Ch 25 Industrial Revolution

Name 10 negative aspects of the IR.

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Name 10 positive aspects of the IR.

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What are four long term benefits of the IR?

1) Cheaper consumer goods 2) better living and working conditions 3) tax revenues provide money for government projects that raised the standards of living (sanitation, city planning, etc) 4) suburbs grew as people fled the cities

List two effects of the enclosure movement

1) Efficient farming methods increased agricultural output (more food) 2) Many small farmers became unemployed and had to move to cities to find jobs

List three innovations by scientific farmers; name the innovator and when it was invented

1) Jethro Tull invented the Seed Drill in 1701 2) John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle in 1733 3) Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin in 1793

Why did the IR start in England? (5 reasons)

1) Large population of workers 2) Natural resources 3) Expanding economy 4) Political stability 5) "Factors of Production"

Name two ways the new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain during the IR.

1) Middle class now commanded all the political and economic power once held by the nobility 2) Middle class became the social equals of the nobility

What are the "factors of production"? Which of these did Britain have?

1) Resources needed to produce goods and services 2) Land 3) Labor 4) Capitol

The extra money people made as FACTORY WORKERS was spent on: (3 things)

1) coal from Wales to heat their homes 2) beef from Scotland 3) better clothing woven on power looms in Manchester and Leeds

What three factors of the British economy helped spark the IR?

1) investments in new inventions 2) banking system/loans 3) new markets overseas

What are the four major reasons the IR began in Britain?

1) large population of workers 2) extensive natural resources 3) expanding economy 4) political stability

In factories conditions were horrible. Name four problems found in factories:

1) seldom well lit or clean 2) machines injured workers 3) no provision for worker safety 4) long work hours

How did railroads revolutionize life in Britain (list 4 ways)

1) spurred industrial growth by providing cheap and efficient transport of goods and materials 2) created thousands of new jobs 3) boosted agriculture and fishing industries by moving produce quickly and cheaply to market 4) made travel safe and cheap.

What is crop rotation

A different crop was planted (rotated) in a field every year, to prevent the soil from becoming exhausted and unusable.

What is an entrepreneur?

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: Richard Arkwright

Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769, which used water power to drive spinning wheels.

Because cities grew so rapidly they did NOT have: (name 3 things)

Because cities grew so rapidly they did NOT have: (name 3 things): 1) DEVELOPMENT PLANS 2) SANITARY CODES 3) BUILDING CODES

Before 1800, most people lived on ___________. Because of the ____________ system most people lived in _________ after 1800.

Before 1800, most people lived on FARMS. Because of the FACTORY system most people lived in CITIES after 1800.

How did people make textiles previous to the IR? After the IR?

Before: by hand, in cottages. After: by machine, in factories.

Between 1800 and 1850, Europe experienced a period of __________, city building and the movement of people to cities. The number of cities with populations over 100,000 went from ____ to _____. Most cities in Europe (increased/decreased) in population.

Between 1800 and 1850, Europe experienced a period of URBANIZATION, city building and the movement of people to cities. The number of cities with populations over 100,000 went from 22 to 47. Most cities in Europe INCREASED in population.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: Robert Blakewell

Blakewell found that selecting and breeding the best of his sheep produced better sheep. His method was called SELECTIVE BREEDING.

How did Britain's government encourage the IR?

By passing laws to encourage and protect business and industries; maintaining political stability

___________ swelled with waves of __________.

CITIES swelled with waves of JOB SEEKERS.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: Edmund Cartwright

Cartwright was a clergyman who invented the "power loom" in 1787, which increased the speed of weaving.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: Samuel Crompton

Crompton invented the "spinning mule", which combined the "spinning jenny" and "water frame" to make thread stronger, finer, and more consistent.

When did life get better for the middle class?

During the 1800s

Elizabeth Gaskell wrote a book called "___________" to show how bad life was for city workers.

Elizabeth Gaskell wrote a book called "MARY BARTON" to show how bad life was for city workers.

Who became extremely wealthy during the IR?

Factory owners, shippers, and merchants

True or False: Manchester became the center of the British mining industry.

False - Manchester was a center of the COTTON industry

True or False: After 1800, the balance of population in England shifted towards increasing numbers of people moving to rural areas.

False. People were moving to the cities in larger numbers.

True or False: Skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers formed a new upper class in Britain.

False. They formed a new middle class.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: Robert Fulton

Fulton was an American inventor who purchased a steam engine from Boulton & Watt, He installed it on a boat named the Clermont and created the world's first steam powered ship.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: Eli Whitney

In 1793, Whitney invented the "cotton gin", a machine which removed seeds and debris from cotton then combed it so it could be made into thread.

In 1842 the lifespan for someone in the city was ____ and for someone in the countryside the lifespan was _____.

In 1842 the lifespan for someone in the city was 17 and for someone in the countryside the lifespan was 38.

Industrialization eventually led to a better ___________ but initially it caused a great deal of ___________.

Industrialization eventually led to a better WAY OF LIFE but initially it caused a great deal of HUMAN SUFFERING.

Industrialization was a mixed __________ for Great Britain

Industrialization was a mixed BLESSING for Great Britain.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: James Hargreaves

Invented the "Spinning Jenny", which he named after his daughter. The Spinning Jenny allowed the worker to to produce eight threads at a time.

Name the inventor, invention date, purpose and effect for: COTTON GIN

Inventor: Eli Whitney Invented: 1793 Purpose: quickly remove seeds from large amounts of cotton Effect: cheaper cotton thread, greatly increased cotton fabric production, reduced cotton fabric cost

Name the inventor, invention date, purpose and effect for: SEED DRILL

Inventor: Jethro Tull Invented: 1701 Purpose: allowed farmers to quickly sow new seed rows Effect: Increased crop yields

Name the inventor, invention date, purpose and effect for: FLYING SHUTTLE

Inventor: John Kay Invented: 1733 Purpose: allowed weavers to make fabric more efficiently Effect: led to mechanized looms and textile factories

What led to an agricultural revolution in Britain?

Large landowners bought up land, making farming more efficient, along with improvements in farming technologies.

List seven positive effects of the IR

List seven positive effects of the IR 1) Created jobs 2) Contributed to wealth 3) Fostered technological progress 4) Greatly increased production of goods 5) Raised standard of living 6) Provided hope for improvement 7) Healthier diets

_____________ and _______ ________ did not live in misery; they lived in luxury in the _________.

MERCHANTS and FACTORY OWNERS did not live in misery; they lived in luxury in the SUBURBS.

Manchester experienced rapid growth. There were _________ inhabitants in 1760 and ___________ in 1850. Manchester was the center of the __________ industry.

Manchester experienced rapid growth. There were 45,000 inhabitants in 1760 and 300,000 in 1850. Manchester was the center of the COTTON industry.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: John McAdam

McAdam invented the British road system using a layer of large stone for drainage, covered by a smoothed layer of crushed rock.

Name three problems found in industrial cities:

Name three problems found in industrial cities: 1) SICKNESS 2) OVERCROWDING 3) UNSANITARY CONDITIONS / NO SEWERS

Who were the Luddites? Why were they angry? What did they do?

Named after Ned Ludd, the Luddites attacked whole factories in northern England beginning in 1811, destroying machinery and damaging factory buildings

Other industrial centers in Britain (besides London) were: (name four)

Other industrial centers in Britain (besides London) were: (name four) 1) BIRMINGHAM 2) SHEFFIELD 3) LEEDS 4) MANCHESTER

What kind of people made up the middle class?

SKILLED WORKERS, PROFESSIONALS, BUSINESS PEOPLE AND WEALTHY FARMERS

What were the 5 factors of production present in Britain that encouraged the IR?

Stable government, large workforce, capital/banking system, available raw materials, and an expanding economy

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: George Stephenson

Stephenson was a famous railroad engineer who began work on world's first railroad line in England.

The ________ of industrialization accelerated rapidly in Britain. By the 1800's people made more money as __________ than as farm hands.

The PACE of industrialization accelerated rapidly in Britain. By the 1800's people made more money as FACTORY WORKERS than as farm hands.

The biggest city in England was ___________ with a population of __________.

The biggest city in England was LONDON with a population of ONE MILLION (1,000,000).

What effect did this have on Britain's economy?

The economy grew and expanded.

Who prospered immediately from the IR?

The middle class

The most dangerous conditions were found in __________. The life spans for these workers was _____ years shorter than other workers.

The most dangerous conditions were found in COAL MINES. The life spans for these workers was 10 years shorter than other workers.

The rapidly growing cities also lacked: (name 3 things)

The rapidly growing cities also lacked: (name 3 things) 1) ADEQUATE HOUSING 2) EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES 3) POLICE PROTECTION

What larger middle classes begin to emerge? Who made up these new classes?

The upper middle class, consisting of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines and shops; and lower middle class, consisting of factory overseers and skilled workers like toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers.

Why were there so many innovations in the textile industry?

There was an explosion of creativity, leading to increased profits, which spurred investments in new inventions and efficiencies.

There were no programs provided by the _________ to take care of those injured at work.

There were no programs provided by the GOVERNMENT to take care of those injured at work.

How did the middle class change the social structure of Britain?

They became politically and economically more powerful than the landed gentry and aristocracy.

How did nobles view the middle class? When did this change?

They looked down on those who had made their fortunes in the "vulgar" business world. The nobles began considering the middle class as social equals in the late 1800s.

True or False: Frequent accidents, dangerous working conditions and waves of disease shortened the lives of Britain's middle class.

True

True or False: Healthier diets, better housing and cheaper, mass produced clothing were all long term benefits of industrialization.

True

True or False: Industrialization brought air and water pollution and unhealthy working conditions.

True

True or False: Manchester became England's largest and most important city.

True

True or False: The Factory Act of 1819 restricted working age and working hours for children.

True

True or False: The Luddites attacked factories and equipment because they believed the machines were putting them out of work.

True

True or False: The working class saw little improvement in their lives or working conditions, despite the new level of wealth in Britain.

True

What were the new roads called (not McAdam)?

Turnpikes

What was the three field system?

Two fields were cultivated while the third was allowed to rest (lie fallow). The following year, a different field would rest and the other two were planted. The third year, the field that had been planted the previous two years would be planted. The fourth year, the process would begin again.

_________ and ________ were selected as workers in factories because they were the ________ labor source.

WOMEN and CHILDREN were selected as workers in factories because they were the CHEAPEST labor source.

Identify what this person invented and the purpose of their invention: James Watt

Watt was a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. He redesigned the steam engine to increase it's output efficiency and reduce fuel requirements.

What was the enclosure movement?

Where wealthy landowners bought up smaller farms and combined them to form larger farming operations.

The crop rotation system developed in Britain during the agricultural revolution increased crop yields by: a) allowing more land to rest b) increasing nutrients in the soil c) ensuring more of the seeds planted actually sprouted d) decreasing the amount of land needed to grow nutrient depleting crops

a) allowing more land to rest

In the 1700's the process of enclosure tended to increase: a) farming efficiency b) farmer's reliance on a single cash crop c) use of the broadcast seeding method d) the amount of common land for grazing

a) farming efficiency

By the late 1700's the best place to find a water frame and a spinning mule was in a: a) barn b) factory c) farm house d) urban home

b) factory

Why did workers riot?

because of poor living and working conditions.

An entrepreneur is a type of: a) scientist b) inventor c) business person d) personal secretary

c) business person

All of the following were results of the agricultural revolution in Britain EXCEPT: a) food prices decreased b) population increased c) the numbers of farmers increased d) the average size of farms increased

c) the numbers of farmers increased Actually, due to the process of enclosure, the number of farmers DECREASED during the agricultural revolution

What is a textile?

cloth or fabric

The first area to undergo major industrialization was: a) banking b) railroads c) coal mining d) textile production

d) textile production

What does the Industrial Revolution (IR) refer to?

the transition from an agricultural-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy

What natural resources did Britain have?

water power, coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors