ch. 37 SLOs

describe nonpharmacological therapies for musculoskeletal trauma

- Physical therapy - Massage - Acupuncture - Transcutenous electrical nerve stimulation - Chiropractic care

Describe important assessment findings for neurovascular injury

- check pulses and sensation distal to injury; may have lack of sensation and absent or weak pulses - in neuromuscular compression if prolonged, severe atrophy of the muscle can happen because its not getting stimulation of nerves to move and contract

describe important assessment findings for compartment syndrome

- patient complains of pain out of proportion of degree of injury - ischemia, necrosis, and functional impairment can happen

factors that influence bone mass

Adequate calcium and vitamin D essential for bone health

fracture of bone that protrude to the outside of the body

Open (compound)

bone-forming cells

Osteoblasts

mature osteoblasts, maintain bone matrix

Osteocytes

Identify the age that bone mass peak occurs

Peak bone mass obtained at age 30-35

Rest, ice, compression, elevation; used for strain or sprain

RICE therapy

part of joint capsule

capsular

fracture in which bone fragments separate completely

closed (complete)

a fracture with more than one fracture line and more than two bone fragments, which may be shattered or crushed; not all crushed

comminuted

provide stability

extracapsular

more common in young as a result of trauma

femoral head fracture

most common with osteoporosis

femoral neck fracture

an incomplete break in the bone with the intact side of the cortex flexed (one side is broken and the other is bent). It is usually seen in children.

greenstick

numbness or weakness of the lower extremity; straight-leg raising test can be used to assess

herniated disc

a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined

incomplete

A patient has suffered a fracture of the distal radius. Please place the following steps for fracture repair in the correct order for bone fracture healing. Lamellar bone deposition Granular tissue formation Inflammatory phase Callus formation Bone remodeling

inflammatory phase granular tissue formation callus formation lamellar bone deposition bone remodeling

attach bone to bone; can rupture

ligaments

sharp pain, tenderness; spasm over the posterior lumbar area; decreased, painful ROM

low back pain

bruise of muscle itself

muscle contusion

bone resorption

osteoclasts

bone is weakened or compromised; fracture occurs without significant trauma b/c its already weak; fragility fracture

pathological fracture

overstretch ligament with possible tear - 3 grades

sprain

fracture and inflammatory phase; bleeding between edges of fractured bone

stage 1

granulation tissue formation; fibroblasts are attracted to the area of injury, growth of vascular tissue to improve blood supply as fracture is healing

stage 2

callus formation consisting of osteoblasts and chondroblasts; where full repair stage starts; synthesis of extraceullar organic matrix of women bone and cartilage

stage 3

lamellar bone deposition; strengthening phase, ossification occurring (give bone more structure)

stage 4

remodeling; involves remodeling of the bone at the site of the fracture; adequate strength commonly occurs in 3 to 6 months

stage 5

overstretch of muscle or tendon

strain

crack that occurs from excess use; a failure of one cortical surface of the bone, often cause by repetitive activity

stress fracture

attach muscle to bone; overuse injuries

tendons

trauma or injury

traumatic fracture

A nurse knows that an osteoporotic fracture is more likely in bones with a high percentage of trabecular bone. Which of the following bones would be at greatest risk for such fractures?

wrist, vertebrae, upper femur (hip)