Ch. 20
Posture
Body positions maintained by muscle contractions; examples are standing and sitting.
Aponeurosis
Broad flat tendon.
Aponeurosis
Broad, flat tendon.
Fascicle
Bundle of muscle fibers.
Sarcolemma
Cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers.
H zone
Center of the sarcomere and contains only myosin.
Describe Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)
Characterized by tenderness in localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, fatigue, non-refreshing sleep, and mood problems.
fibromyalgia syndrome
Characterized by tenderness in localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, fatigue, nonrefreshing sleep, and mood problems.
Describe Epicondylitis
Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone, often an epicondyle.
Describe Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons.
Describe Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial sheath surrounding the tendon.
Describe De Quervain Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the tendon sheaths located in the radial side of the wrist.
Whiplash
Is a strain of the cervical spine, most commonly at the junction of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. It may also involve upper and lower cervical segments.
Adenosine Triphosphate
Main source of energy for muscle contraction.
Torticollis
A group of disorders involving spasms of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This condition is often unilateral, a tilt and rotation of the head are noted (also called wry neck).
Motor unit
A single motor neuron and all associated muscle fibers.
Motor Unit
A single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.
Class 1
Add later
Class 2
Add later
Class 3
Most common lever arrangement in the body - the load at one end, the pull in the middle, and the fulcrum at the opposite end.
Sarcomere
Basic unit of muscle contraction.
Physiology of the muscular system
Movement, posture maintenance, moving substances, producing heat.
Sarcoplasm
Muscle cell cytoplasm.
Sarcolemma
Muscle cell membrane.
Excitability
Muscle fiber property enabling it to receive and respond to a stimulus
Type 1
Muscle fibers containing large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria; also called red muscle
Type 2
Muscle fibers containing less myoglobin and mitochondria and fewer blood capillaries than type 1.
Synergists
Muscles that assist prime movers by performing the same movement at the same time.
Circular muscles
Muscles that have a rounded fiber arrangement.
Sarcomeres
Muscles' contractile units that are located within the myofibrils.
Motor neuron
Neuron sending impulses to muscle cells.
Describe Strain
Occurs when a muscle or its tendons become overstretched or torn (also called pulled muscle).
Describe Shin Splints
Pain along the medial tibia (also called medial tibial stress syndrome).
Describe Tension Headaches
Pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck from tension.
Actin
Part of a muscle cell's thin myofilament.
Describe Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Patellar tendinitis at the tibial tuberosity in immature bone.
Agonist
Prime mover or muscle causing the desired action.
Acetylcholine
Principal neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.
All-Or-None Law
Principle stating when a muscle fiber receives a stimulus to contract, it either will contract to its fullest ability or it will not contract at all.
Recruitment
Process of motor unit activation based on need.
Acetylcholine
The principal neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.
Extensibility
The property that describes the muscle fibers' ability to lengthen.
Reticula
The retaining bands of connective tissue found around elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists.
Describe Myofascial Syndrome
Characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points and muscular pain.
Describe Plantar Fasciitis
Chronic inflammation of the plantar fascia.
Adenosine Triphosphate
Compound needed for muscle contraction.
Epimysium
Connective tissue layer around an entire muscle.
Tendon
Cordlike structure anchoring muscle to bone.
Describe Tendinosis
Degeneration of a tendon.
Shin Splints
Describes pain along the medial tibia.
Z lines
Ends of the sarcomere.
Actin and Myosin
Examples of myofilaments.
Characteristics of muscle cells
Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
Motor end plate
Folded sections of the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction.
Thin Filaments
Structures made up of protein called actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
Muscle fibers
Synonymous with muscle cells.
Isometric
Tendinous attachment on the less moveable bone during muscle contraction.
Origin
Tendinous attachment on the less moveable bone during muscle contraction.
Insertion
Tendinous attachment on the more movable bone during muscle contraction.
Muscle Fibers
Term synonymous with muscle cells.
Pennate
Term to describe a muscle with fibers emerging diagonally from one or more central tendon.
Antagonist
Term used to describe the muscle that lengthens while prime movers and their synergist contract and shorten to produce the desired action.
Tendons
The cordlike connective tissue structure that attaches muscle to bone.
Origin
The tendinous attachments on the less movable bone or bone that is more stable during muscle contraction.
Myosin
Thick filaments located in the center of the sarcomere.
Myosin
Thick myofilament.
Isotonic
Type of contraction in which muscle length changes.