Ch 2. Chemical Level of Organization - Dr. Deva Joseph
Rule of Eight or Octet Rule
"Key to chemical reactivity". Atoms attempting to become inert, stable or non-active.
Conservation of Mass
"Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction"
Oligosaccharide
2 to 10 monosaccharides NOT involved in energy production. Antigens or markers that determine blood type.
Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal
3 types of RNA
-Carbohydrates -Lipids (Fats) -Proteins -Nucleic Acids
4 types of Organic Compounds
Polar covalent bonds
A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds
nucleic acids
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
has both polar and nonpolar regions
A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution
Salt
A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer
Salt
A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.
Decomposition
AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction.
-Body: 60% 40L -Intracellular: 40% 25L -Extracellular: 20% 15L (-Interstitial Fluid: 80% 12L -Plasma: 20% 3L)
Approximate percentages and Liters of water in the human body, Extracellular (plasma and interstitial fluid), Intracellular.
hexose monosaccharide
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
Organic
CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal
blood plasma (as bicarbonate ion) and hemoglobin (as carbinohemoglobin)
Carbon Dioxide primarily removed in
saliva contains enzymes
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes
Lipids (fats)
Class of nonpolar organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and some oxygen and phosphorous. Distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water. Ex. Meats, eggs yolks, milk products, fish oil, nuts, seeds. Yields more heat and energy than carbohydrates.
21% Oxygen 78% Nitrogen 1% Other
Composition of Air
Electrolyte
Compound formed by ionic bonds that release ions when in a solution. (Ex. NaCl, KCl, acids and bases)
Acid
Compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
Solute
Dissolved substance in a mixture
Solvent
Dissolving substance in a mixture
Hemoglobin
Enables red blood cells to carry O2
Essential fatty acids
Essential for optimal human growth
Structural Proteins
Exceptionally stable and provide strength. Found in keratin and collagen for bones, hair, nails, tendons and ligaments. Appear like a strand of twined rope.
Acidosis and death
Excess removal of CO2 can cause
-Increase Temperature -Increase Concentration of reacting particles -Decrease Particle Size -Presence of Catalyst
Factors influencing the rate of chemical reaction
Hormones
Function Examples: Insulin - enables cells to take in glucose, lowers blood glucose level. Growth Hormone - increases protein synthesis and cell division.
Enzymes
Function examples: Catalyzes reactions: synthesis, decomposition, energy production, cellular reproduction.
Globular Proteins
Functional, compact, spherical, mobile. Make up antibodies, hormones and enzymes. Appear like a tangled ball.
Water, CO2 and ATP
Glucose and Oxygen exchange reaction to produce
Polypeptide
Greater than 50 amino acids
23 pairs, 46 total.
How many chromosomes and pairs of chromosomes
double helix
In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.
Suspension
Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolatechip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension
Unsaturated fat
Lipid that is liquid at room temperature
Saturated fat
Lipid that is solid at room temperature
1 - 2 2 - 8 3 - 18 4 - 32
Max number of electrons per electron shell
0
Most acidic pH range
14
Most basic or alkalosis pH range
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer
Most powerful extracellular buffer in the body. Works with respiratory and urinary system. Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in the blood in a 20:1 ratio if the blood pH is within the normal range.
Myosin and Actin
Muscle structure and contraction. Part of cytoskeleton-gives shape to cells and permits movement.
Two
Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Nitrogenous Bases involved in DNA
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Nitrogenous Bases involved in RNA
7.35 to 7.45
Normal Blood pH range
More than 80 neutrons each
On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________.
Hydrolysis
Polymers break down into monomers through addition of water molecules.
Antibodies
Produced by lymphocytes; identify pathogens for destruction.
7
Pure Water on the pH range
Myoglobin
Stores O2 in muscle cells
specificity
The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty
Pyrimidines
The bases cytosine, thymine and uracil are classified as _______. A) Purines B) Pyrimidines
synthesis
The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange
Protons
The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________.
potential energy
The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy
Purines
The nitrogen-containing bases adenine and guanine are classified as ________. A) Purines B) Pyrimidines
Atom
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Together, just four elements make up more than 96% of the body's mass. These include ________.
Iron
Trace element: Part of hemoglobin, transports O2. Part of myoglobin in muscles, stores O2. Part of mitochondria in cells, necessary for cell respiration.
Iodine
Trace element: Part of thyroid hormone, essential for normal mental and physical development.
Calcium
Trace element: Provides strength in bones and teeth. Necessary for blood clotting. Necessary for muscle contraction.
Phosphorous.
Trace element: Provides strength in bones and teeth. Part of DNA, RNA and ATP. Part of cell membranes in phospholipids.
Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.
Ty is three years old and as a result of a stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range
Hexose or 6-carbon sugar
Type of monosaccharide involved in energy production. Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose, pectins, gums, flaxseed, honey
Pentose or 5-carbon sugar
Type of monosaccharide that is NOT involved in energy production. Ex. deoxyribose, ribose. Structural component of nucleic acid.
Trans Fats
Unsaturated fats that are changed to saturated fats in packaged foods. Contribute to artherosclerosis.
all of the above
Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above
Sugar, phosphate
Walls of nucleotides consists of alternating _______ and ________.
glucose
What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol
Ion or Cation
When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes?
Aqueous Solution
When water is the solvent in a mixture
hydrogen and hydrogen
Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium
amino
Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
H2
Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+
sodium ions and chloride ions
Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells
Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.
Strong
_______ acids lose all protons. Ex. Hydrochloric acid
Weak
_______ acids lose less protons. Ex. Acetic or carbonic acid
Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
Phospholipid
a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride. Structural component of cells.
Activation Enegry
amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed
Electron Shell
area of space a given distance from an atom's nucleus in which electrons are grouped
Anion
atom with a negative charge due to gaining electrons
Cation
atom with a positive charge due to losing electrons.
Ion
atom with an overall positive or negative charge
Ionic Bond
attraction between an anion and a cation, Transfers electrons.
Peptide Bond
bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids
Amino Acid
building block of proteins
Denaturation
change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means
Covalent Bond
chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells. Stronger of the 3 chemical bonds.
Carbohydrate
class of organic compounds built from sugars/starches, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio. Primary source of energy in cell respiration.
Nucleic Acid
class of organic compounds composed of nucleotides. Made up of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base.
Protein
class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. 50% of human body's organic matter. Contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.
Polysaccharide
compound consisting of more than ten carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis. Rich source of energy. (ex. Starch, Glycogen, cellulose.)
Base
compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
deoxyribose-containing 2 strands of nucleotide that stores genetic information. Located in the nucleus of human cells, except mature red blood cells.
Hydrogen Bond
dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom. Weakest of the 3 chemical bonds.
kinetic energy
energy that matter possesses because of its motion
Chemical Energy
form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken
Proton
heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom's nucleus
Neutron
heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus
Solution
homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent
Triglyceride
lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains. Source of stored and usable energy.
Steroid
lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules. Most important example is Cholesterol.
suspension
liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time
Colloid
liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light
Monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar.
pH
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution
Purine
nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine
nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
nucleotide containing ribose sugar, an adenine base and 3 phosphates. Broken phosphate bonds releases energy.
Concentration
number of particles within a given space
Atomic Number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Isotope
one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other
Product
one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction
Reactant
one or more substances that enter into the reaction
Valance Shell
outermost electron shell of an atom
10 or 10-fold
pH ranges based in units of
Disaccharide
pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond. Ex. Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose. Digests into monosaccharides. Involved in energy production.
Matter
physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass
Enzyme
protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions without need for external energy. Reusable.
Dehydration Synthesis
removal of an H atom from a monomer and a OH from the monomer; thereby releasing a water molecule.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribose-containing single strand nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein. Performs work in the cytoplasm.
Atom
smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element
Buffer
solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids
Potential Energy
stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components
Electron
subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom's nucleus
Compound
substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Element
substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means
Organic Compound
substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic Compound
substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (except CO, CO2, and CO3)
Catalyst
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process
Atomic Mass
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Molecule
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
Synthesis Reaction
type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule. Requires the use of energy.
Decomposition Reaction
type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms. Potential Energy is released.
Exchange Reaction
type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components
Radioactive isotope
unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays