease? a.Prevalent b.Endemic c.Epidemic d.Pandemic

b.Endemic

Which of the following statements best summarizes the view of nurses as seen in novels over the past 100 years? a.Nurses are and have always been seen as very strong intelligent women. b.For the past 50 years, nurses were primarily viewed as promiscuous women. c.Nurses are controlling, almost sadistic women who enjoy their power over patients. d.Nurses are obedient handmaidens to physicians, following whatever orders are given.

b.For the past 50 years, nurses were primarily viewed as promiscuous women.

Which of the following interventions was most helpful in assisting people become educated on healthful living in nineteenth-century England? a.Brochures were distributed without charge in public places. b.Health visitors joined nurses in providing care in the homes. c.Nurses spent the majority of their time teaching families. d.Schools set up health programs for neighborhood adults.

b.Health visitors joined nurses in providing care in the homes.

Which of the following nursing interventions would have most likely been used by Florence Nightingale when treating wounded soldiers? a.Establishing private visits with spouses b.Improving food, clothing, and cleanliness c.Administering intravenous medications d.Completing a community assessment of the army hospital

b.Improving food, clothing, and cleanliness

Which of the following statements best describes the increase in life expectancy among Americans during the twentieth century? a.Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to advances in medical technology. b.Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to public health efforts. c.Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to improved physician education. d.Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to increased access to care.

b.Life expectancy increased by 30 years; the majority can be attributed to public health efforts.

Which of the following statements best explains the continued incidence of infectious disease in the United States today? a.Illness theory explains that there are many causes of illness resulting from environmental conditions. b.No single theory adequately explains why a particular person gets a particular illness at a particular time. c.The germ theory explains that a specific infection is caused solely by the invasion of particular bacteria. d.The theory of susceptibility states that an individual only gets ill when there is extensive stress in his or her life.

b.No single theory adequately explains why a particular person gets a particular illness at a particular time.

Which of the following best describes how Nightingale responded to challenges about her suggestions for reform of health care? a.She influenced male friends as political leaders to publicize her ideas. b.She conveyed her statistical data in more detail and depth, and shared it with political leaders. c.She encouraged those who challenged her to come up with more acceptable approaches to lowering the death rate. d.She understood their concerns and tried to word her suggestions in a more politically acceptable way.

b.She conveyed her statistical data in more detail and depth, and shared it with political leaders.

Which of the following scientific beliefs or ideas eventually changed medical practice and decreased morbidity and mortality? a.Bad fluids cause disease, which can be cured by their removal. b.Specific contagious organisms cause disease. c.Spontaneous generation theory—disease grows naturally. d.The miasmic theory—environmental conditions cause disease

b.Specific contagious organisms cause disease.

Which of the following of Nightingale's ideas were forgotten until recently? (Select all that apply.) a.The need for education for women b.The influence of environment on health c.The importance of clinical practice for expertise to develop d.The need to recognize gender role limitations e.The problem-solving (nursing) process f.The use of statistics and a sound research base

b.The influence of environment on health f.The use of statistics and a sound research base

When comparing a surgeon today with a surgeon of Nightingale's time, which of the following best describes the primary difference in how they would operate on a patient? a.Current physicians have better surgical equipment (tools). b.Current physicians have nursing support staff in the operating room. c.Current physicians would carefully scrub between cases. d.Current physicians would prescribe antibiotics in the operating room to avoid possible infections.

c.Current physicians would carefully scrub between cases.

Which of the following best describes the achievement that Lemuel Shattuck is well known for in the United States? a.Publishing the census of Boston, which demonstrated the effect of sanitary reforms b.Demonstrating the usefulness of vital statistics by analyzing environmental data c.Developing ideas about public health care reform, which were eventually adopted d.Establishing a state board of health to deal with the problems he had noted

c.Developing ideas about public health care reform, which were eventually adopted

Which of the following best describes an innovation introduced by the Romans? a.Citizenship duties b.Daily street cleaning c.Hospitals and nursing homes d.Daily exercise

c.Hospitals and nursing homes

Which of the following best describes the primary concern both historically and today for many people when they become ill? a.Can they get an appointment to see their physician in a timely fashion? b.Can they get admitted to their local hospital without delay? c.How can they afford to take time off from work and lose pay to be ill? d.Will the expenses be covered by their health insurance?

c.How can they afford to take time off from work and lose pay to be ill?

Which of the following best describes a modern public health practice that was originally developed as a means of self-protection from the Black Death (bubonic plague)? a.Care in a hospital b.Chemical intervention c.Isolation and quarantine d.Herbal remedies

c.Isolation and quarantine

Which of the following tool(s) were used by Florence Nightingale to create change? (Select all that apply.) a.Her incredible beauty and personality b.Influence of all the nurses Nightingale trained c.Political advocacy d.Publication of treated soldiers' death rate changed from 42% to 2% e.Use of statistics to demonstrate the effectiveness of her interventions f.Wealth of her family and relatives

c.Political advocacy d.Publication of treated soldiers' death rate changed from 42% to 2% e.Use of statistics to demonstrate the effectiveness of her interventions

A scholar during the Sanitary Revolution created medical topographies. What was the advantage of these surveys? a.Citizens knew which wells were safe to use for drinking water. b.People knew what housing areas to avoid. c.Results demonstrated environmental factors related to regional disease. d.The king could isolate areas of disease from safe areas.

c.Results demonstrated environmental factors related to regional disease.

How did Edwin Chadwick's ideas help decrease disease in the nineteenth century? a.The minimum wage was increased leading to improved quality of life. b.Parish workhouses where poverty-level children labored for their room and board were closed. c.Social reform legislation resulted in changes such as sidewalks. d.The new emphasis on individual responsibility encouraged people to act to protect their own health.

c.Social reform legislation resulted in changes such as sidewalks.

Why did local and state governments start to become more involved in controlling disease? a.Hospitals were becoming overcrowded. b.Businesses were unable to make a profit when employees were ill. c.Physicians demanded government support in their individual efforts. d.Citizens were becoming upset with local conditions

d.Citizens were becoming upset with local conditions

Which of the following best describes the overall result of Abraham Flexner's report? a.All medical schools reorganized into the German model. b.Citizens were encouraged to become more involved in medical education. c.Folk healers again became more widely used than physicians. d.Funding was withdrawn from weak medical schools.

d.Funding was withdrawn from weak medical schools.

Which of the following statements best describes why there is an increased need for advanced practice nurses in primary care? a.Clinics are being built in many middle-class neighborhoods. b.Hospitals are increasing their number of beds. c.More nurses are choosing to obtain master's degrees. d.Most physicians are specialists.

d.Most physicians are specialists.

Which of the following is a major challenge for health care provider education today? a.Ensuring that research findings related to families and groups are included in the curriculum b.Expanding the curriculum to allow additional experiences in community health settings outside the hospital c.Increasing course emphasis on environmental influences on health d.Refocusing the curriculum from care of the individual to needs of aggregates

d.Refocusing the curriculum from care of the individual to needs of aggregates

Which of the following did Lillian Wald help establish? a.Child employment centers with shortened work days b.Daycare centers for preschool-aged children c.Nurseries for infants of working mothers d.School health nursing for school-aged children

d.School health nursing for school-aged children

Which of the following groups was primarily responsible for the establishment of the first school of public health? a.The American Medical Association b.The Association of State Departments of Public Health c.The federal government d.The Rockefeller Foundation

d.The Rockefeller Foundation

Which of the following best describes the time period when communities began to agree on collective action to stay healthy? a.When industrialization occurred b.When large urban centers began to develop and the population expanded c.When people gathered together to settle in villages d.When people were nomads engaged in hunting and gathering

d.When people were nomads engaged in hunting and gathering