Ch 22

(a) Name four types of mountains, classified by common structural features. (b) Give an example of each of the four types of mountains.

o 1. Folded mountains- Tectonic plates put pressure on rock so that it crumbles and folds. Example- Himalayas. o 2. Upwarped mountains- Produced by the compression of rock and have dome like shapes. Example-Black Hills of South Dakota. o 3.Fault-block mountains- formed from tension and have at least one side bounded by a fault. Example- Sierra Nevada o 4. Volcanoes- it is formed by the extrusion of lava, ash and rock fragments. Example Mauna Loa

Name and describe Earth's five structural layers

o Lithosphere- "shell of cool, rigid rock" o Asthenosphere- lies under Lithosphere, made of soft taffy-like rock "plastic". o Lower mantle- Located between the Asthenosphere and the outer core it is a strong, rigid mantle rock which contains less plastic than the Asthenosphere. o Outer Core- a shell of hot liquid metal- mostly iron and nickel. It swishes and flows because its head creates convection currents within it. o Inner Core- a sphere of hot metal, mostly made of Iron with a temperature that is as hot as the surface of the sun.

How many minerals are known to exist?

4000

What are the large, interlocking pieces of lithosphere called?

Tectonic Plates

Describe the Microscopic structure of a mineral.

A mineral has a crystal structure, which means they are arranged in regular and repeating patterns.

What percentage of the Earth is covered with ocean?

Almost three-quarters of the Earth is covered with ocean

What kind of rock is most common in the oceanic crust? In the continental crust?

Basalt is common in the oceanic crust. Granitic rock is more common in the continental crust.

Describe Evidence from the rock record that supports continental drift.

Diamond-bearing rock formations occur where Africa and South America would meet if the Atlantic ocean didn't separate them.

Describe how tectonic plates move in terms of speed and direction.

Each plate moves a little differently, for example Continental Plates tend to move slower because their roots are located deep in the mantle, while Oceanic Plates move faster.

Describe the fossil evidence that supported Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift.

Fossils of the same species of Glossopteris plant were found in India, Australia, South America, Africa and Antarctica.

What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

Intrusive rocks form beneath the earth's surface and extrusive rocks from above the earth's surface.

Diamond and graphite are minerals made of 100% carbon. Are diamond and graphite the same mineral or different minerals? Why?

It is the same mineral however the atoms are arranged differently, for example the carbon atoms in diamond are very close together making it very strong, however the carbon atoms in the graphite are formed in sheets which pull apart easily.

Where is the lithosphere created? Where is it destroyed?

Lithosphere is created at midocean ridges. It is destroyed at oceanic trenches.

Why was the hypothesis of continental drift dismissed by scientists for decades?

No one could figure out why the continents of solid rock would drift across the earth's surface, or what force would be strong enough.

Earth's crust is made of rock, so why don't we see solid rock everywhere on the surface?

Rock is covered by soil, so if we were to look underneath the soil then we would see rock.

Which are more common in Earth's crust and mantle-silicates or nonsilicates?

Silicates are more common

In what way is Earth like a hard-boiled egg?

The earth is made up of the crust, mantle, and the core, which is layered like a hard-boiled egg.

Heat and pressure can make one rock change, or metamorphose, into another. Where do the heat and pressure that metamorphoses rock typically come from?

The heat and pressure come from inside the earth, this could be a few kilometers below the surface or at the crust-mantle boundary.

1. How many known Planets are in our solar system?

There are eight planets.

Earth has remained about the same size since it formed 4.6 billion years ago. What does this suggest about the rate of seafloor spreading compared to the rate of subduction?

This shows that the lithosphere is being created at the same time it is destroyed

What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault?

Transform boundary

Which is a more geologically stable place to live—along a plate boundary or in the interior of a plate? Explain

You are safer to live in the interior of a plate because if you live along the plate boundary you are susceptible to any event that happens when the plate you are on comes in contact with another plate. An earthquake could happen, or a fault, mountain or volcano could be created.

2. Why don't eclipses occur monthly, or nearly monthly?

a. It is because the plane in which the moon revolves is tipped which would not allow the moon to intersect the sun and earth plane.

1. Where is the Sun located when you view a full moon

a. It is behind the earth.

2. How are the outer planets different from the inner planets aside from their location?

a. The inner planets are solid rocky planets compared to the outer planets, which are gaseous

2. How does the rotation of the Sun differ from the rotation of a solid body?

a. The sun is a fluid rather than a solid body so different latitudes spin at different rates.

3. According to the Nebular theory, did the planets start forming before or after the Sun ignited?

a. They actually formed together