Ch. 28 Age of #Anxiety

George Orwell

(1830-1950) Novelist, essayist and critic best known for his novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. He was a man of strong opinions who addressed some of the major political movements of his times, including imperialism, fascism and communism.

Ernest Rutherford

(1871-1937) A New Zealand Born Physicist who is best known for his discovery of half life, a process in which chemical compounds dissipate, thus giving scientists the ability to calculate age etc.

Arnold Schonberg

(1874-1951) An Austrian composer, painter, and poet. Most famously associated with the expressionist movement. Most famous for his compositions.

Albert Einstein

(1879-1955) A German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity. Also worked on the philosophy of science. Was Jewish, had crazy hair.

Virginia Woolf

(1882-1941) English Modernist writer who used the "stream-of-consciousness" as a narrative. Wrote Mrs. Dalloway.

Walter Gropius

(1883-1969) German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school; one of the leading masters of modernist architecture.

Werner Heisenberg

(1901-1976) A German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published many works, earning him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932

Leni Reifenstahl

(1902-2003) German Film Producer and Actor who was killed on the Eastern Front During WWII. She was best known for her imposing propaganda films regarding the NAZI party (National Socialist Party)

Salvador Dali

(1904-1989) most important surrealist (influenced by Freud's emphasis on dreams); after 1924, painted a fantastic world of wild dreams and complex symbols, where watches melted and giant metronomes beat time in impossible alien landscapes; his most famous painting is "Persistence of Memory," 1931

Henri Bergson

1859-1941 French Philosopher who used immediate experience and rationalism to influence process and continental philosophy. He rejected static values and favored values of change and motion. He won a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927.

Ayn Rand

1905-1982 Russian-American writer and novelist, her two best selling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She also developed the philosophical system she called objectivism. She advocated for reason being the only way to obtain knowledge, rejecting faith and religion.

Surrealism

1920 France a movement that was avant garde art and literature to probe the subconscious mind with a blend of the dream fantasy world and real life.

Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front

1929, The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front.The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front.

Franz Kafka

A German speaking Jewish novelist who lived from 1883-1924. His works explored themes of anxiety, existentialism, alienation, guilt, and absurdity. His works were often quite odd and fantastical. His most notable work is Die Verwandlung, or The Metamorphosis. He also wrote The Trial and The Castle.

Oswald Spengler, Decline of the West

A book that was published in 1918 and the second volume in 1922. It talked about the rejection of the Eurocentric view of history. He then talks about how civilizations grow with a thousand years of flourishing and a thousand years of decline and then they are considered civilization.

Ubermenschen

A concept of philosophy created by Friedrich Nietzsche that addresses the ideal man that in the future would overcome the set Christian morals in society and create his own values in his book Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883).

John-Paul Sartre

A key figure in the existentialist movement, this French playwright and philosopher was very influential. He won a Nobel Prize for literature, but declined it. (1905-1980)

T.S. Eliot, "The Waste Land"

A long poem published in 1922 that depicted a world of growing desolation without religion. Writing from a Christian perspective, his literature and style were very traditional.

Bauhaus Movement

A movement bridging the gap between art and industry, combining crafts and fine arts. Walter Gropius created "BauHau" a german Bauhau craft teaching art school.

Stream-of-consciousness writing

A narrative modoe/style depicting the multitude of thoughts/Feelings passing through the mind, in literature punctuation/grammar is commonly ignored.

Eugenics

A term coined by Francis Galton in 1883 to describe the selection of desirable traits when breeding, in order to create superior future generations. This could come in forms such as legislation in health sectors or mass sterilization programs. This became increasingly popular within Nazi Germany leading up to WW2 to reduce reproduction from 'inferior' groups such as Jews.

James Joyce

An Irish novelist (1882-1941) who was most famous for his contribution to the post-war stream of consciousness literature style and coined as one of the most influential 20th century writers. His most famous work, Ulysses, showcases the use of this technique as well as a frank portrayal of human nature.

Animal Farm (Orwell)

An allegorical novel written by George Orwell that alludes to events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and then onto events during the rise of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Orwell, who is a democratic socialist did not agree with the ideals and values of Joseph Stalin and heavily attacked his actions and events during the Russian Revolution in Animal Farm.

Cubism

An art form that depicted reality in fragmented objects and rejected perspective. Picasso and Georges Braque are notable artists of this style.

Futurism

An artistic and social movement during the early 20th century that put emphasis on speed, technology, youth, and violence, as well as on objects such as the automobile, the airplane, and the industrial city.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Beginning some time around the 1920s, the British Broadcasting Company was a private organisation that broadcasted radio announcements. Centered and headquartered in Britain, it eventually was changed the the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927, a different but similarly acting entity. Since the beginning, the BBC has been intertwined with the British government. BBC also has programs in other languages all around the world. It is currently the largest broadcasting company,.

Dadaism

Dadaism was an artistic and literary movement that was influenced by the other movements during the interwar period. its output was wildly diverse, ranging from performance art to poetry, photography, sculpture, painting, and collage. Dada's aesthetic, marked by its mockery of materialistic and nationalistic attitudes

Neils Bohr

Danish physicist (1885-1962) who contributed to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. He thought that electrons orbited a stable nucleus whilst jumping from energy level to energy level. In 1922, he received a Nobel Prize for these ideas.

Guillermo Marconi

Developed transatlantic "wireless" communication to transmit sound (radio), with his first success in 1901. He is also known for developing Marconi's Law and being a pioneer in his field. (Italian, 1874-1937)

Id (Freud)

Disorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual drives. Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. It is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.

Einstein's Theory of Relativity

E = mc^2 Einstein's theory that matter is a form of energy.

Paul Valery (1871-1945)

French Poet and Essayist and Philosopher who is best known for his poetry. He is also known to be the last of the French symbolists.

Albert Camus

French philosopher and author who was an absurdist. He wrote The Stranger and spent his whole life fighting Nihilism while still while still delving deep into individual freedom.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history

Erwin Schrodinger

Living from 1887 to 1961, this man was a highly educated Bavarian physicist. Educated in art, botany, and chemistry, he was exposed to the problems of physics while in school. He eventually settled as a professor for various schools and it was during his time at these schools that he developed his most famous work. An example of this is Schrodinger's Wave Equation, used to find energies of quantum systems. His work also laid the foundation for quantum mechanics, an entirely new branch of physics. He also received a Nobel prize in 1933.

1984 (Orwell)

Nineteen Eighty-Four, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell. The novel is set in Airstrip One (formerly known as Great Britain), a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, and public manipulation.

Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France

Guernica (Picasso)

Picasso's most famous work, a mural sized oil canvas which was very anti-war. It shows the bombing of he Spanish town Guernica by nazi forces. The painting is full of suffering and helped bring attention to the spanish civil war.

The "New Physics"

Pioneered by the Curies, Planck and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.

Sergei Eisenstein

Soviet film director and film theorist. Famously directed Battleship Potemkin and Ivan the Terrible.

Sigmund Freud

The Viennese founder of psychoanalysis who believed that mental problems originated in the past. Fascinated with tensions resulting from the son's instinctive competition with his father for the mother's love. Much of unconscious psychological energy is sexual energy.

Superego(Freud)

The part of the personality structure that has the rules of society. It is how we should behave and is our guiding morality in Freud's system of personality.

Ego (Freud)

The realistic part of the brain that controls logic. Keeps the person from making uninformed decisions and acting on whim.

Marcel Duchamp

a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, conceptual art, and Dada, although he was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art; and he had a seminal influence on the development of conceptual art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind.

Igor Stravinsky

a Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century

existentialism

a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

"God is Dead"

a widely quoted statement by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It first appeared in Nietzsche's 1882 collection The Gay Science (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, also translated as "The Joyful Pursuit of Knowledge and Understanding") However, it is most famously associated with Nietzsche's classic work Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Also sprach Zarathustra), which is most responsible for making the phrase popular.

Radio (impact)

it helped bring people together and be more involved with society, and it gave them the ability to feel connected.

Max Planck

was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918

Enrico Fermi 1901-1954

was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age". He was one of the very few physicists in history to excel both theoretically and experimentally.