Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam 3-Digestive,Metabolism, Urinary Systems

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: From the list below, what are these three main pressures?

1,2 and 4. 1- glomerular hydrostatic pressure, 2-capsular hydrostatic pressure, 4-blood colloid pressure

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent exchange process?

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and urine.

What might be an effect of abnormal excessive release of renin?

Abnormal solute levels in the blood would occur with excessive release of renin

Why is carbon dioxide important to the proximal tubule cells of the nephron?

Carbon Monoxide facilitates the production of acid needed for NA/H antiport

ADH promotes water absorption through the walls of the

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Which system is not involved in the process of excretion?

Endocrine

If the afferent arteriole constricts

GFR decrease

A drug that inhibits an angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) may lead to all of the following except:

Increased fluid retention

Why would the human kidney have more cortical nephrons than juxtamedullary nephrons?

Juxtamedullary are needed in animals that have a limited supply of water.

Would a person need a catheter to control excessive micturition if the internal urethral sphincter did not work properly?

No since control of the external sphincter is voluntary and controls most of the micturition.

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding countercurrent multiplication system?

Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop.

What occurs to the filtrate as it descends the Loop of Henle?

The filtrate increase in osmolarity

How could excessive excretion of urea effect water reabsorption in the nephron?

Urea recycling in the kidney medulla is directly associated with water reabsorption.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

The primary function of proximal convoluted tubule is

absorption of ions, water, and organic molecules

Substances larger than________________are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

What best explains why large proteins and blood cells do not filter into nephron of the kidney?

because the diameter of the opening in the fenestrated epithelium of the glomerulus are typically less than 0.1 micron which will not allow large proteins and blood cells to pass.

Which is not a component of the blood vasculature of the kidneys?

circle of Willis

What describes the flow of urine from the nephron to the urinary bladder?

collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter, bladder

What type of cell lines the proximal tubule of the nephron?

cuboidal epithelium

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by

dilation and constriction of the afferent arteriole

The process of __________________involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

facilitated Diffusion

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called

glomerular filtration rate

Which would happen if the podocytes of the kidneys were loosened from the endothelium cells of the glomerulus?

glomerular filtration rates would increase

Net filtration pressure equals___________minus_______________

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure +blood colloid osmotic pressure

Which is part of the renal corpuscle of the kidney nephron?

glomerulus

Prolonged aldosterone stimulation of the distal convoluted tubule may result in

hypokalemia

Antidiuretic Hormone

increase permeability of the collecting ducts to water

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called

juxtaglomerular cells

An important structure for blood pressure regulation

juxtaglomerular complex

The counter current mechanism functions in the

loop of Henle

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

mitochondrial inner membrane

The functioning units of the kidneys are

nephrons

Blood colloid Osmotic pressure(BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by_______________.

presence of albumin protein in blood plasma

What is not a function of the kidneys

production of the hormone aldosterone is a function of the kidneys

Which one of the following substances should not be filtered

proteins

Reabsorption of Glucose primarily occurs in the

proximal convoluted tubule

The majority of hydrogen ions are secreted in the

proximal convoluted tubule

What part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption?

proximal tubule

The renal ______________are located in the _________________.These conical shaped structures contain loop of Henle and collecting ducts.

pyramids, medulla

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up the

renal corpuscle

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?

renin

Which describes a major function of the collecting ducts?

secretion

The region known as the macula is part of

the distal convoluted tubule

choose all normal constituents of urine

uric acid, urea, sodium, water, creatinine

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce,

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

The final composition of urine is represented by which of the following statements?

urine=substance filtered-substance reabsorbed+substance secreted

The ______________is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop( loop of Henle)

vasta recta