Ch. 21 Micro

Which of the following is a bacterial cause of vaginal infections?

Gardnerella vaginalis

The shedding of epithelial cells from the urinary tract lining is referred to as

desquamation

The core of an effective syphilis prevention program is

detecting and treating contacts

Genital HPV infection is transmitted most commonly by ___contact

direct

Which of the following are three categories of STIs?

discharge diseases, ulcer diseases, wart diseases

Which of the following are signs/symptoms of vaginosis?

discharge with fishy odor, itching

Syphilis is transmissible during which of the following stages?

early latency, secondary, primary

Most UTIs are

endogenous

Which of the following are defenses of the urinary tract to prevent microbial infection?

flow of urine through system, different surface chemical on epithelial cells, desquamation of the epithelial lining

Candida albicans is a

fungus

___ is a diplococcal infection of the genital tract in both males and females that leads to increased fluid discharge

gonorrhea

Which of the following are considered discharge diseases?

gonorrhea, chlamydia

Genital herpes is caused by ___ ___ viruses

herpes simplex

Which of the following are possible complications of vaginosis?

infertility, low birth weight babies

Lysozyme and ___ are antimicrobial proteins found in ___

lactoferrin; urine

What two means are effective at preventing HPV infection?

licensed vaccine, avoid direct contact with infected

The ___ reproductive system includes the testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, and urethra

male

Painful urination, discharge, and urethritis are common signs and symptoms of chlamydia in

males

The main sign/symptom of ___ is warts on the genital region

molluscum contagiosum

An ___ is a gene that can transform a normal cell into a cancer cell

oncogene

The main virulence factor for cancer-causing HPVs are ___, which code for proteins that interfere with normal cell division

oncogenes

Infections with Candida albicans are almost always

opportunistic, endogenous

The standard procedure used to detect cervical changes that might indicate cancer is called the

pap smear

___ ___ disease is the inflammation of the upper reproductive tract structures

pelvic inflammatory

HPVs are responsible for causing

plantar warts, flat warts, common warts

The colonization with group B Streptococcus is a serious health concern in which group of women?

pregnant women

Which of the following represent stages of syphilis infection in an adult?

primary, secondary, tertiary

___ is an inflammation of the prostate gland

prostatitis

The urinary system has which of the following roles in the body?

removal of unwanted substances from the blood; transports wastes out of the body; helps regulate processes in the body

Females will exhibit signs/symptoms of gonorrhea in both the ___ and ___ tracts

reproductive & urinary

The ___ stage of syphilis infection is characterized by systemic signs and symptoms, such as rashes, hair loss, fever, and sore throat, that are eventually resolved

secondary

Syphilis is commonly transmitted through ___ contact or vertical transmission to the fetus in utero

sexual

The genital discharge diseases are most often transmitted by

sexual contact

Chlamydia infections are transmitted in which two ways?

sexual contact, vertical transmission

Gonorrhea infections are usually transmitted in which ways?

sexual contact; maternal-neonate transmission

Why are women more prone to UTIs?

shorter urethra & close proximity to the anus

Which of the following are the signs/symptoms of chancroid?

soft chancre, swollen lymph nodes

Which of the following describe HPV?

specific for skin and mucous membranes; can cause warts in many areas of the body; DNA viruses

Normal microbiota found in the urethra include ___, lactobacilli, nonhemolytic __, and corynebacteria

staphylococci; streptococci

___ is a sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by Treponema pallidum that results in genital ulcers

syphilis

Which of the following are considered genital ulcer diseases?

syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes

Damage to cardiovascular and nervous tissues, as well as the development of gummas in the tissues, occurs during which stage of syphilis?

tertiary

What does the term "microbiota" mean?

the normal resident microbes in the human body

Most people with a chlamydia infection are

unaware of the infection

In the male, the normal biota of both the ___ tract and the ___ tract are the same

urinary; reproductive

Leptospires may be present in environmental sources that contain animal

urine

T or F: Oral herpes infection can be transmitted through kissing if an active cold sore exists

T

T or F: Persons with syphilis often have an additional infection with another STI

T

T or F: The current drugs used for HSV infection are effective in reducing transmission and lessening the severity of recurrence, but they are not curative

T

T or F: The initial genital herpes infection is extremely variable in its presentation

T

What action is taken with pregnant women that test positive for group B Streptococcus?

antibiotic therapy

When is a person with HSV able to shed the virus?

anytime even if lesions are not present

The ___ stage of syphilis is characterized by the appearance of a chancre at the site of pathogen entry

primary

In the male only; the ___ is an internal tube that serves as an opening to the external environment for both the reproductive and urinary systems

urethra

A woman should receive her first Pap smear

within 3 years of her first sexual activity

According to the general public, Candida albicans causes a ___, otherwise known as vaginitis

yeast infection

Ten to forty percent of women in the US are colonized asymptomatically by a group ___ Streptococcus in their reproductive tract

B

___ is a localized genital ulcer disease caused by a pleomorphic bacterium

Chancroid

___ infection is the most common reportable genital infection in the US

Chlamydia

T or F: A vaccine currently exists for gonorrhea

F

Which of the following is the most common causative agent of vaginitis?

Candida

Disruption of the normal microbiota by drugs or damage to the vaginal wall is the most common cause of

Candida infections

Which of the following are common causes of catheter-associated UTIs?

E. coli, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus, Klebsiella

Which of the following commonly cause UTIs?

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, enterococcus

T or F: Herpes simplex is always a sexually transmitted disease

F

E. coli species that cause UTIs exist as normal biota in the

GI tract

The presence of a genital ulcer infection increases the chance of infection with

HIV

25% to 46% of young women are infected with genital ___, with many becoming infected during their college years

HPV

The vast majority of cervical cancers are caused by ___ infection

HPV

Which of the following STIs result in wart-like growths?

HPV & molluscum contagiosum

What two sexually transmitted infections are considered incurable and therefore always rising in prevalence?

HPV infection & genital herpes

Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during non-childbearing years?

IgA antibodies, mucus coating of tract

Which of the following are defenses of the female reproductive tract during childbearing years?

IgA antibodies, protective biota, acidic pH, mucus coating of tract

___ is a disease caused by spirochete-contaminated urine

Leptospirosis

___ is a zoonotic infection spread to humans through waters contaminated with animal urine

Leptospirosis

What wart disease can be easily transmitted through sexual activity, autoinoculation, and through fomites such as towels and clothing?

Molluscum contagiosum

What wart disease is caused by a poxvirus?

Molluscum contagiosum

Present chlamydia infection is reliably diagnosed by using which procedures?

PCR test, ELISA test, direct fluorescent antibody test

Which of the following are often used to diagnose genital herpes infections?

PCR tests, lesion appearance, antibody detection

The causative agent for syphilis is ___ pallidum

Treponema

Many infections with ___ are asymptomatic in both males and females, but if symptoms are present, itching and vaginal inflammation are usually the most predominant

Trichomonas

Which of the following is a protozoan that causes vaginal infections?

Trichomonas vaginalis

A major defense for the female reproductive tract during childbearing years is an ___ pH

acidic

Chlamydia trachomatis is

an obligate intracellular parasite; gram-negative

HPV is known to cause cancer in

both males and females

Chlamydia ___ prevented by a recommended adolescent vaccination

cannot be

Which of the following enzymes are useful for identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

catalase, cytochrome oxidase

A urinary tract infection designated CA-UTI is

catheter associated

The primary lesion seen in syphilis infections is called a

chancre

Vaginosis is common in ___ women

childbearing

___-___ UTIs are transmitted from the ___ tract to the urinary tract of the same individual

community-acquired; GI

A syphilis infection of the fetus or newborn acquired from maternal infection in utero is called __ syphilis

congenital

Cloudy, tinged urine, burning pain when urinating, and frequent urges to urinate are all signs and symptoms of

cystitis

The male reproductive system benefits from the flow of ___, due to the fact that the ___ is part of both the reproductive and urinary system

urine; urethra

The ___ is the only structure in the female reproductive tract that typically harbors a large population of normal microbiota

vagina

Which of the following are the possible signs/symptoms of vaginitis?

vaginal itching & discharge; burning sensation

___ is an inflammation of the vagina, characterized by some degree of vaginal itching

vaginitis

___ is an inflammatory infection of the vagina, whereas ___ is a vaginal infection without inflammation

vaginitis; vaginosis

___ is a vaginal infection with Gardnerella bacteria that does not induce vaginal inflammation

vaginosis