Human Nutrition Chapters 13, 17-18, 20

What fasting blood glucose levels are indicative of prediabetes/impaired fasting?

100-126

The DASH diet to reduce hypertension emphasizes

Increased amounts of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes

What label is required when food irradiation is used?

Radura symbol, Treated with/by Irradiation

What can cause bacterial contamination of foods?

bare-handed food contact by handler/preparer/worker, raw product/ingredient contaminates from animal/environment, allowing food to remain at room/outdoor temps for many hours, not enough time/not the right temperature that food was cooked at

Farm-raised seafood must be labeled with

country of origin

An A1C of 6.5% or higher is used to diagnose

diabetes

What is norovirus?

foodborne disease spread from person to person through contaminated food, water, or environmental surfaces

What are the first and fifth leading causes of death in the US?

heart disease and stroke

What is normal blood pressure?

less than 120/80

How do you read blood pressure?

systolic over diastolic

A client with cirrhosis of the liver should be asked if he or she experienced __________ before ordering a diet.

vomiting of blood

When does bacteria grow the fastest?

within a certain pH range

The diet for reactive hypoglycemia includes the following features: 1. Small, frequent meals with restricted simple sugars 2. Three meals with ample simple sugars and high complex carbohydrate 3. Four to six small meals that are high in fat 4. Three high-carbohydrate meals that are moderate in fat

1. Small, frequent meals with restricted simple sugars

Fasting glucose levels of at least ___ mg/dL are required to diagnose diabetes.

126

Food should not be held at temperatures less than

140 degrees Fahrenheit

Which of the following seasonings are permitted on a sodium-controlled diet? 1. Catsup, horseradish, mustard, and tartar sauce 2. Chili powder, green pepper, and caraway seeds 3. Celery seeds, seasoned meat tenderizer, and teriyaki sauce 4. Dry mustard, garlic, and Worcestershire sauce

2. Chili powder, green pepper, and caraway seeds

Which of the following foods are recommended for a client with diverticulosis? 1. Bologna sandwich with white bread and mayonnaise 2. Corn on the cob with a veggie burger, whole-wheat bun, lettuce and tomato 3. Canned peaches with cottage cheese 4. Banana-nut waffles with butter and syrup

2. Corn on the cob with a veggie burger, whole-wheat bun, lettuce and tomato

Which of the following statements is true? 1. Acute illness lowers blood glucose levels 2. Fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential during episodes of acute illness in all persons with diabetes 3. Persons with diabetes who have an acute illness require a vitamin and mineral supplement 4. Persons with diabetes should never eat forms of simple sugar

2. Fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential during episodes of acute illness in all persons with diabetes

The term 'low' on a food label means the product means the product contains

3 grams of fat or less per serving; low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and kilocalories

The American Society of Anesthesiologists' guidelines suggest which of the following intakes is permissible for healthy individuals undergoing elective procedures? 1. Water and apple juice until 1 hour before the procedure 2. Plain tea and unbuttered toast with clear jelly 6 hours before scheduled surgery 3. Infant formula or breast milk 4 hours before an elective procedure begins 4. Light meal containing meat at 5 a.m. before a procedure scheduled for noon

3. Infant formula or breast milk 4 hours before an elective procedure begins

A single bacterium can multiply to __ million after __ hours.

33; 12

Which of the following lifestyle changes would have the greatest effect in reducing risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease? 1. Limiting cholesterol intake to the recommended amount 2. Consuming plant sterols in recommended amounts 3. Limiting alcohol intake to one (women) or two (men) standard drinks per day 4. Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily

4. Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily

Nutrition Facts will include all except the following 1. Total sugars 2. Added Sugars 3. Potassium 4. Vitamin A 5. Sodium

4. Vitamin A

Which of the following meal components is likely to lessen symptoms of the dumping syndrome? 1. Mashed fresh strawberries 2. Orange sherbert 3. Salt-free tomato juice 4. Whole-wheat toast with dietetic jelly

4. Whole-wheat toast with dietetic jelly

Cold foods should be stored at

40 degrees Fahrenheit

At what temperature does bacteria multiply the most rapid?

40-140 degrees Fahrenheit

What percent of those with diabetes have Type 1?

5%-10%

By having a parent with early onset CAD, one's likelihood of developing CAD is increased by

60%-75%

Gestational diabetes (GDM) occurs in what percentage of pregnancies?

7%

Lifestyle changes that are recommended to reduce cardiovascular disease risk limit saturated and trans-fat intake to __% of daily kilocalories to ___ milligrams per day.

7; 200

What are the two major pathological conditions that contribute to cardiovascular disease?

Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

How is hypertension diagnosed?

Average of two blood pressure measurement at two or more office visits

The first action a hypertensive client should take to lower blood pressure is to: A. restrict fluid to 1500 mL per day B. eliminate saturated fat from the diet C. lose weight if necessary D. limit sodium intake to 1 gram per day

B. eliminate saturated fat from the diet

What four steps are needed to reduce risk of foodborne illness?

CLEAN (your hands, surfaces, and food), SEPARATE (don't mix raw and cooked food and/or using the same cutting board/utensils), COOK (cook at safe temps, using a thermometer), CHILL (refrigerate quickly after purchasing prepped foods or storing leftovers)

Chapter 13

Chapter 13

Chapter 17

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 18

Chapter 20

Chapter 20

What other diseases are type 1 diabetics more prone to?

Grave's disease, lymphocytic thyroiditis, Addison disease, vitiligo, celiac disease, autoimmune hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, and pernicious anemia

What are risk factors for GDM?

Overweight/obese Glycosuria Two or more family members with DM GDM in previous pregnancy

What is systolic blood pressure?

Pressure in arteries when ventricles are at MAXIMUM CONTRACTION. Top number

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxing. Bottom number

What are foodborne illnesses?

Sicknesses caused from not washing your hands or not cooking to the proper temperature

What is atherosclerosis?

The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.

Clients who have had resection of the ileum should be monitored for

Vitamin B12 deficiency

When should women be assessed for GDM?

Women with risk factors should be screened at their first prenatal visit. No risk factors are screened between 24-28 weeks gestation. If mother is already a diabetic, do not perform screening.

Who is most at risk for foodborne illness?

Young, Old, Pregnant, and Immunocompromised clients

What is impaired glucose tolerance associated with?

abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension

What is hypertension?

abnormally high blood pressure

What are symptoms of campylobacter?

acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, malaise, fever, nausea, vomiting; appearing 2-5 days after eating, lasting 2-10 days

Dietary Guidelines for people with diabetes include: 1. One serving of alcohol daily 2. Consume no more than 2000 milligrams of sodium each day 3. Restrict fat intake to less than 10% of total kilocalories 4. Consume at least 20-35 grams of fibers each day

all of the following

What is Campylobacter jejuni?

bacteria causing food infections, carried in intestinal tracts of cows, hogs, sheep, and poultry; infection contracted from eating undercooked poultry or foods contaminated with drippings of raw chicken

How does type 1 diabetes occur?

cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas that produce insulin

How can campylobacter be spread?

contaminated water or raw manure can cause it to spread, spreading to planted produce

What is blood pressure?

force of blood against arterial walls

How can you prevent norovirus?

frequent hand washing, wearing gloves when handling food as a kitchen worker, cleaning/disinfecting food prepping surfaces/equipment, don't prep food when sick, washing produce thoroughly, thorough shellfish cooking, thorough clothing/table linen washing

What are common symptoms of diabetes?

frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight lost, extreme hunger, sudden vision changes

What are the disadvantages of using the A1C test?

greater cost, decreased availability in remote regions, controversy in differences in levels based on race/ethnicity, uncertainty w/children, cannot be used with certain individuals, identifies 1/3 fewer cases than with the fasting glucose

What are the symptoms of salmonellosis?

headache, fever, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, fever, septicemia; can begin suddenly and last 12-24 hours

What is hyperglycemia?

high blood glucose levels

When the lumen or artery opening is 70% blocked by atherosclerotic plaque, the person is likely to show symptoms of

impaired circulation

What are the common food vehicles for clostridium botulinum?

improperly processed canned foods; large masses of food with air-free center

What is Salmonellosis?

infection with salmonella bacteria, commonly caused by contaminated food or water

What is type 1 diabetes?

insulin dependent diabetes

How can campylobacter be controlled?

keeping food below 40 degrees Fahrenheit or above 140 degrees Fahrenheit; maintaining good food-handling practices

What two conditions may occur if blood glucose levels are too low in type 1 diabetes?

ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia

For most clients, the cornerstone of treatment of type 2 diabetes is

meal planning

What are the common food vehicles for clostridium perfringens?

meats, poultry, gravies, stews in large masses of food (steam tables or left at room temperature)

What is impaired glucose tolerance/impaired fasting glucose?

metabolic state intermediate between normal with glucose homeostasis and diabetes; prediabetes

What is blood pressure measured in?

millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

How many foodborne diseases are there?

more than 250

What are the advantages of using the A1C test?

no fasting required, levels reflect average blood glucose level over time, greater preanalytical stability, less impact during stress/illness

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

non-insulin dependent diabetes where the beta cells are producing insulin but the uptake or utilization of the insulin is not working properly, or receptors of the cells are defective

What are the common food vehicles for staphylococcus aureus?

poultry, processed meats, milk, cheeses, ice cream, mixed dishes (ex: potato salad), spaghetti

What are the common food vehicles for norovirus?

produce, raw shellfish, ingredients contaminated by an infected person

The best method to control food-borne illness is by:

proper hand washing

What is food irradiation?

radiant energy to extend shelf life and control growth of pathogens

Foods commonly contaminated with Campylobacter are

raw poultry

What are the common food vehicles for salmonella?

raw/undercooked eggs, poultry, and meat; unpasteurized milk/juice; cheese; seafood; fresh produce

What are the common food vehicles for campylobacter jejuni?

raw/undercooked poultry, meat, shellfish, unpasteurized milk, water

Most Type 2 diabetics need to

regulate diet and exercise

Chronic pancreatitis is

requires pancreatic enzymes, causes diabetes, causes dumping syndrome

What are 8 common food pathogens?

salmonella, listeria, escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, norovirus, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium botulinum, clostridium perfringens

What are the common food vehicles for listeria?

soft cheeses, deli meat, burritos, ice cream, unpasteurized milk, smoked seafood, deli salads, raw veggies

What conditions are necessary for bacterial growth?

source of bacteria, food, temperature, time, moisture, ingestion

How does atherosclerosis affect the heart?

the fatty deposits of cholesterol make lumen smaller and smaller and fibrosis makes it harder for the artery to constrict or dilate in response to the tissues for oxygenated blood

If a client has a history of ketoacidosis, he or she most likely has which type of diabetes?

type 1

What are the common food vehicles for escherichia coli?

undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk/apple juice, contaminated raw produce, water

What can help preserve food like cucumbers and cabbage from bacteria?

vinegar and lemon juice