ch. 23 hw A&P 2

Which response is coordinated by the heat-gain center? The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. Shivering decreases body temperature. In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases. Parasympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medullae releases epinephrine

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells? Glycolysis provides a large amount of ATP. It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules. Glycogenolysis occurs very quickly, even though it is a very complex pathway. Glucose is a large, insoluble molecule.

It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.

Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is true? The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm. An acetyl group, CH3CO, from acetyl-CoA is attached to a six-carbon molecule. Its function is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. Cytochromes are the coenzymes that play a key role in the citric acid cycle.

Its function is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Chylomicrons: diffuse into blood capillaries. are lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids. enter the bloodstream at the inferior vena cava. diffuse into the hepatic portal vein, after they are released from the intestinal cells by exocytosis.

are lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids.

Which activity expends the greatest amount of energy per hour? competitive swimming speed walking climbing stairs jogging

competitive swimming

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact? conduction convection radiation evaporation

conduction

Which nutrient group provides vitamins A, B12, pantothenic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin? fruits vegetables dairy grains

dairy

Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction? catabolic synthesis dehydration synthesis catabolic hydrolysis dehydration hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

What is the most important product of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, which will allow the mitochondria to produce ATP? NAD ATP energy-rich hydrogen enzymes carbon dioxide

energy-rich hydrogen enzymes

cellular respiration equation ATP O2 CO2 glucose H2O

fuel - glucose inhale - O2 exhale - CO2 water - H2O energy packets that cells use to do work - ATP

Convection __________. is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body is energy similar to radiant heat from the sun is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact changes a liquid to a vapor

is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? ATP carbon dioxide (CO2) oxygen (O2) water (H2O)

oxygen (O2)

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) release triggers the secretion of which enzyme? maltase salivary amylase pancreatic alpha-amylase gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

pancreatic alpha-amylase

Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true? Ghrelin, which is secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite. Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state. Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center. Neuropeptide Y, a hypothalamic neurotransmitter, stimulates the feeding center.

Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center.

Which is correct regarding the heat-gain center's conservation of body heat? The countercurrent exchange of heat from the periphery traps heat near the body core. The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. Vasodilation and shunting of blood to the skin surface occurs. The respiratory centers are stimulated.

The countercurrent exchange of heat from the periphery traps heat near the body core.

Which is true regarding lipoproteins and lipid transport and distribution? The HDLs return the unused cholesterol to the liver, where it is extracted and packaged in new LDLs or excreted with bile salts in bile. The liver absorbs triglycerides and removes the chylomicrons. Capillary walls contain the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which breaks down the triglycerides. The liver releases high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) into the circulation, which deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues.

The HDLs return the unused cholesterol to the liver, where it is extracted and packaged in new LDLs or excreted with bile salts in bile.

In the absorptive state of metabolic activity: glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves. insulin inhibits glucose uptake and glycogenesis. androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis. epinephrine is important in stimulating glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis.

Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions? It depends on which body or cell part is growing or repairing. catabolic anabolic

anabolic

Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP? 1 gram of fat 1 gram of carbohydrate 1 gram of protein 1 gram of muscle

1 gram of fat

Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.

1. eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body. 2. after food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system. 3. Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 4. ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain.

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? glucose water ATP O2

ATP

An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia? B3 (niacin) B6 (pyroxidine) B12 (cobalamin) B2 (riboflavin)

B12 (cobalamin)

Which of the statements below represents one potential disadvantage to Keith's proposed all-meat diet? Amino acids are preferred over lipids in aerobic metabolism Lipid catabolism is slower than carbohydrate catabolism Our bodies cannot use lipids as an energy source Lipids contain much less stored energy than carbohydrates

Lipid catabolism is slower than carbohydrate catabolism

Which characteristic correctly applies to lipid metabolism? Stored lipids provide large amounts of ATP very quickly. Most lipids can be synthesized on demand. Triglyceride reserves are water-soluble droplets. Excess lipids can be stored as pyruvate.

Most lipids can be synthesized on demand.

What is the primary way energy is shuttled from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport system? FADH2 FAD NAD coenzyme A NADH

NADH

Choose the correct characteristic regarding the short-term mechanism of control of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers. Inhibition of stretch receptors along the digestive tract, especially in the stomach, causes a sense of satiation. Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state. The hormone leptin, secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite. Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate appetite.

Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.

Which statement regarding amino acid metabolism is true? The body synthesizes all 10 essential amino acids. Liver cells must break down amino acids into urea, a toxic compound. When broken down in the mitochondrion, the energy yield of an amino acid is negligible. The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism.

The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center? The vasomotor center is stimulated. Hormones are released to increase the metabolic activity of all tissues. A gradual increase in muscle tone occurs. The respiratory centers are stimulated.

The respiratory centers are stimulated.

Which is a characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation? The stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy. It occurs in the cytoplasm using a series of enzymatic reactions. It results in the production of pyruvate. The diffusion of potassium ions powers the production of ATP.

The stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy.

What is the definition of metabolism? The rate of a chemical reaction is equal in the forward and reverse directions. The synthesis of more complex molecules from simple molecules or atoms. The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions. The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.

The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions.

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis. It is an aerobic process that breaks down a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. NAD accepts carbon atoms that can be transferred to mitochondria. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule. It occurs in the mitochondrion.

There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.

Drag and drop the appropriate number of each product of one turn of the citric acid cycle (CAC). A number may be used more than once or not at all. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6

a 6 carbon molecule is converted into a 5-carbon molecule by the removal of a CO2 1 ATP is produced a 2 carbon molecule combines with a 4-carbon molecule in the first step of the cycle 3 NADH produced 1 FADH2 produced 2 CO2 produced 0 NAD produced if this cellular process starts with glucose, the CAC turns 2 times

Which 2-carbon molecule is inserted into the reactions of the citric acid cycle to start these reactions? coenzyme A pyruvate NAD acetate

acetate

Which is the common substrate for mitochondria in the citric acid cycle? NAD FAD cytochromes acetate

acetate

In the postabsorptive state of metabolic activity, __________. androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis glucagon inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, primarily in the liver glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis

glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycolysis

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? O2 water glucose ATP

glucose

Which condition results when body fluids become saturated with uric acid? gout ketoacidosis kwashiorkor phenylketonuria

gout

In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following? lactase insulin pyruvate chylomicrions

insulin

Glucose: is transported to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein. is generally used for catabolism after protein and lipid sources are used. leaves the cytosol of the epithelial cells and reaches the interstitial fluid by simple diffusion. is absorbed and converted to pyruvate as needed by the liver.

is transported to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein.

Keith is concerned that his brain cells will not receive energy-rich nutrients without carbohydrates in his diet. Which of the following molecules is a product of lipid catabolism that his brain cells could use to create ATP? glycogen ketone bodies amino acids triglycerides

ketone bodies

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages of cellular respiration.

left to right glycolysis --> citric acid cycle --> electron transport

Which of the following basic food groups provides complete proteins? fruits grains vegetables meat, fish, eggs, and legumes

meat, fish, eggs, and legumes

If Keith adopts an all-meat diet, with which vitamin below should he make sure to supplement his diet to avoid deficiency? vitamin B7 phosphorus vitamin E vitamin A

vitamin A

Beriberi is an effect of deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin? vitamin C (ascorbic acid) vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B7 (biotin) vitamin B3 (niacin)

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors? vitamin E vitamin A vitamin D3 vitamin K

vitamin K