Ch. 20

Posture

Body positions maintained by muscle contractions; examples are standing and sitting.

Aponeurosis

Broad flat tendon.

Aponeurosis

Broad, flat tendon.

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers.

Sarcolemma

Cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers.

H zone

Center of the sarcomere and contains only myosin.

Describe Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)

Characterized by tenderness in localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, fatigue, non-refreshing sleep, and mood problems.

fibromyalgia syndrome

Characterized by tenderness in localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, fatigue, nonrefreshing sleep, and mood problems.

Describe Epicondylitis

Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone, often an epicondyle.

Describe Tendinitis

Inflammation of tendons.

Describe Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the synovial sheath surrounding the tendon.

Describe De Quervain Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths located in the radial side of the wrist.

Whiplash

Is a strain of the cervical spine, most commonly at the junction of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. It may also involve upper and lower cervical segments.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Main source of energy for muscle contraction.

Torticollis

A group of disorders involving spasms of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This condition is often unilateral, a tilt and rotation of the head are noted (also called wry neck).

Motor unit

A single motor neuron and all associated muscle fibers.

Motor Unit

A single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.

Class 1

Add later

Class 2

Add later

Class 3

Most common lever arrangement in the body - the load at one end, the pull in the middle, and the fulcrum at the opposite end.

Sarcomere

Basic unit of muscle contraction.

Physiology of the muscular system

Movement, posture maintenance, moving substances, producing heat.

Sarcoplasm

Muscle cell cytoplasm.

Sarcolemma

Muscle cell membrane.

Excitability

Muscle fiber property enabling it to receive and respond to a stimulus

Type 1

Muscle fibers containing large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria; also called red muscle

Type 2

Muscle fibers containing less myoglobin and mitochondria and fewer blood capillaries than type 1.

Synergists

Muscles that assist prime movers by performing the same movement at the same time.

Circular muscles

Muscles that have a rounded fiber arrangement.

Sarcomeres

Muscles' contractile units that are located within the myofibrils.

Motor neuron

Neuron sending impulses to muscle cells.

Describe Strain

Occurs when a muscle or its tendons become overstretched or torn (also called pulled muscle).

Describe Shin Splints

Pain along the medial tibia (also called medial tibial stress syndrome).

Describe Tension Headaches

Pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck from tension.

Actin

Part of a muscle cell's thin myofilament.

Describe Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Patellar tendinitis at the tibial tuberosity in immature bone.

Agonist

Prime mover or muscle causing the desired action.

Acetylcholine

Principal neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

All-Or-None Law

Principle stating when a muscle fiber receives a stimulus to contract, it either will contract to its fullest ability or it will not contract at all.

Recruitment

Process of motor unit activation based on need.

Acetylcholine

The principal neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

Extensibility

The property that describes the muscle fibers' ability to lengthen.

Reticula

The retaining bands of connective tissue found around elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists.

Describe Myofascial Syndrome

Characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points and muscular pain.

Describe Plantar Fasciitis

Chronic inflammation of the plantar fascia.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Compound needed for muscle contraction.

Epimysium

Connective tissue layer around an entire muscle.

Tendon

Cordlike structure anchoring muscle to bone.

Describe Tendinosis

Degeneration of a tendon.

Shin Splints

Describes pain along the medial tibia.

Z lines

Ends of the sarcomere.

Actin and Myosin

Examples of myofilaments.

Characteristics of muscle cells

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

Motor end plate

Folded sections of the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction.

Thin Filaments

Structures made up of protein called actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.

Muscle fibers

Synonymous with muscle cells.

Isometric

Tendinous attachment on the less moveable bone during muscle contraction.

Origin

Tendinous attachment on the less moveable bone during muscle contraction.

Insertion

Tendinous attachment on the more movable bone during muscle contraction.

Muscle Fibers

Term synonymous with muscle cells.

Pennate

Term to describe a muscle with fibers emerging diagonally from one or more central tendon.

Antagonist

Term used to describe the muscle that lengthens while prime movers and their synergist contract and shorten to produce the desired action.

Tendons

The cordlike connective tissue structure that attaches muscle to bone.

Origin

The tendinous attachments on the less movable bone or bone that is more stable during muscle contraction.

Myosin

Thick filaments located in the center of the sarcomere.

Myosin

Thick myofilament.

Isotonic

Type of contraction in which muscle length changes.