ch 27--fetal heart and chest
With Ebstein anomaly, right ventricle is contiguous with right atrium. This finding is referred to as:
"atrialized" right ventricle
The central portion of the heart is referred to as:
"endocardial cushion"
When is the fetal heart fully formed?
10 wks
Fetal heart rate in 3rd tri should be:
110-180bpm
The fetal heart begins to contract at:
36-37 days gestation
What view best visualizes hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
4CH
abnormal development of the central portion of the heart
AVSD
commonly associated with aneuploidy, trisomy 21 and 18
AVSD
appears as a mass that has both cystic and solid components
CAM
unilateral and may resolve spontaneously although large masses can lead to fetal hydrops and carry a poor prognosis
CAM
narrowing of the aortic arch
Coarctation of the aortic arch
genetic disorder characterized by an absent or hypoplastic thymus
DiGeorge syndrome
associated with tricuspid regurgitation, atrial septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and coarctation of the aorta
Ebstein anomaly
malformation or malpositioning of tricuspid valve
Ebstein anomaly
lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm
Eventration of the diaphragm
most common fetal cardiac tumor
Rhabdomyoma
When hypoplastic left heart syndrome is seen in females, what is suspected?
Turner syndrome
most common form of cardiac defect
VSD
Functional fetal lung tissue does not typically exist until:
after 25 wks
With transposition, the aorta will be seen how in relation to the pulmonary artery?
anterior and the right
LVOT leads to:
aorta
abnormal opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart
atrial septal defect (ASD)
the combo of both atrial and ventricular septal defects is termed:
atrioventricular defect (AVDS)
Where is the mitral valve?
between left atrium and left ventricle
Where is the tricuspid valve?
between right atrium and right ventricle
Where is coarctation of the aortic arch most commonly located?
between the left subclavian artery and ductus arteriosis
associated with right ventricle and pulmonary artery enlargement
coarctation of the aortic arch
When the outflow tract images are obtained in a fetus with transposition, instead of normal crisscross/parallel orientaiton, they will be positioned in a crisscross/parallel orientation.
crisscross/parallel
mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue
cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM)
The most common reason for fetal cardiac malposition is:
diaphragmatic hernia
most common lesion that occupies the chest
diaphragmatic hernia
results in abnormal opening in the fetal diaphragm that allows the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity
diaphragmatic hernia
sono findings include malposition of heart as a result of stomach or other abd organs being located within the chest
diaphragmatic hernia
calcification of the papillary muscle or chordae tendineae
echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF)
heart is located either partially or completely outside of the chest
ectopic cordis
located in the eft posterolateral portion of diaphragm
foramen of Bochdalek
located right anteromedially within the diaphragm
foramen of Morgagni
group of anomalies characterized sonographically as a small or absent left ventricle
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
leading cause of cardiac death in neonatal period
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
sonographically identified as a small or absent right ventricle
hypoplastic right heart syndrome
most often results from pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia, but may result from stenosis or atresia of tricuspid valve
hyposplastic right heart syndrome
Where is the foramen ovale?
in the atrial septum
As the lungs mature, level of lecithin increases/decreases, while the level of sphingomyelin increases/decreases.
increases; decreases
How is fetal lung maturity assessed?
lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (LS ratio)
EIF is most often seen within the right/left ventricle.
left
The apex of the heart will be angled to the right/left of midline.
left
The most common location of a diaphragmatic hernia is the right/left side.
left
The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the:
left atrium
With transposition of the great vessels, the 4CH view is normal/abnormal.
normal
Pulmonary hypoplasia is a common finding with:
oligohydramnios
aorta is positioned directly over a ventricular septal defect
overriding aortic root
a group of anomalies that combines ectopic cordis and an existing omphalocele
pentalogy of Cantrell
RVOT leads to:
pulmonary artery
caused by a decreased number of lung cells, airways, and alveoli
pulmonary hypoplasia
echogenic, triangular shaped mass within left side of the fetal chest
pulmonary sequestration
separate mass of non functioning lung tissue with its own blood supply
pulmonary sequestration
These tumors, located within the myocardium of the heart, have an association with tuberous sclerosis, eventual cardiac failure, and subsequent development of fetal hydrops.
rhabdomyoma
-overriding aortic root -subaortic ventricular septal defect -pulmonary stenosis -right ventricular hypertrophy
tetralogy of Fallot
hypoechoic structure located in anterior chest at the level of sternum between the lungs
thymus gland
located anterior to the mediastinum
thymus gland
provides a place for maturation of T cells
thymus gland
outflow tracts are reversed
transposition of great vessels
pulmonary artery abnormally arises from the left ventricle, and the aorta abnormally arises from the right ventricle
transposition of the great vessels
abnormal opening in the septum between the two ventricles of the heart
ventricular septal defect (VSD)