ch 27--fetal heart and chest

With Ebstein anomaly, right ventricle is contiguous with right atrium. This finding is referred to as:

"atrialized" right ventricle

The central portion of the heart is referred to as:

"endocardial cushion"

When is the fetal heart fully formed?

10 wks

Fetal heart rate in 3rd tri should be:

110-180bpm

The fetal heart begins to contract at:

36-37 days gestation

What view best visualizes hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

4CH

abnormal development of the central portion of the heart

AVSD

commonly associated with aneuploidy, trisomy 21 and 18

AVSD

appears as a mass that has both cystic and solid components

CAM

unilateral and may resolve spontaneously although large masses can lead to fetal hydrops and carry a poor prognosis

CAM

narrowing of the aortic arch

Coarctation of the aortic arch

genetic disorder characterized by an absent or hypoplastic thymus

DiGeorge syndrome

associated with tricuspid regurgitation, atrial septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and coarctation of the aorta

Ebstein anomaly

malformation or malpositioning of tricuspid valve

Ebstein anomaly

lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm

Eventration of the diaphragm

most common fetal cardiac tumor

Rhabdomyoma

When hypoplastic left heart syndrome is seen in females, what is suspected?

Turner syndrome

most common form of cardiac defect

VSD

Functional fetal lung tissue does not typically exist until:

after 25 wks

With transposition, the aorta will be seen how in relation to the pulmonary artery?

anterior and the right

LVOT leads to:

aorta

abnormal opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart

atrial septal defect (ASD)

the combo of both atrial and ventricular septal defects is termed:

atrioventricular defect (AVDS)

Where is the mitral valve?

between left atrium and left ventricle

Where is the tricuspid valve?

between right atrium and right ventricle

Where is coarctation of the aortic arch most commonly located?

between the left subclavian artery and ductus arteriosis

associated with right ventricle and pulmonary artery enlargement

coarctation of the aortic arch

When the outflow tract images are obtained in a fetus with transposition, instead of normal crisscross/parallel orientaiton, they will be positioned in a crisscross/parallel orientation.

crisscross/parallel

mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue

cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM)

The most common reason for fetal cardiac malposition is:

diaphragmatic hernia

most common lesion that occupies the chest

diaphragmatic hernia

results in abnormal opening in the fetal diaphragm that allows the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity

diaphragmatic hernia

sono findings include malposition of heart as a result of stomach or other abd organs being located within the chest

diaphragmatic hernia

calcification of the papillary muscle or chordae tendineae

echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF)

heart is located either partially or completely outside of the chest

ectopic cordis

located in the eft posterolateral portion of diaphragm

foramen of Bochdalek

located right anteromedially within the diaphragm

foramen of Morgagni

group of anomalies characterized sonographically as a small or absent left ventricle

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

leading cause of cardiac death in neonatal period

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

sonographically identified as a small or absent right ventricle

hypoplastic right heart syndrome

most often results from pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia, but may result from stenosis or atresia of tricuspid valve

hyposplastic right heart syndrome

Where is the foramen ovale?

in the atrial septum

As the lungs mature, level of lecithin increases/decreases, while the level of sphingomyelin increases/decreases.

increases; decreases

How is fetal lung maturity assessed?

lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (LS ratio)

EIF is most often seen within the right/left ventricle.

left

The apex of the heart will be angled to the right/left of midline.

left

The most common location of a diaphragmatic hernia is the right/left side.

left

The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the:

left atrium

With transposition of the great vessels, the 4CH view is normal/abnormal.

normal

Pulmonary hypoplasia is a common finding with:

oligohydramnios

aorta is positioned directly over a ventricular septal defect

overriding aortic root

a group of anomalies that combines ectopic cordis and an existing omphalocele

pentalogy of Cantrell

RVOT leads to:

pulmonary artery

caused by a decreased number of lung cells, airways, and alveoli

pulmonary hypoplasia

echogenic, triangular shaped mass within left side of the fetal chest

pulmonary sequestration

separate mass of non functioning lung tissue with its own blood supply

pulmonary sequestration

These tumors, located within the myocardium of the heart, have an association with tuberous sclerosis, eventual cardiac failure, and subsequent development of fetal hydrops.

rhabdomyoma

-overriding aortic root -subaortic ventricular septal defect -pulmonary stenosis -right ventricular hypertrophy

tetralogy of Fallot

hypoechoic structure located in anterior chest at the level of sternum between the lungs

thymus gland

located anterior to the mediastinum

thymus gland

provides a place for maturation of T cells

thymus gland

outflow tracts are reversed

transposition of great vessels

pulmonary artery abnormally arises from the left ventricle, and the aorta abnormally arises from the right ventricle

transposition of the great vessels

abnormal opening in the septum between the two ventricles of the heart

ventricular septal defect (VSD)