Ch 23-Student Assessment Types

What are assessments?

Tests that serve diverse objectives in improving learning.

What are performance assessment tasks?

There are many options of performance assessments tasks teachers can utilize, providing flexibility to create an accurate, effective assessment. Tasks can be performed through creating a tangible product or by demonstrating a learning process. They can be performed individually or as a group. And, they can be performed just once, or over a period of time.

What are the main forms of assessment?

Two main forms of assessment used in the classroom are formative and summative assessments. Educators use formative assessments to give students feedback on their learning and are tools to help students learn the information. Summative assessments come at the end of the unit of study to show what skills and knowledge students have mastered.

Diagnostic tests

are pre-assessments that enable teachers to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their students before the commencement of formal instruction. These assessments allow teachers to assess students' subject matter understanding. For example, the teacher gains information about what the students already know, and this informs lesson development. Therefore, diagnostic assessments allow teachers to plan and efficiently deliver instruction, providing learners with an individualized learning experience.

Formative assessments

are used frequently during an active unit or lesson sequence. Formative assessments are shorter than summative assessments and can be used to review and observe student progress in the classroom. Teachers can use the data collected from formative assessments to adapt their instruction and lessons quickly. Formative assessments are used more frequently because of their natural occurrence in the classroom. This means that many assignments, projects, or other tasks can be used by the teacher as a type of formative assessment.

Summative assessments

are used usually at the end of an instructional period like a mid-term, semester, or final year exam. Summative assessments evaluate how much a student has learned in that academic time period. Summative assessments can also be used to show the effectiveness of the teacher as well. Summative assessments are not as frequent as formative assessments, but they typically carry more weight when determining the student's overall grade status.

Summative assessment—

this is a more formal assessment given at the end of the unit of study or semester of learning and is used to show the students' cumulative learning. These assessments are used to provide data and track the progress of student learning.

What is a performance based assessment?

A performance based assessment measures student learning based on their ability to demonstrate what they learned. Unlike traditional assessments (like selecting a multiple choice answer from pre-chosen answers), performance assessments allows for practical applications of knowledge and skills.

Product versus process

A product is a tangible creation, which shows a student's ability to apply their learned knowledge or skill. The products students turn in for a performance assessment must be a physical creation. These artistic approaches provide students with a creative way to demonstrate their learning. Examples of this include creating a protest poster, building a scientific invention, or drawing their interpretation of a character. Through these projects, students can demonstrate practical applications of their skills and knowledge.

What are the benefits of performance assessment?

Although performance assessments tend to take more time than traditional assessments there are many benefits. Performance assessments can measure many different objectives which can align well with unit objectives. They also allow time for applying feedback and showing student growth.

Purpose of Different Types of Assessments

Although there are many types of assessments, they all serve the same functions. One of the main purposes of assessments is to motivate students to absorb the knowledge being shared. Assessments are also a great review of a state's standards. All states have learning standards, whether they follow common core or not, and those standards need proof of learning. With an assessment, educators can prove they satisfactorily taught the state standards. Another purpose of an assessment is to provide feedback to students. When students look over their assessments, they can see what they got correct and what they got wrong, and from those wrong answers, they can learn what needs to be better understood.

Formative vs. Summative Assessment | Overview & Examples

A standardized assessment is an assessment that uses the same questions to evaluate, based on the same criteria for all test-takers. Standardized assessments are constructed by experts and published for many uses, including evaluation of academic achievement, prediction of future academic achievement, and assessment of skills and aptitude. The common types of standardized assessments are achievement assessments, scholastic aptitude and intelligence assessments, specific aptitude assessments, and school readiness assessments. A school readiness assessment can be used to assess cognitive skills that will be important for success in the next level of the school, or for entrance into a new organization. A specific aptitude assessment can be used to predict a student's future ability to succeed in a particular content domain. The other two types of assessments are summative and formative assessments. Formative assessments are ongoing assessments, reviews and observations used to evaluate students in the classroom. If a school requires four evaluations a semester in each course, this is an example of formative assessment. Teachers can use the information they collect to help drive instruction. Summative assessments are used to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction at the end of an academic year or end of the class. Examples of summative assessments include final semester exams or state and national tests.

Achievement Assessments -

Achievement tests are used in education to assess the knowledge of students in any content area. Achievement tests are commonly used in state-based testing to evaluate if a student can progress to the next grade level. Students who score high on an achievement test could signify they are ready for a more advanced curriculum while students who score lower on achievement tests could mean they need more remediation.

Forms of Assessment | Types, Purpose & Examples

An assessment is a tool used to measure student learning. There are many types of assessments to meet the diverse needs of students and the different types of knowledge being evaluated. The purpose of assessments is based on the educator's goal for their unit or lesson. However, all assessments can help motivate students, allow for a review of the standards, and are a way to provide feedback to students and educators alike. Informal assessments give immediate feedback to allow students to learn from the assessment as well as give educators feedback on how well the learning in their classroom is going. Informal assessments usually happen before or during the lesson. Formal assessments usually happen at the end of the unit or lesson and show how much students have retained as an assessment for learning. The difference between formal and informal assessments is when and why the teacher needs to give the test. Educators use different assessment strategies based on the requirements of their classroom and the knowledge imparted. Formative assessments are informal assessments used to give teachers more information on what learning needs to occur and to give feedback to students. Summative assessments are formal assessments given at the end of a unit. Pencil and paper assessments are usually summative assessments that can be quickly graded and given back to students for feedback on their learning. A task-orientated assessment is a performance assessment in which students can be more creative in showing their progress. A presentation, portfolio, or speech can be a strong performance assessment. A norm-referenced assessment measures students in comparison to other students at the same age with the same conditions and information. On the other hand, criterion-referenced assessments demonstrate mastery of skills or knowledge. A st

What type of performance assessment allows the teacher to determine what the students are capable of for long periods of time?

An extended performance assessment can determine what students are capable of for long periods of time. This method allows teachers to assess development at certain points over time while offering feedback. Students also have the opportunity to edit their work. Putting on a play is an example of an extended performance assessment.

Extended performance

An extended performance assessment measures learning over a period of time. This longer form of assessment allows for benchmarks, continuous feedback, and room to show growth. The Presidential fitness test, as measured earlier, is an example of extended performance because students have a year to continue to train to improve. Extended performance assessments are a thorough, yet time-consuming way to gauge learning.

What does it mean when an assessment is standardized?

Any standardized assessment has the same questions for each student and the same grading guidelines. Standardized means that the entire assessment provides consistency while taking the test for each student.

Scholastic Aptitude -

Aptitudes tests are similar to achievement tests because they both assess what students have learned. Aptitude tests focus more on general education skills like problem-solving, writing, and analytical reasoning. Aptitude assessments can be used to show educational forecasts of a student's learning level in future content areas.

What are examples of performance assessments?

As opposed to traditional tests, performance assessments can ask students to provide detailed answers to open-ended questions or develop an analytical essay. They can also ask students to create something by conducting a scientific investigation or curating a portfolio of their work.

Guidelines of Performance Assessment

Assessments are an essential tool in understanding how much students have learned. Performance assessments must be designed in a way that accurately assess learning. Following consistent guidelines makes assessments accurate and reliable. To do this, the following guidelines should be met: When using performance assessments it is essential to standardize administrative procedures, which ensures consistent and less biased results. One way to ensure accuracy while testing is to create clear, specific rubrics so that students understand their expectations. Rubrics should be shared with students prior to an assessment for fair results. Rubrics should detail clear, measurable learning objectives that align with what has been taught. Teachers should also encourage students to ask any questions throughout the assessment to ensure students understand what is being asked of them.

The Difference between Formal and Informal Assessment

Assessments can be broken into two categories. Formal assessments are data-driven assessments that usually occur at the end of a learning cycle or unit. Formal assessments can be administered to large groups of students all at one time and can be used to predict students' outcomes, as they are considered very reliable. Feedback usually takes longer to get back to students than other kinds of assessments. Many times, these tests badly stress students, so that needs to be taken into consideration when giving the assessment and when interpreting the results. Formal assessments happen at the end of the unit of study to gather information on what was learned,

What Are Forms of Assessment?

Assessments, regardless of the feelings surrounding them, are an essential part of the teaching process. An assessment is a systematic collection of information used to measure how much learning has taken place. Educators use this information to reteach, plan, and evaluate lessons, and to make sure learning is occurring. They also ensure the most important information is passed on correctly to students. There are many forms of assessments available for different situations.

All of the following are examples of performance assessments products, EXCEPT:

Because a product is a tangible creation by a student, an oral answer does not qualify as a performance assessment product. Inventions, posters, and drawings are all examples of tangible creations.

Mr. Hunt has been emphasizing the use of performance-based assessments in his science class. What type of performance assessment is he most likely to use to grade his students on their knowledge of the principles of gravity?

Because performance assessments are assessments in which students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a non-written fashion, an experiment involving dropping different objects to assess the rate of descent would most likely be used. This assessment is focused on demonstration, versus written response.

What should you do to ensure students are conducting useful peer/self-assessments?

Before students can conduct these forms of assessment alone, they should be trained and taught the expectations for the activity.

Student Self-Assessment & Peer Assessment

Both self-assessment and peer assessment are incredibly useful tools for teaching your students to be reflective, thoughtful learners and collaborators. Self-assessment can be conducted in a variety of ways: students can fill out a form with questions that direct their thoughts, or they can engage in a conference with the teacher. Peer assessment is an incredibly useful skill for students to learn in a world where collaboration drives progress. Now spend some time reflecting on what you learned from this lesson so you can practice self-assessment.

9th Grade-12th Grade

By the time they reach high school, some students have deemed themselves to be poor test-takers and this negatively impacts their willingness to exert substantial effort when completing an administered standardized test. Students in grades 9-12 often experience a decrease in motivation and become apathetic when it comes to taking standardized tests.

Mr. Thomas uses an assessment to evaluate his students' knowledge and abilities in Art. He is using a _____ assessment.

Mr. Thomas is using a specific aptitude assessment because he wants to predict his students' future ability to succeed in a particular content domain, which in this case is Art.

You have been asked to create a presentation explaining the disadvantages of standardized testing. Which of the following will you include?

Disadvantages of standardized testing include: an inability to assess higher level thinking skills, testing of general rather than specific knowledge, eduators who 'teach to the test', and the possibility that many non-academic factors can influence scores.

Feedback

Fitness testing is not without controversy. It can impact self-esteem, create divisions among students, and even deter people from participating in physical activity. For example, the students who are deemed 'fit' may look forward to and enjoy participating in physical education, while those who are designated 'unfit' may feel embarrassed and dread it. Positive or negative feedback can impact overall health and wellness throughout that student's life because habits for physical activity are typically formed early on in development. In other words, the student who does not score well on fitness tests may be less likely to make physical activity a regular part of his or her life. Let's take a closer look at the ways fitness testing can be used positively, to increase health and wellness among students.

Types of Fitness Testing in Schools

Fitness testing is used to assess health and wellness. Historically, fitness testing focused on athletic performance, while modern versions are more interested in the overall health of the individual. If used incorrectly, fitness testing can impact self-esteem, create divisions among students, and even deter people from participating in physical activity. Therefore, fitness testing should be used as a tool toward maximum participation for all students. Furthermore, teachers should design activities that accommodate different levels of fitness and parents should get involved in order to encourage students to make physical activity a normal and regular part of life.

Example

For example, during a game of tennis, students who function at high levels of fitness may be given a unique obstacle, such as playing with their less dominant hand, to level the playing field. They will be more challenged, and the students with lower levels of fitness will have a better chance at success. Also, team activities should be structured with diversity in mind to encourage maximum participation and cooperation for all students.

What are examples of formative assessments?

Formative assessments are any assessment used during instruction periods to monitor student progress. Common formative assessment examples can be daily assignments, small projects, or weekly quizzes.

What is the difference in a formative and summative assessment?

Formative assessments are the ongoing evaluation of student progress during instruction. Summative assessments evaluate student achievement at the end of the instruction period.

Formative vs. Summative Assessment Examples

Formative assessments examples: daily assignments, weekly projects, small weekly quizzes, and monthly reviews Summative assessment examples: final semester exams, mid-term exams, state and national tests

Different Types of Assessment Strategies

Formative assessment—This is an informal assessment given by teachers daily and considered an assessment used for learning. Teachers use the information from formative assessments to give feedback to students while they are learning and to shape their teaching as they go.

Standardized testing is a requirement in some states in the U.S. due in part to the _____.

Standardized tests are widely used in grade school and even required in most states due to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Process

If a student doesn't create a physical product, teachers can assess students' learning process, through demonstration. For example, in American high schools, the Presidential fitness test gauges the process of acquired skills by comparing the number of pull-ups a student performs at the beginning of the year to the end of the year. Another common assessment is an egg drop. Many science classes have students make hypotheses, then build a suitable parachute to drop their egg, and then self-assess. This type of project lets a teacher watch learning over the course of the project to gauge learning.

An assessment that uses the same or similar questions and is evaluated using the same criteria for all test-takers is referred to as a _____ assessment.

If an assessment uses the same questions to evaluate, based on the same criteria for all test-takers, it is standardized. Standardized assessments are constructed by experts and published for many uses, including evaluation of academic achievement, prediction of future academic achievement and assessment of skills and aptitude.

Factors That Impact Standardized Testing

In addition to the cons of standardized testing, there are disadvantages of standardized testing for students including non-academic factors that can influence their score These non-academic factors include an inability to focus, test anxiety, feelings of fatigue, feelings of hunger, and a lack of motivation. Some of these factors are more prevalent in certain grade levels.

Peer Assesment

In peer assessment, students reflect and offer constructive criticism about other students' performance.

Intelligence Assessments -

Intelligence tests are used to evaluate students' Intelligence Quotient (IQ) level. They are used to assess the cognitive abilities of students for various reasons. Education uses intelligence assessments to get a feel for where students are before entering the next level of education. The military uses intelligence assessments to evaluate recruits entering the military and to place them in military assignments.

Benjamin Bloom developed six distinct categories in the cognitive domain, ranging from;

Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation These skills predominantly relate to the thinking process. The knowledge acquired through cognitive learning enables individuals to recall information and data. Subsequently, comprehension gauges a learner's understanding of the acquired information.

Domains of Learning | Cognitive, Affective & Psychomotor Overview

Learning is not an event but a continual process of growth involving a change in the brain's architecture resulting from the intake, processing, and application of information. Teachers have to develop and deliver lessons to enhance learning. Therefore, they have to take the necessary considerations to achieve cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of learning. The cognitive domain incorporates the acquisition, processing, and application of knowledge. The affective domain analyzes one's attitudes and emotions. The psychomotor analyzes how to use motor skill areas. These domains of learning help improve student engagement, develop new skills, and neural networks to facilitate growth. Information involving all these diverse areas in developing each learning task helps deliver a well-rounded learning experience that improves learning outcomes. Additionally, formative, summative, and diagnostic assessments help improve learning experience and outcome. Since each classroom contains different categories of learners with diverse needs, instructors need to understand and apply the other techniques in planning and delivering lessons to ensure optimum learning outcomes.

Fitness Testing as a Tool

Maximum participation should be the goal with all physical fitness programs, and fitness testing can assist with creation of a successful program.

6th Grade-8th Grade

Middle school students tend to experience an additional increase in test anxiety. Students in grades 6-8 also have a growing skepticism surrounding the value of standardized testing.

Mrs. Gregg uses an assessment to evaluate children's knowledge and abilities formed in pre-school and in the home. She is using a _____ assessment.

Mrs. Gregg is using a school readiness assessment because she wants to assess cognitive skills that will be important for success in a typical kindergarten curriculum. This allows her to identify any potential developmental delays that may need to be addressed.

All of the following factors impact standardized test performance EXCEPT:

Non-academic factors that impact scores include test anxiety, fatigue, lack of attention, and motivation.

Rewards

Of course, the program still offers those rare and coveted patches and certificates that many of us could never get because of the insidious pull-up test that thwarted so many of our dreams. Now you can even purchase t-shirts, and there is a personalized digital badge that you can share with your friends on Facebook and other social media outlets.

Assessments

On July 16th, 1955, then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower founded the President's Council on Youth Fitness. Studies show that American children were lagging behind European children in the area of physical fitness. T

Which of these is the most important skill that peer assessment teaches students?

Peer assessment teaches students to offer and accept constructive criticism, a critical skill for collaborating in a professional setting.

Affective Domain

People often perceive learning to be exclusively a mental and intellectual function. However, it also involves the development of behaviors, attitudes, and physical skills. The affective domain of learning deals with learners' emotions, feelings, and attitudes. Affective domain categories entail receipt, response, valuation, organizing, and characterizing phenomena. The organization subdomain involves the ability of a learner to prioritize different values through the creation of a different value system. Teachers can assess this achievement by gauging children's academic performance against their social relationships. Moreover, the characterization phase deals with the internalization of values and determining how they influence students' behavior. Students excelling in this subdomain can consider their academic achievement more important than other activities in school because it informs other critical parameters such as career path. The affective domain also follows a hierarchical structure similar to the cognitive domain, beginning with more superficial feelings at the lower levels to the most complex emotions. Internalization is the primary basis of the hierarchy. It involves the movement of affection from the general perspective to the specific level where the effect becomes internalized and influences behavior and attitudes. Thus, the movement from simple to more complex levels infers increased commitment, involvement, and internal motivation.

Restricted performance

Performance assessments can measure learning just once or over time. Restricted performance assessments measures a student's ability during a one-time performance. Examples of this include having students answer an open-ended question, then giving them a final grade without allowing revisions. This short-form assessment allows for a quick gauge of learning but doesn't usually allow students to utilize feedback or show growth of a specific skill.

Performance Assessment | Benefits & Examples

Performance assessments offer a non-traditional way to measure student knowledge. These assessments can be widely adapted. To demonstrate their knowledge or skill acquisition, students can create a tangible product, such as a poster, invention, or drawing; or they can demonstrate their learning process, which can be shown through an egg drop in science class or a Presidential fitness test. Both forms allow students practical ways to apply their knowledge. Sometimes performance assessments are done quickly through restrictive performance assessments. Although it's more time-consuming, there are benefits to assessing what students are capable of during a long period of time through extended performance assessment. This allows room for feedback and improvement. Assessments can also be performed individually or as a group. Teachers must first decide what specific objectives they want students to learn, and then decide which form(s) of assessment will most accurately measure learning. They can ensure accuracy and reliability by creating clear, detailed rubrics and by creating an atmosphere in which students feel comfortable asking questions regarding their assessment. Using these consistent guidelines helps teachers standardize their administrative procedures and ensures accurate, less biased results. Although performance assessments are often time-consuming, they offer many benefits such as measuring multiple objectives, allowing students to show their improvement and providing students an opportunity to apply their knowledge.

Which of these statements is true about performance assessments?

Performance assessments offer an alternative to pencil-and-paper assessments, so they don't necessarily have to be used in conjunction with traditional assessments. Therefore, all of the answers are correct. They can be given one-time or in a series over time. They can be given individually or in a group. The key is to align the assessment with a specific situation that is being assessed.

Psychomotor Domain

Psychomotor domain deals with the application and coordination of motor skills. Individuals develop these discrete physical functions, movements, and reflex actions through practicing speed processes of execution. Traditionally, motor skills involve learners physically encoding signals and information from activities that involve a movement of gross and fine muscles. The psychomotor domain is also subdivided into various categories ranging from the simplest application of sensory information to enhance perception to the most complex origination, which involves the development of new movement patterns within specific scenarios.

pull-ups

Pull-ups are a different exercise in which the student hangs from a bar with the palms facing forward (if the palms are reversed it is called a chin-up.) The athlete must then lift their own body weight and pull themselves up so that their chin reaches over the bar. It is a very difficult exercise, and many students cannot do one pull-up. The flexed arm hang test for girls is different. They suspend from the bar and are timed as to how long they can remain in that position. The girls do not pull themselves up but remain with their heads and bodies below the bar. These are trying exams that showcase muscular strength and muscular endurance.

Uses of the Domain of Learning

Research shows that learning lessons that incorporate the three domains of learning have positive benefits to the learners. Besides improving student engagement, they assist in creating a broad range of neural networks and pathways that facilitate easy recollection of events and information. Learners acquire new skills and attitudes through the learning process. Therefore, the three domains of learning inform the concerned stakeholders about the integral role of learning in everyday life. It illustrates the importance of learning on individual growth and development, thus requiring a concerted effort to achieve optimal outcomes. It also informs teachers on the need to incorporate diverse facets to instruction in order to improve results. The increasing advocacy to utilize different strategies and methods in teaching illustrates the need for teachers to develop lessons that combine the various domains of learning to improve the learning experience.

School Readiness Assessments

School Readiness Assessments - Assessments that evaluate school readiness evaluate the knowledge, skills, and abilities of students to see if they are ready to enter an education program. School readiness tests can assess skills that will be needed for entrance into a school or another organization. They can also be used to help identify any areas students may be struggling with that teachers can address to help them succeed.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Since general knowledge is assessed, educators can use standardized test results to inform their individual instruction methods

Specific Aptitude Assessments

Specific aptitude tests evaluate students' knowledge and abilities in a specific content area or subject matter. Organizations that administer specific aptitude assessments can use the results to predict students' future ability to succeed in a particular content domain.

What is the purpose of standardized assessments?

Standardized assessments are used to evaluate students' knowledge. Standardized assessments are designed to be consistent and fair for each student.

What is an example of a standardized assessment?

Standardized assessments are very common in educational settings. Common standardized assessments are state and national tests as well as college entrance exams.

What is Standardized Testing?

Standardized testing can be defined as testing developed by experts in which each student taking the test responds to either the same set of questions or questions derived from a common bank of questions. Standardized tests tend to use multiple-choice or true/false questions, however, some standardized tests include essay questions, matching questions, or even spoken items. These questions are carefully selected and aim to offer an objective measurement of the student's current level of achievement in a given area. Different types of standardized tests include college-admissions tests, aptitude tests, achievement tests, psychological (IQ) tests, and international comparison tests intended to monitor trends in achievement across participating nations.

Required Standardized Testing

Standardized testing is a requirement in some states due, in part, to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, and some critics claim that this piece of legislation is what led to the controversiality of standardized testing. The Act mandated annual testing in math and reading in grades three through eight and then again in grade 10. Science was later added to the list of subjects that students would be tested on during their primary and secondary academic careers. Critics of standardized tests claim that students are tested too heavily, while proponents of standardized testing claim that testing is a fact of life with more benefits than drawbacks.

Standardized Testing | Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages

Standardized tests refer to tests in which students answer the same questions or questions from a common bank of questions and the tests are subsequently scored in a standardized manner. After the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, standardized testing in reading and math became a requirement for states; science testing was later added to the list of required assessments. Adaptive tests are a form of standardized tests in which questions at later points in the assessment take into account how well the student did on earlier test items. Some of the benefits of standardized testing include how easily standardized tests can be scored, the meaningful data they can provide educators and school districts, and the reports that can be generated to track a student's academic progress. Some of the cons of standardized testing include the fact that standardized tests are unable to assess a student's higher-level thinking skills, teachers may alter their curriculum in order to "teach to the test," and standardized tests have been shown to result in inequitable outcomes for students. Another disadvantage of standardized testing is that the test questions assess a student's general knowledge, not specific knowledge gained through specific instruction. This means that teachers are not able to use standardized test results to inform their individual instruction methods. In addition to the cons of standardized testing, there are also non-academic factors that negatively impact how students score on these assessments. Some of these non-academic factors include a student's ability to pay attention, a student's level of test anxiety, and a student's motivation level.

Which is NOT a form of student self-assessment?

Student self-assessment can be directed using a set of questions that require the students to reflect or a conference/conversation with the teacher about their performance. Peer assessment is evaluating each other's work.

Self-Assessment

Student self-assessment has students reflect on their own performance and identify areas in which they succeeded or needed improvement.

3rd Grade-5th Grade

Students in grades 3-5 can experience a great deal of test anxiety and stress because test scores during these grade levels tend to be scrutinized for evidence of a student's academic ability. At this age, the abilities of students are still wide-ranging and this leads to equally wide variability in test scores.

Kindergarten-2nd Grade

Students in these grades have shorter attention spans. There is also a great deal of variability in the attention spans of students at this age. Test results for students in kindergarten through 2nd grade can be very inconsistent and therefore less reliable for identifying trends in a student's academic growth or decline.

50-yard Dash

The 50-yard dash is a hard sprint for about half of the straightaway of a standard track. This is basically a test of pure speed and acceleration and only lasts for less than 10 seconds.

600-yard dash

The 600-yard dash is a lap-and-a-half. This is a test of endurance because athletes begin to build up lactic acid in their bodies after approximately 36 seconds, which is about the halfway point of this race. There is a speed component to this race as well, since the athlete is running as hard as he can for the entire distance.

Cognitive Domain Benjamin Bloom developed six distinct categories in the cognitive domain, ranging from; Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

The cognitive learning domain focuses on creating mental skills to enable a learner to acquire knowledge. The learning process assumes a hierarchical structure in the cognitive domain that entails information processing, comprehension, applying knowledge, problem-solving, and undertaking research

Goals

The goal for the student is 60 minutes of activity, five days per week, or you can walk and count steps using a pedometer. Each week, the student has a healthy eating goal that he or she enters into their log. Critics of the new program point out that the student monitors their own progress and can fudge the results, whereas in the old system the gym coaches watched over the students and measured everything very precisely.

Domains of Learning

The immense contributions of scholars and experts in education led to the development of domains of learning between 1956 and 1972. Cognitive domain deals with the acquisition, processing, and application of knowledge. As such, it can be referred to as the thinking domain. On the other hand, the affective domain deals with attitudes and emotions, while the psychomotor is concerned with using motor skill areas such as physical coordination and movement. Involving all these diverse areas in developing each learning task helps deliver a well-rounded learning experience that improves learning outcomes.

New Challenges

The program has undergone several changes over the years. The new programs and assessments are considered more health-based than before. The programs have changed to reflect the fact that students use computers and handheld devices to monitor their fitness. Also, today we know more about nutrition, so there is an emphasis on eating healthy. There are many dozens of activities to choose from, including outdoor activities. Two new programs are: FITNESSGRAM, which is a fitness assessment and part of the Fitness Club package for grades K-3. It includes a colorful classroom poster, a body composition test, a push-up test, a sit and reach test, a trunk lift test, and a powerful PACER test. Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ), which is a similar program for grades 4 through 12.

standing broad jump

The standing broad jump differs from a long jump because there is no running approach. The athlete merely stands with feet roughly shoulder width apart and swings their arms and bends their knees. They then propel themselves forward several feet and land as far as possible from the starting jump point. The measurement is taken from the starting jump point to the back of the heels. This is a test of not only leg strength, but also of leg flexibility.

Criterion-referenced assessment—

This measures a student for mastery of skills and knowledge and is not intended to be used for comparison with other students. End-of-unit tests and driving tests are examples of criterion-referenced tests. They are used to monitor progress, find a student's progress level, or write learning goals for individualized learning plans.

What is the difference between formal and informal assessments?

The two main kinds of assessments are informal and formal assessments. Informal assessments are usually quick, teacher-created assessments to show how well a child is learning the material and what changes need to be made to the lesson to meet the needs of the standards. Formal assessments are usually end-of-unit exams that show what a student has learned and how well the information was taught.

Standardized assessment—

These are formal assessments in which the questions, format, instructions, and scoring are the same for all students. Standardized assessments are usually used to test skills and abilities at a specific time and to measure the student's strengths and weaknesses, as well as how well the curriculum was taught and learned.

Norm-referenced assessment—

This assessment compares a student to students of the same age taking the same test. Results are given in percentile and on a bell curve. Educators use them to identify students for benchmarking and to find eligible services for students, not so much for grading.

Performance assessment—

This is a task-orientated assessment that is seen, heard, observed, touched, or created. The students must show their learning in a creative way, which can be informal or formal in nature.

Alternative assessment—

This is a test that allows students a different way to prove their knowledge. Students use creative or outside-the-box thinking to prove their knowledge without a formal assessment.

Pencil and paper assessment—

This is usually a formal assessment and given as a summative test given to show students' depth of knowledge in the subject being tested. Also known as selected response assessments, these tests are considered reliable and can be graded quickly by the teacher, although they might not give the most feedback.

Adaptive Testing

Traditionally, standardized tests were administered on paper and completed using a pencil, but it is now increasingly common for students to complete standardized tests on a computer. When a standardized test is administered on a computer, adaptive testing is possible. Adaptive tests alter the difficulty of test questions based on the previous responses of the test-taker. Test items on an adaptive test take into account how well the student did on earlier test items, and the goal is to provide students with test questions that match their knowledge. For example, a student taking an adaptive test that gets an answer wrong might be presented with a subsequent question that is at a lower difficulty level. Likewise, a student taking an adaptive test that gets an answer correct might be presented with a follow-up question with increased difficulty.

Individual versus group performance

When choosing a suitable assessment, teachers must decide if they want students to perform their skills individually or as a group. Group performances allow for more time-consuming, complex projects such as exhaustive research. Group performances also allow students the opportunity to practice life-long skills, like collaboration, by integrating knowledge and working as a team to reach a goal. This also allows for group feedback which provides another type of assessment strategy. Individual performances allow teachers to see what each student has learned, with no interference from their peers. This can be performed in minutes and can be a more in-depth strategy.

Which of the following is recommended when using performance assessments in the classroom?

When using performance assessments in the classroom, it is important to standardize administration procedures as much as possible. In addition, tasks should be defined clearly and unambiguously and scoring criteria should be specified in advance. The teacher should also encourage students to asks questions if a task is not clear to them.

Performance Assessment Tasks

While performance assessments provide an alternative to traditional assessments, they must be performed with specific tasks in mind. These tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives being assessed. When choosing an assessment, teachers must consider how a student can best demonstrate their knowledge of specific objectives. There are four main tasks that a student can perform to demonstrate what they know. These tasks are broken down by the following:

Disadvantages of Standardized Testing

While standardized testing has many advantages that have allowed it to withstand the test of time and continue to be a means to assess students, there are also several cons of standardized testing. Some of the perceived drawbacks of standardized testing include: Educators may be tempted to alter their curriculum and "teach-to-the-test" rather than focus on the unique needs of the students in their classroom. Standardized test questions fail to assess a student's higher-level thinking skills. Non-academic factors can influence a student's test score including anxiety, fatigue, and a lack of motivation. Standardized tests do not assess knowledge gained through specific instruction; they assess a student's general knowledge. Test scores cannot reliably serve as indicators of a student's future success. Standardized tests may include questions that some students cannot relate to because they lack the lived experiences to understand the question's context. The result is an inequitable means of assessment and one in which some students are penalized at no fault of their own. Additionally, this leads to inaccurate statistics driving educational policy as well as reinforcing biases against marginalized groups.

Advantages of Standardized Testing

While there is much controversy surrounding the use of standardized tests, it is important to note the benefits of standardized testing. Some of the perceived strengths of standardized testing include: Test scores serve as helpful indicators for colleges and employers when determining admission and hiring decisions. Quantifiable results from standardized tests give educators an easy way to compare a student's results with other students in their class or with national and state averages. Scoring for standardized tests can be completed via computer rather than exclusively by hand. Educators can view reports with information on a student's progress and identify a trend of growth or decline. With this information, educators can quickly respond to the student's educational needs.

President's Council on Physical Fitness.-Fitness Test

Who remembers running for a lap-and-a-half to finish the 600-yard dash in school or struggling to do one pull-up? The original test that many of us remember consists of six grueling events, and, to receive the coveted patch, a student must score in the top 15% in all six events. They are: Pull-Up (boys) / Flexed Arm Hang (girls) 50-Yard Dash 600-Yard Dash Shuttle Run Standing Broad Jump Sit-Ups

Ravi is taking part in adaptive testing. Which of the following will he most likely encounter?

With adaptive testing, performance on early test items determines the subsequent items to be presented on a test.

sit-up

involves the standard military-style sit-ups, not the modern crunches that have become popular these days. The student sits on the floor with bent knees while another student holds onto her legs for stability. The athlete raises their body up to their knees and then lowers themselves back down again. The number of sit-ups in one minute is counted. This is mainly a test of muscle endurance, but muscle strength is involved as well.

The President's Challenge

is another new program. In it, you log into a daily online activity tracker and earn points. You need 40,000 points to achieve Bronze status, 90,000 points for Silver, 160,000 points for Gold, and 1,000,000 points for Platinum. There is no set time limit to accumulate points. The activities include aerobics, dancing, gymnastics, running, skydiving, and yoga. The complete list of activities is on the President's Council website. It is expected, however, that many gym teachers will test the abilities of their students using the six old tests, although the results will no longer be considered official. Many educators believe that the six original tests may return as part of the fitness protocol in much the same way dietary recommendations come and go every few years.

Modern fitness testing

is more focused on health. For example, students may be assessed in terms of vital signs (blood pressure), body composition (fat vs. muscle), and cardiovascular endurance (pulse). The idea behind health-focused fitness testing is that measurements like blood pressure and pulse rate can be important indicators of overall health and wellness, more so than how far someone can jump.

informal assessment

is more of a performance-based assessment that can occur whenever an educator needs to give it. Most of the time, it is teacher-created and can be given quickly. These assessments provide rapid, if not immediate, feedback for students. Informal assessments during the unit or lesson can help students make deeper connections and correct inaccuracies as they learn. Because they are spontaneous or created by a teacher using their point of view on the subject, these assessments can be less reliable. For example, an informal assessment based solely on one teacher's observation may yield different grades than if a different teacher observed the student, but they allow a teacher to make corrections to their teaching strategies in the unit. informal assessments are given during the unit to see what learning is occurring and what needs to be changed while teaching.

Fitness testing

measures the overall health and wellness of an individual. There are many different types of fitness tests. The earliest fitness tests were performance based. For example, students might have been asked to jump a certain distance. Those who were able to do so were considered more physically fit than those who could not.

Maximum participation

occurs when all participants are able to engage in physical activities. Programs should be structured around the varying levels of ability displayed by students, not only around those who are already performing at a high level of fitness. Therefore, fitness testing should be used to identify the levels of fitness among students. Using that information, a curriculum can be designed that encourages maximum participation for all students. When physical education is fun and accessible for everyone, students are more likely to want to do it.

shuttle run

shuttle run involves starting behind a line and running to another line where an object is picked up (some schools used erasers), after which the student runs back to the original line. There the student sets down the object and runs back to the second line. The student picks up a second object and runs back to the original line. This time the student does not bend down to place the second object but runs past the second line as fast as he or she can. The purpose of the test is to test acceleration and agility. The total time is recorded.