Ch. 21 Micro
Which of the following is a bacterial cause of vaginal infections?
Gardnerella vaginalis
The shedding of epithelial cells from the urinary tract lining is referred to as
desquamation
The core of an effective syphilis prevention program is
detecting and treating contacts
Genital HPV infection is transmitted most commonly by ___contact
direct
Which of the following are three categories of STIs?
discharge diseases, ulcer diseases, wart diseases
Which of the following are signs/symptoms of vaginosis?
discharge with fishy odor, itching
Syphilis is transmissible during which of the following stages?
early latency, secondary, primary
Most UTIs are
endogenous
Which of the following are defenses of the urinary tract to prevent microbial infection?
flow of urine through system, different surface chemical on epithelial cells, desquamation of the epithelial lining
Candida albicans is a
fungus
___ is a diplococcal infection of the genital tract in both males and females that leads to increased fluid discharge
gonorrhea
Which of the following are considered discharge diseases?
gonorrhea, chlamydia
Genital herpes is caused by ___ ___ viruses
herpes simplex
Which of the following are possible complications of vaginosis?
infertility, low birth weight babies
Lysozyme and ___ are antimicrobial proteins found in ___
lactoferrin; urine
What two means are effective at preventing HPV infection?
licensed vaccine, avoid direct contact with infected
The ___ reproductive system includes the testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, and urethra
male
Painful urination, discharge, and urethritis are common signs and symptoms of chlamydia in
males
The main sign/symptom of ___ is warts on the genital region
molluscum contagiosum
An ___ is a gene that can transform a normal cell into a cancer cell
oncogene
The main virulence factor for cancer-causing HPVs are ___, which code for proteins that interfere with normal cell division
oncogenes
Infections with Candida albicans are almost always
opportunistic, endogenous
The standard procedure used to detect cervical changes that might indicate cancer is called the
pap smear
___ ___ disease is the inflammation of the upper reproductive tract structures
pelvic inflammatory
HPVs are responsible for causing
plantar warts, flat warts, common warts
The colonization with group B Streptococcus is a serious health concern in which group of women?
pregnant women
Which of the following represent stages of syphilis infection in an adult?
primary, secondary, tertiary
___ is an inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatitis
The urinary system has which of the following roles in the body?
removal of unwanted substances from the blood; transports wastes out of the body; helps regulate processes in the body
Females will exhibit signs/symptoms of gonorrhea in both the ___ and ___ tracts
reproductive & urinary
The ___ stage of syphilis infection is characterized by systemic signs and symptoms, such as rashes, hair loss, fever, and sore throat, that are eventually resolved
secondary
Syphilis is commonly transmitted through ___ contact or vertical transmission to the fetus in utero
sexual
The genital discharge diseases are most often transmitted by
sexual contact
Chlamydia infections are transmitted in which two ways?
sexual contact, vertical transmission
Gonorrhea infections are usually transmitted in which ways?
sexual contact; maternal-neonate transmission
Why are women more prone to UTIs?
shorter urethra & close proximity to the anus
Which of the following are the signs/symptoms of chancroid?
soft chancre, swollen lymph nodes
Which of the following describe HPV?
specific for skin and mucous membranes; can cause warts in many areas of the body; DNA viruses
Normal microbiota found in the urethra include ___, lactobacilli, nonhemolytic __, and corynebacteria
staphylococci; streptococci
___ is a sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by Treponema pallidum that results in genital ulcers
syphilis
Which of the following are considered genital ulcer diseases?
syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes
Damage to cardiovascular and nervous tissues, as well as the development of gummas in the tissues, occurs during which stage of syphilis?
tertiary
What does the term "microbiota" mean?
the normal resident microbes in the human body
Most people with a chlamydia infection are
unaware of the infection
In the male, the normal biota of both the ___ tract and the ___ tract are the same
urinary; reproductive
Leptospires may be present in environmental sources that contain animal
urine
T or F: Oral herpes infection can be transmitted through kissing if an active cold sore exists
T
T or F: Persons with syphilis often have an additional infection with another STI
T
T or F: The current drugs used for HSV infection are effective in reducing transmission and lessening the severity of recurrence, but they are not curative
T
T or F: The initial genital herpes infection is extremely variable in its presentation
T
What action is taken with pregnant women that test positive for group B Streptococcus?
antibiotic therapy
When is a person with HSV able to shed the virus?
anytime even if lesions are not present
The ___ stage of syphilis is characterized by the appearance of a chancre at the site of pathogen entry
primary
In the male only; the ___ is an internal tube that serves as an opening to the external environment for both the reproductive and urinary systems
urethra
A woman should receive her first Pap smear
within 3 years of her first sexual activity
According to the general public, Candida albicans causes a ___, otherwise known as vaginitis
yeast infection
Ten to forty percent of women in the US are colonized asymptomatically by a group ___ Streptococcus in their reproductive tract
B
___ is a localized genital ulcer disease caused by a pleomorphic bacterium
Chancroid
___ infection is the most common reportable genital infection in the US
Chlamydia
T or F: A vaccine currently exists for gonorrhea
F
Which of the following is the most common causative agent of vaginitis?
Candida
Disruption of the normal microbiota by drugs or damage to the vaginal wall is the most common cause of
Candida infections
Which of the following are common causes of catheter-associated UTIs?
E. coli, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus, Klebsiella
Which of the following commonly cause UTIs?
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, enterococcus
T or F: Herpes simplex is always a sexually transmitted disease
F
E. coli species that cause UTIs exist as normal biota in the
GI tract
The presence of a genital ulcer infection increases the chance of infection with
HIV
25% to 46% of young women are infected with genital ___, with many becoming infected during their college years
HPV
The vast majority of cervical cancers are caused by ___ infection
HPV
Which of the following STIs result in wart-like growths?
HPV & molluscum contagiosum
What two sexually transmitted infections are considered incurable and therefore always rising in prevalence?
HPV infection & genital herpes
Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during non-childbearing years?
IgA antibodies, mucus coating of tract
Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during childbearing years?
IgA antibodies, protective biota, acidic pH, mucus coating of tract
___ is a disease caused by spirochete-contaminated urine
Leptospirosis
___ is a zoonotic infection spread to humans through waters contaminated with animal urine
Leptospirosis
What wart disease can be easily transmitted through sexual activity, autoinoculation, and through fomites such as towels and clothing?
Molluscum contagiosum
What wart disease is caused by a poxvirus?
Molluscum contagiosum
Present chlamydia infection is reliably diagnosed by using which procedures?
PCR test, ELISA test, direct fluorescent antibody test
Which of the following are often used to diagnose genital herpes infections?
PCR tests, lesion appearance, antibody detection
The causative agent for syphilis is ___ pallidum
Treponema
Many infections with ___ are asymptomatic in both males and females, but if symptoms are present, itching and vaginal inflammation are usually the most predominant
Trichomonas
Which of the following is a protozoan that causes vaginal infections?
Trichomonas vaginalis
A major defense for the female reproductive tract during childbearing years is an ___ pH
acidic
Chlamydia trachomatis is
an obligate intracellular parasite; gram-negative
HPV is known to cause cancer in
both males and females
Chlamydia ___ prevented by a recommended adolescent vaccination
cannot be
Which of the following enzymes are useful for identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
catalase, cytochrome oxidase
A urinary tract infection designated CA-UTI is
catheter associated
The primary lesion seen in syphilis infections is called a
chancre
Vaginosis is common in ___ women
childbearing
___-___ UTIs are transmitted from the ___ tract to the urinary tract of the same individual
community-acquired; GI
A syphilis infection of the fetus or newborn acquired from maternal infection in utero is called __ syphilis
congenital
Cloudy, tinged urine, burning pain when urinating, and frequent urges to urinate are all signs and symptoms of
cystitis
The male reproductive system benefits from the flow of ___, due to the fact that the ___ is part of both the reproductive and urinary system
urine; urethra
The ___ is the only structure in the female reproductive tract that typically harbors a large population of normal microbiota
vagina
Which of the following are the possible signs/symptoms of vaginitis?
vaginal itching & discharge; burning sensation
___ is an inflammation of the vagina, characterized by some degree of vaginal itching
vaginitis
___ is an inflammatory infection of the vagina, whereas ___ is a vaginal infection without inflammation
vaginitis; vaginosis
___ is a vaginal infection with Gardnerella bacteria that does not induce vaginal inflammation
vaginosis