Ch 30 Clinical Lab

decreased or scanty urinary output is

oliguria

describing the acidity or alkalinity is known as

pH

What three elements make up a urinanalysis?

physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations

Increase in urine output in known as...

polyuria

Renal Threshold

the concentration at which a substance in the blood that is not normally excreted by the kidneys begins to appear in the urine.

Empying the bladder is known as which of the following?

voiding, urination, micturition.

10. HCG is a hormone that is present in the urine and blood of a pregnant woman.

True

A clean-catch midstream urine specimen is required for a urine culture.

True

An excessive increase in urine output is termed polyuria.

True

Approximately 95% of urine consists of water.

True

Blood may normally be present in the urine due to menstruation.

True

Frequency is the condition of having to urinate often.

True

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine.

True

If a freshly voided specimen is cloudy, this may mean that a UTI is present.

True

The distal urethra normally contains microorganisms.

True

The normal specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.003-1.030.

True

Urinalysis consists of a physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.

True

Vomiting can result in oliguria.

True

What may cause ketosis?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation, a diet composed almost entirely of fat.

Why does urine become more alkaline if it is not preserved?

Urea (acidic) is converted to ammonia (alkaline) by bacterial action.

The inability to retain urine is known as:

Urinary incontinence.

List five guidelines that should be followed when performing a pregnancy test.

Use clean urine containers.Use a first-voided morning specimen. Determine the specific gravity of the urine specimen before performing the test. A specific gravity reading less than 1.010 may lead to false-negative test results. The urine specimen should be at room temperature. The urine pregnancy testing kit should be stored according to the manufacturer's instructions. Test reagents past their expiration date should not be used. Avoid contaminating the reagents with one another or with the test specimen.

What is the normal range for the specific gravity of urine?

1.003 to 1.030.

What may cause an increase in the pH of the urine?

A bacterial infection of the urinary tract.

What type of urine specimen is required for the detection of a UTI?

A clean-catch midstream specimen.

What is a urinary cast?

A cylindric structure formed in the lumen of the tubules that make up a nephron.

Why should a nitrite test not be performed on a urine specimen that has been left standing out?

A false-positive result may occur because of bacterial contamination from the atmosphere.

What is the difference between a qualitative test and a quantitative test?

A qualitative test provides an approximate indication of whether or not a substance is present in abnormal quantities. A quantitative test indicates the exact amount of a chemical substance that is present.

What type of odor would a urine specimen that has been allowed to stand out for a long time have?

Ammonia odor.

List three changes that may occur in a urine specimen if it is allowed to stand for more than 1 hour.

An acidic urine becomes more alkaline, increasing the pH, which may also cause a false-positive result on the protein test; bacteria multiply, resulting in a cloudy specimen and an increase in the nitrite concentration; if glucose is present in the specimen, it decreases in amount; any red or white blood cells present may break down; casts decompose.

Most of the urine (95%) is composed of what substance?

Water.

What conditions may cause yeast cells to appear in the urine?

Candidiasis and diabetes mellitus.

Why does concentrated urine tend to be dark in color?

Concentrated urine contains more dissolved substances, making it darker in color.

List two conditions that may cause oliguria.

Decreased fluid intake, dehydration, profuse perspiration, vomiting, diarrhea, or kidney disease.

What may cause glycosuria?

Diabetes mellitus, alimentary glycosuria.

What is the term used to describe painful urination?

Dysuria.

A 24-hour urine specimen may be collected to assist in the diagnosis of a UTI.

False

A normal adult excretes approximately 250 ml of urine each day.

False

A urine specimen that is light yellow in color indicates that bacteria are present in the specimen.

False

Casts are formed in the urinary bladder.

False

Dysuria is the inability to control urination at night.

False

If a urine specimen is allowed to stand for more than 1 hour at room temperature, the pH becomes more acidic.

False

The pH of most urine specimens is neutral.

False

Urea is a waste produce derived from the breakdown of glucose.

False

List three reasons for performing a pregnancy test.

For the early detection of pregnancy and before certain medications are ordered or procedures are performed that may cause injury to a fetus.

What is the term used to describe a condition of frequent urination?

Frequency.

What is the name of the hormone that is present only in the urine and blood of a pregnant woman?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

How should urine reagent strips be stored?

In a cool, dry area with the cap tightly closed.

What may cause blood to appear in the urine?

Injury, cystitis, tumors of the bladder, urethritis, kidney stones, and certain kidney disorders.

Why is a first-voided morning specimen often preferred for urine testing?

It contains the greatest concentration of dissolved substances.

Why is a first-voided urine specimen recommended for a microscopic examination of the urine?

It is more concentrated and contains more dissolved substances; small amounts of abnormal substances are more likely to be detected.

What is the purpose of testing the specific gravity of urine?

It provides information on the ability of the kidneys to dilute or concentrate the urine.

A 24-hour urine specimen is often used to diagnose what condition?

Kidney stone formation.

The functional unit of the urinary system is the____.

Nephron

What is the term used to describe excessive (voluntary) urination during the night?

Nocturia.

The presence of protein in the urine in known as...

Proteinuria

The ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in a solution is the _________.

Refractive index

The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of a substance known as the standard defines which of the following?

Specific Gravity

The clear liquid that remains at the top after a precipitate settles is known as _________.

Supernatant

List two conditions that may cause polyuria.

The excessive intake of fluids, the intake of fluids that contain caffeine, diuretics, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and renal disease.

List two factors that may cause a urine specimen to become cloudy.

The presence of bacteria, pus, blood, fat, yeast, sperm, mucous threads, or fecal material.

Glycosuria

The presence of sugar in the urine

What is the purpose of performing a microscopic examination of the urine?

To help clarify the results of the physical and chemical examination of urine.

The presents of bilirubin in the urine is known as?

bilirubinuria

the presence of ketone bodies in the urine is

ketonuria

An accumulation of large amounts of ketone bodies in the tissues and body fluids is...

ketosis