Ch 3 Macromolecules:

Carbohydrate

"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"

nucleic acid

A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information.

nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

DNA

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.

unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

Hydroxyl group

A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.

phosphate group

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

carboxyl group

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group; polar; present in sugars. Found in Aldehyde, as in Formaldehyde

amino group

A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. ex: Tryptophan; the atom is basic and polar

cellulose

A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

phospholipid

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

RNA

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing. ex: metabolism

Polypeptides are polymers of what type of monomer?

Amino Acids

What two functional groups are present in all amino acids? What is the part of the amino acids that varies?

Amino group and Sulfhydryl group; The part of the amino acid that varies is the 'r'group

Fatty acid

Building Blocks of Lipids

amino acid

Building blocks of protein; differ in terms of their 'r' groups

polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

What are the four major categories of organic molecules, and what atoms are in each type?

Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur. Nucleic acid: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.

What are the four basic biomolecules of a cell? For each, be able to identify their function and what subunits they are made up of.

Carbohydrates: simple sugars; used for energy, structural support for some cells; always a 1:2:1 ratio; found in all living organisms; monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. Lipids: Fatty acids; make up cell membranes, long term compact energy, provides insulation/heat, aids in absorption of lipid soluble vitamins. Proteins: amino acids; catalyze reactions, support, transport, defense, regulation, motion. DNA/RNA: nucleotides; genetic information

How many covalent bonds are formed by one carbon and why?

Carbon forms 4 bonds because it needs four more electrons to fill the valence shell.

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

triglyceride

Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structures. Ex: n-butane and Isobutane (both are C4H10)

Complementary base pairing

DNA molecules that pair up; adenine=thymine and cytosine=guanine because of this characteristic of DNA structure

What does is mean to denature a protein

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent

What are two types of nucleic acids? How do they differ structurally? How do they differ in terms of their roles in the cell?

Deoxyribonucleic acid-- blue prints for a cell, made of deoxyribos; cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine base pairings Ribonucleic acid-- copies DNA; made up of ribos; cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine

lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Steroids are which kind of molecule? What do they do?

Fats; regulate sex hormones in the body

What is the purpose of functional groups?

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.

What are the major functions of carbohydrates? Are carbohydrates polar or non polar?

Functions: Source of energy, structural support for some cells; hydroxyl group; very polar

What building blocks or monomers compose a triglyceride?

Glycerol and three fatty acids

What are trans fats?

Healthy unsaturated fats that have been hardened by hydrogenation to make them more solid; ex: I Can't Believe It's Not Butter" IT'S NOT GOOD FOR YOU B/C TRANS FAT

Given two molecules, identify whether they are isomers of each other and explain why.

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but their structures make them different structures. Ex: glucose and fructose (cis- and trans- isomers)

What is dehydration synthesis?

It allows cells to synthesize any type of biomolecule; bonds monomers together

steroid

Large lipid molecules with a distinct structure (cholesterol is one)

What are the functions of lipids?

Long term compact energy storage, provides protection of vital organs, provides insulation/heat, and aids in absorption of lipid soluble vitamins

Define and explain the relationship of the following words: Macromolecule, monomer, dimer, polymer

Macromolecule: A very large organic molecule (Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fats). A monomer is one molecule of that macromolecule. A dimer is two monomers bonded together. A polymer is three or more of the monomers bonded together.

What are the functions of proteins?

Metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, and motion

What is hydrolysis?

Molecules are broken down by adding water to split them.

In carbohydrates, what are monomers, dimers, and polymers called?

Monomer: monosaccharides dimer: disaccharides polymers: polysaccharides

List non polar 'r' group amino acids, polar 'r' group, and ionized 'r' group

Nonpolar: Valine, Methionine, leucine, proline. Polar (contain sulfur): cysteine, serine, asparagine, theronine. Ionized: lysine, arginine, glutamic acid, histidine

Biomolecules

Organic molecules associated with living organisms, Contain C, H, and O, along with other key elements such as P and N

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

Organic molecules contain both hydrogen and carbon

Given a molecular formula (such as CH4) identify the molecule as inorganic or organic

Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen

List three major categories of lipids other than fats and oils. What is their role in the body?

Phospholipids: components of plasma membrane Waxes: Protect, prevent water loss, beeswax, earwax; used to make candles and polishes Steroids: plasma membrane, sex hormones; used in medicines

List the four major polysaccharides. For each, indicate where it is found (i.e. what kind of organism uses it) and its function.

Polysaccharides: Glycogen: animal storage Starch: plant storage Cellulose: plant Chitin: shellfish and crabs (found in their shell) peptidoglycan: plasma membrane of bacteria cells

Ribose

RNA pentose sugar

Which nitrogen base pairings are found in RNA? Which are found in DNA? Which pair with each other in DNA?

RNA: Cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine DNA: Cytosine-Thymine; Adenine-guanine

Which fats are solid at room temperature: saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated fats

Amino acids are joined together and taken apart through?

Synthesis of peptides

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Which portions of the DNA and RNA structure are the same and which are different?

The structures are the same except DNA has an extra hydrogen ion while RNA has an extra hydroxide ion

Given an organic molecule (molecular or structural formula) indicate whether the molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic and why?

This term arises because hydrophobic molecules do not dissolve in water. If a molecule has areas where there is a partial positive or negative charge, it is called polar, or hydrophilic (Greek for "water-loving"). Polar molecules dissolve easily in water.

At a molecular level, why is it that saturated fats tend to be more solid than unsaturated fats?

Unsaturated fats can't pack together; Saturated fats are solids at room temperature

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? why?

Very hydrophobic-- rich in carbon and hydrogen, but poor in oxygen

hydrophobic

Water fearing

When a double covalent bond is formed, how many electrons are being shared?

When a double covalent bond is formed, two sets of electrons (4 total) are being shared.

oil

a lipid

wax

a lipid

organic

always has carbon or hydrogen; covalent bonding; large; many atoms; associated with living organisms. ex: sugars, lipids, oils, proteins

transfat

converted unsaturated oils into more saturated fat through hydrogenation

protein

found in living things; used for metabolism (enzymes), support (keratin and collagen), transport (protein channels and pumps), defense (antibodies), regulation (hormones), motion (actin myosin)

inorganic

has ions; ionic bonding; small number of atoms; associated with nonliving matter. ex. Salt (NaCl)

Given an organic molecule indicate whether the molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

hydrophilic molecules will dissolve in water (water loving). Hydrophobic will not.

Hydroxyl functional group

makes up Alcohol such as ethanol; polar; hydrogen bond

carboxyl functional group

makes up acetic acids; polar; acidic

phosphate functional group

makes up phosphorylated; polar; acidic; present in nucleotides

amino functional group

makes up tryptophan; basic; polar

What are the monomer and polymers of nucleic acids?

monomer: nucleotides polymers: nucleic acids

How many covalent bonds are formed by one carbon, and why? Given a molecule that was drawn incorrectly, indicate which carbon does not have a sufficient number of bonds.

one carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

chitin

polysaccharide present in shellfish and crabs

Functional group

specific combination of bonded atoms that always react the same way, regardless of carbon skeleton

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

store information and structure for life; specifies chemical reactions within a cell

hydrolysis reaction

this is when water (H2O) is added to a substance in order to break it up into smaller molecules. You can identify this as having a H2O reactant.

What ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen is typical of carbohydrates?

typical ratio: 1:2:1

hydrophillic

water loving