Ch 2. Chemical Level of Organization - Dr. Deva Joseph

Rule of Eight or Octet Rule

"Key to chemical reactivity". Atoms attempting to become inert, stable or non-active.

Conservation of Mass

"Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction"

Oligosaccharide

2 to 10 monosaccharides NOT involved in energy production. Antigens or markers that determine blood type.

Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal

3 types of RNA

-Carbohydrates -Lipids (Fats) -Proteins -Nucleic Acids

4 types of Organic Compounds

Polar covalent bonds

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds

nucleic acids

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

has both polar and nonpolar regions

A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

Salt

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer

Salt

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.

Decomposition

AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction.

-Body: 60% 40L -Intracellular: 40% 25L -Extracellular: 20% 15L (-Interstitial Fluid: 80% 12L -Plasma: 20% 3L)

Approximate percentages and Liters of water in the human body, Extracellular (plasma and interstitial fluid), Intracellular.

hexose monosaccharide

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

Organic

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal

blood plasma (as bicarbonate ion) and hemoglobin (as carbinohemoglobin)

Carbon Dioxide primarily removed in

saliva contains enzymes

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes

Lipids (fats)

Class of nonpolar organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and some oxygen and phosphorous. Distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water. Ex. Meats, eggs yolks, milk products, fish oil, nuts, seeds. Yields more heat and energy than carbohydrates.

21% Oxygen 78% Nitrogen 1% Other

Composition of Air

Electrolyte

Compound formed by ionic bonds that release ions when in a solution. (Ex. NaCl, KCl, acids and bases)

Acid

Compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Solute

Dissolved substance in a mixture

Solvent

Dissolving substance in a mixture

Hemoglobin

Enables red blood cells to carry O2

Essential fatty acids

Essential for optimal human growth

Structural Proteins

Exceptionally stable and provide strength. Found in keratin and collagen for bones, hair, nails, tendons and ligaments. Appear like a strand of twined rope.

Acidosis and death

Excess removal of CO2 can cause

-Increase Temperature -Increase Concentration of reacting particles -Decrease Particle Size -Presence of Catalyst

Factors influencing the rate of chemical reaction

Hormones

Function Examples: Insulin - enables cells to take in glucose, lowers blood glucose level. Growth Hormone - increases protein synthesis and cell division.

Enzymes

Function examples: Catalyzes reactions: synthesis, decomposition, energy production, cellular reproduction.

Globular Proteins

Functional, compact, spherical, mobile. Make up antibodies, hormones and enzymes. Appear like a tangled ball.

Water, CO2 and ATP

Glucose and Oxygen exchange reaction to produce

Polypeptide

Greater than 50 amino acids

23 pairs, 46 total.

How many chromosomes and pairs of chromosomes

double helix

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.

Suspension

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolatechip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension

Unsaturated fat

Lipid that is liquid at room temperature

Saturated fat

Lipid that is solid at room temperature

1 - 2 2 - 8 3 - 18 4 - 32

Max number of electrons per electron shell

0

Most acidic pH range

14

Most basic or alkalosis pH range

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

Most powerful extracellular buffer in the body. Works with respiratory and urinary system. Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in the blood in a 20:1 ratio if the blood pH is within the normal range.

Myosin and Actin

Muscle structure and contraction. Part of cytoskeleton-gives shape to cells and permits movement.

Two

Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Nitrogenous Bases involved in DNA

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Nitrogenous Bases involved in RNA

7.35 to 7.45

Normal Blood pH range

More than 80 neutrons each

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________.

Hydrolysis

Polymers break down into monomers through addition of water molecules.

Antibodies

Produced by lymphocytes; identify pathogens for destruction.

7

Pure Water on the pH range

Myoglobin

Stores O2 in muscle cells

specificity

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty

Pyrimidines

The bases cytosine, thymine and uracil are classified as _______. A) Purines B) Pyrimidines

synthesis

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange

Protons

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________.

potential energy

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy

Purines

The nitrogen-containing bases adenine and guanine are classified as ________. A) Purines B) Pyrimidines

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________.

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Together, just four elements make up more than 96% of the body's mass. These include ________.

Iron

Trace element: Part of hemoglobin, transports O2. Part of myoglobin in muscles, stores O2. Part of mitochondria in cells, necessary for cell respiration.

Iodine

Trace element: Part of thyroid hormone, essential for normal mental and physical development.

Calcium

Trace element: Provides strength in bones and teeth. Necessary for blood clotting. Necessary for muscle contraction.

Phosphorous.

Trace element: Provides strength in bones and teeth. Part of DNA, RNA and ATP. Part of cell membranes in phospholipids.

Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.

Ty is three years old and as a result of a stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range

Hexose or 6-carbon sugar

Type of monosaccharide involved in energy production. Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose, pectins, gums, flaxseed, honey

Pentose or 5-carbon sugar

Type of monosaccharide that is NOT involved in energy production. Ex. deoxyribose, ribose. Structural component of nucleic acid.

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats that are changed to saturated fats in packaged foods. Contribute to artherosclerosis.

all of the above

Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above

Sugar, phosphate

Walls of nucleotides consists of alternating _______ and ________.

glucose

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol

Ion or Cation

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes?

Aqueous Solution

When water is the solvent in a mixture

hydrogen and hydrogen

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium

amino

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

H2

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+

sodium ions and chloride ions

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

Strong

_______ acids lose all protons. Ex. Hydrochloric acid

Weak

_______ acids lose less protons. Ex. Acetic or carbonic acid

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Phospholipid

a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride. Structural component of cells.

Activation Enegry

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

Electron Shell

area of space a given distance from an atom's nucleus in which electrons are grouped

Anion

atom with a negative charge due to gaining electrons

Cation

atom with a positive charge due to losing electrons.

Ion

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

Ionic Bond

attraction between an anion and a cation, Transfers electrons.

Peptide Bond

bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

Amino Acid

building block of proteins

Denaturation

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

Covalent Bond

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells. Stronger of the 3 chemical bonds.

Carbohydrate

class of organic compounds built from sugars/starches, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio. Primary source of energy in cell respiration.

Nucleic Acid

class of organic compounds composed of nucleotides. Made up of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base.

Protein

class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. 50% of human body's organic matter. Contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.

Polysaccharide

compound consisting of more than ten carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis. Rich source of energy. (ex. Starch, Glycogen, cellulose.)

Base

compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

deoxyribose-containing 2 strands of nucleotide that stores genetic information. Located in the nucleus of human cells, except mature red blood cells.

Hydrogen Bond

dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom. Weakest of the 3 chemical bonds.

kinetic energy

energy that matter possesses because of its motion

Chemical Energy

form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken

Proton

heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom's nucleus

Neutron

heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus

Solution

homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

Triglyceride

lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains. Source of stored and usable energy.

Steroid

lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules. Most important example is Cholesterol.

suspension

liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time

Colloid

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

Monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar.

pH

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

Purine

nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

Pyrimidine

nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

nucleotide containing ribose sugar, an adenine base and 3 phosphates. Broken phosphate bonds releases energy.

Concentration

number of particles within a given space

Atomic Number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Isotope

one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

Product

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

Reactant

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

Valance Shell

outermost electron shell of an atom

10 or 10-fold

pH ranges based in units of

Disaccharide

pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond. Ex. Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose. Digests into monosaccharides. Involved in energy production.

Matter

physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass

Enzyme

protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions without need for external energy. Reusable.

Dehydration Synthesis

removal of an H atom from a monomer and a OH from the monomer; thereby releasing a water molecule.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

ribose-containing single strand nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein. Performs work in the cytoplasm.

Atom

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

Buffer

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

Potential Energy

stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

Electron

subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom's nucleus

Compound

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Element

substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

Organic Compound

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic Compound

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (except CO, CO2, and CO3)

Catalyst

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

Atomic Mass

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Molecule

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

Synthesis Reaction

type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule. Requires the use of energy.

Decomposition Reaction

type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms. Potential Energy is released.

Exchange Reaction

type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components

Radioactive isotope

unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays