Ch. 20 - Endocrine System

*The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes ______ different hormones, while the posterior pituitary stores and secretes only ______ different hormones.

7; 2

*The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

*Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

All choices are correct Secreted: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) oxytocin

*Which hormone is secreted by modified cells in the heart wall in response to high blood volume or pressure?

Atriopeptin

*Which are target organs for parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Bone and kidney

*Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets?

C cells Four types of islet cells: alpha, beta, delta, and F cells

*Which of these hormone pairs have antagonistic (opposite) effects?

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

The hormone(s) and enzyme(s) that the kidneys secrete are?

Calcitriol Renin Erythropoietin

Which of the following is the correct effect of stimulation of the endocrine system?

Changes metabolic activity of target cells

*Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by

Chromaffin cells (in adrenal medulla)

*A patient with excessive glucocorticoid levels in the blood is at risk for developing ________________, which is characterized by a redistribution of body fat, among other symptoms.

Cushing syndrome

The kidneys secrete hormones that help with which functions

Electrolyte concentration Red blood cell production Increase in blood volume Increase in blood pressure

Atriopeptin, ANP, from the heart is released in response to which of the following?

Excessive stretch in the atrium

*Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Female: Ovaries Male: Testes

*The hierarchy of endocrine control is analagous to that at a corporation. For example, the "president" of the endocrine system is the

Hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the

Infundibulum

*Which is not secreted by the kidneys?

Inhibin

*Which hormone is likely to be released just after a meal, helping to lower blood glucose levels?

Insulin

*Which is not correct regarding the adrenal medulla?

It consists of clusters of cells called oxyphil cells

*Which is not correct regarding the adrenal cortex?

It consists of four different layers, or zones -> three zones

*Which is not true about the thyroid gland?

It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.

*Which of the following locations has cells containing receptors for antidiuretic hormone?

Kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls

Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin ADH

*Which is not involved in the negative feedback loop regulation of thyroid hormone secretion?

Parafollicular cells

Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?

Parathyroid gland

*Which endocrine gland is small, cone-shaped, and attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus?

Pineal gland

*What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Prepare the body for emergency situations and prolong fight or flight response

Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?

Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

*The thymus gland is located within the mediastinum, ________ to the heart and _______ to the sternum.

Superior, posterior

*Hormones secreted by the thymus gland influence the differentiation, growth, and maturation of

T lymphocytes

The anterior pituitary gland secretes _______ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______.

TSH, TH

*Which is not correct regarding the parathyroid glands?

The parathyroid glands are embedded in the anterior surface of the thyroid gland

*The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

*Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata: produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone

*Which are characteristic of the endocrine system? Select all that are true. a. Target cells have hormone receptors b. Fast reaction time c. Long-lasting effects d. Hormones are released into the bloodstream

a, c, d Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood; Any cell in the body with a receptor for the hormone Relatively slow reaction time: Seconds to minutes to hours Long-lasting: Minutes to days to weeks; may continue after stimulus is removed

*In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

a: Primary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal veins b: Secondary plexus

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.

adenohypophysis

Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ______.

atrial naturetic peptide

*Which hormone is likely to be released in response to elevated blood calcium levels, in an effort to bring levels back down to within the homeostatic range?

calcitonin

The two types of cells in the parathyroid gland are the ______ and ______ cells.

chief, oxyphil

The _______ cells of the adrenal medulla are essentially modified ganglionic cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

chromaffin

*Select the correct aspect(s) of endocrine glands

ductless organs that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream bring about homeostasis

The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the _____.

epithalamus

*Which hormones are secreted by gonadotropic cells?

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

*The hormone likely to be released during an overnight fast to help maintain proper blood glucose levels is -somatostatin. -epinephrine. -glucagon. -insulin. -glucocorticoid.

glucagon

The thymus is located superior to the ______ and immediately posterior to the ______.

heart, sternum

The ______ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

*Type I diabetes is caused by immune attack on pancreatic beta cells. The production of which hormone will be most impacted?

insulin

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic

islets

The size of the thymus is ______ in infants and children than adults.

larger

*Which is not a tropic hormone?

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

*Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

melatonin

*In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback

The large anterior part of the anterior pituitary is the ______.

pars distalis

*The secretory cells of the pineal gland are called

pinealocytes

The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in and released by the ______.

posterior pituitary

*The hypothalamus influences endocrine activity by

secreting regulatory hormones that influence the anterior pituitary gland, producing hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland, overseeing the autonomic nervous system, stimulating hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla (all correct)

*Growth hormone hypersecretion can be caused by a defect in the cells that secrete it. In other words, the _____________ cells of the anterior pituitary may be malfunctioning.

somatotropic

The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic _______ axons.

sympathetic

*Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

thyroglobulin

The _________ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

thyroid

TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of _______.

thyroid stimulating hormone

*The three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary are the

•Pars distalis: large, anterior part •Pars intermedia: scant part between pars distalis and posterior pituitary •Pars tuberalis: wrapping around infundibulum