Combo #2
Histogram
A distribution with class intervals graphically displayed on a bar graph.
A counselor who has an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of:
AARC (Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling)
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of:
Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming
Pick the most accurate statement:
Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD)
Alloplastic View
Development is the result of one's adapting to other people and objects. What is this view of cognitive development called?
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation is rhesus monkeys is:
Harry Harlow
A valid test is _____ reliable:
always
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Coover Jones is to:
cure
Nondirective is to person-centered as:
parsimony is to Occam's Razor
Freudians refer to the ego as:
the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as:
the x axis
Anne Roe postulated that overprotective parents teach children to place emphasis on the speed at which needs are met.
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Behavior MODIFICATION strategies are based heavily on INSTRUMENTAL conditioning (i.e., B. F. Skinner with the 'i'), while behavior THERAPY emphasizes CLASSICAL conditioning (Pavlov).
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CAREER DEVELOPMENT - Implementation of an integrated series of career decisions over the life span.
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CAREER DEVELOPMENT - the total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual.
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CENTRAL TENDENCY BIAS - when a rater rates almost everybody in the average range
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CONVENTIONAL - systematic and practical worker, good at following plan and attending to detail; banker, secretary, accountant
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Career counselors should use cognitive reconstructuring, reframing, role playing, desensitization with phobias, and paradoxical intention.
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College Entrance Examination Board (also known as Educational Testing Services [ETS]) scores range from 200 to 800 with a mean of 500.
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Dislocated Worker - a person who is unemployed due to downsizing, a company relocation, or the fact that the company closed the business
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Displaced Homemaker - women who enter or reenter the workforce after being at home. This often occurs after a divorce or death of partner.
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During the working stage the group functions very well on its own and the leader becomes less active or directive.
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Early childhood experiences and parental style affect the needs hierarchy and the relationship of those needs to adult lifestyle.
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Frankl felt that suffering would be transformed into achievement and creativity.
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HALO EFFECT - a supervisor generalizing about an employee based on a single characteristic
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IDENTITY MORATORIUM- the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.
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In CIP terms, CAREER IDENTITY is defined as the level of development of self-knowledge memory structures. Career identity is a function of the complexity, integration, and stability of the schemata constituting the self-knowledge domain.
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Stage 6 (1990-present) - viewed as a time of changing demographics, the beginning of multicultural counseling, continued development of technology, and a focus on school-to-work transitions.
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Step 3: Decision Making - TRUE REASONING of above 2 - Match the person (traits) with the career (factors).
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Sympathy often implies pity, while accurate empathy is the ability to experience another person's subjective experience.
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The APA's Journal of Psychology publishes more counseling research articles than any other periodical in the field.
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The Archway Model clarifies how biological, psychological, and sociological determinants influence career development, and, reveals diverse life roles over an individual's life span.
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The goal of career counseling is to provide the conditions of learning that facilitate the growth of memory structures and cognitive skills so as to improve the client's capacity for processing information.
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Endomorphy
A friend of yours has a round, plump, soft, heavy body having a heavy trunk. How would you describe this body type?
Alogia
A friend of yours, who is suffering from some mental disorder, has diminished thinking ability. What is he suffering from?
Cannon-Bard Theory
In a lecture or yours, you are discussing the theory that pertains to which comes first, the physical action or the emotional reaction. What is this theory called?
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with:
Parsons and Williamson
Apgar rating
Quantitative rating test used to measure the vital signs of newborns a minute or two after birth
Authoritative
What is the most effective form of parenting style where parents have definite standards but also encourage the child to be independent and will illicit opinions at times?
Stratified Random Sample
What is the sampling technique in which items/subjects are divided into parts and in each part, each item/subject, has an equal chance of being selected?
Iconic mode
What is the second stage to develop which utilizes symbols for thought?
Plateau Phase
What is the sexual response phase as defined by Master's and Johnson where the tension prepares the body for orgasm and there is increased stimulation of body parts and functions.
Percentage
What is the statistic that indicates a proportion of a subgroup to a total group?
Constructive Alternativism
What is the term for an important determinant for one's decisions and behaviors?
Causality
What is the term for the understanding that the child can cause something to happen?
Sampling Bias
What is the term for when a researcher selects a non-representative sample for his/her own convenience?
Autonomous Morality
What is the term for when children begin to realize that rules are created by people and that intentions and consequences may be taken into consideration (Begins about age 10).
Disequalibrium
What is the term for when the child's current schemas cannot process new information. The child changes the schemas and equilibration is established?
Organicism
What is the term that is sometimes used to classify the more holistic theories that accept qualitative changes?
An Ordeal
What is the term when a therapist prescribes a situation that is equal or greater than the distress of the client- described symptom itself.
25 percent
What is the weight and size of the brain at the time of birth expressed as a percentage of adult weight and size?
Permissive Parenting Style
What kind of parenting style is it when parents keep their "hands off" and let children be with the hope that they will be more self-reliant?
External, Environmental Forces
What main principle do learning theorists emphasize?
Vineland Social Maturity Scale
What measure assesses an individual's competency in taking personal responsibility and seeing to practical needs?
25%
What percentage of adult weight and size does an infant brain have at birth?
Martin Seligman
What researcher experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs?
Hiskey-Nebraska Test
What test assesses hearing impaired children up to 16 years old?
Integration Factor Theory (Bruner)
What theory postulates that cognitive maturation results from the integration of acts and skills termed "blueprints" or plans of higher order combinations?
Easy Temperament
What type of temperament is characterized by a positive mood, quick establishment of routines an easy adaptation to new experiences?
Skewed distribution
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally (and symmetrically).
Multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
When a study has moe than one dependent variable.
Halo Effect
When a trait that is not being evaluated (i.e., attractiveness) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (i.e., counseling skill).
Galen
Who made a number of original contributions concerning the anatomy of the nervous system
Aretaeus of Cappadocia
Who was the first person to note the difference between acute and chronic mental disorders and to distinguish among illusions, delusions and hallucinations?
Asclepiades
Who was the first to note the difference between acute and chronic mental disorders and distinguish between illusions, delusions and hallucinations?
When counselors state that privileged communication is "qualified," they actually mean that:
exceptions may exist
All of the following statements regarding reality therapy are true:
excuses are not excepted the unconscious is avoided therapy is concerned primarily with the here and now
ego
executive administrator of the personality (seen as the Child in TA) -acts as a police officer to control impulses of the id (aka instincts, or the Child) and the superego (conscience, or the Parent) -also called 'reality principle' and houses individual's identity
Fankl (logotherapy) view of clients:
existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
The NCE and the CPCE would be examples of a(n) ______ test:
forced choice
Gustav Jung
founded Analytic Psychology
The DSM-5 no longer uses a multiaxial classification system or GAF scale. Diagnostic codes have _____ digits:
four or five
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by:
the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
Resolution of Freud's Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego, which is accomplished by
identifying with the same sex parent (also called aggressor)
Although the task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other role too long since:
if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished
The school psychometrician refers to Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie's IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie's IQ:
is approximately 100
The psychometrician calls you to tell you that she has another student, who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student's IQ:
is approximately 115
A Type II error:
is called a beta error means you accept null when it is false
A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment:
is confounded/flawed
The tendency to affiliate with others:
is highest in firstborns and oldest children
A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor:
is interested in reliability
Early vocalization in infants:
is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al:
is very behavioristic
The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that:
she had a z-score of -2
A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as:
splitting
Freud's critics cite that many aspects of his theory are difficult to ____ from a scientific standpoint.
test Freud's psychoanalysis is the OLDEST major form of psychotherapy.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that:
testing is an important part of the counseling process a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
Interest inventories are positive in the sense that:
that are reliable and not threatening to the test taker
A counselor educator is giving a seminar on the DSM-5. She gives the students a handout and it lists hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as both having the same 300.3 code. The most likely explanation is:
that this could be correct since two diagnoses can share a single code
The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via ______ and is generally required for insurance payments:
the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844)
The APGA and APA had joint ethics guidelines for counselors and psychologists. This changed during the 1970s when:
the APA did not wish to credential master's level counselors or psychologists
The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer:
will sacrifice others to feel good about himself will often say "if it weren't for you..." will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues
Identification
when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
Delayed conditioning
when the conditioned (learned) stimulus is delayed until the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus occurs
In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is more effective:
when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
The in-basket technique would be best:
when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position
A study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P=___.
.001 The smaller the value for P, the more stringent the level of significance.
The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =
.001.
INVESTIGATIVE - analytical and precise; good with detail; prefers to work with ideas; enjoys problem solving and research; chemist, geologist, biologist, researcher
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UNDECIDED CLIENT - have not made a career decision but might not view their current status as a problem. They prefer to delay making a commitment. They are uninformed, immature person who generally lacks self-knowledge, information about occupations, or both.
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VALANCE (rewards such as money, promotion, or satisfaction)
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Values inventories measure broader aspects of lifestyle.
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Vocational maturity is acquired through successfully accomplishing developmental tasks within a continuous series of life stages.
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Trait-Oriented Theories
> RIASEC descriptions RIA REALISTIC - has practical abilities and would prefer to work with machine or tools rather than people; mechanic, farmer, builder, pilot
Classical conditioning relates to the work of:
Ivan Pavlov
The term 'group therapy' was coined in 1931 by:
Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama
One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that:
if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members
Leon Festinger
You are telling your students about the theorist who is associated with attitude changes, specifically cognitive dissonance. What is his name?
Conformist Stage
Taking into consideration that a child is preoccupied with social acceptance, appearance, and material possessions, at what ego development sequence is he?
Beck's contention was that depression is the result of a cognitive _____ of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future, and one's experience.
triad
A Type I error occurs when:
you reject null when it is true
Clients need to prepare for changing work tasks, not assume that occupations will remain stable. Clients need to expand their capabilities and interests, not base decisions on existing characteristics only.
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Gelatt's decision-making model is prescriptive (describes ideal approaches to decision making). The model exerts that all decisions have similar qualities in that a choice, which has 2 or more possible courses of action, must be made and an individual must rationally analyze information accurately to predict the outcome of their choice.
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Group process is the study of stages in a group. All group go through 3 stages regardless of the type of group or style of leadership. The three stages are: Beginning Stage, Middle or Working Stage, and Ending or Closing Stage.
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SYNTHESIS (problem is restructured by creating likely alternatives) Expanding and Narrowing My List of Options; formulating courses of action; elaboration (brainstorming); crystallization is used to narrow down to 3-5 options
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Structured techniques can foster dependency upon the leader.
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Structured techniques can generate early cohesiveness.
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Surveys should include at least 100 people.
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NCE - Group
... It is a dysfunctional group norm to focus on the past or issues not relevant to the group purpose. Immediate events take precedence over the past, although the group doesn't have to focus exclusively on the here-and-now. Some accounts of past incidents are important and relevant.
The peak period of competition between therapies was during the late
1960s
Z-scores (aka standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a Z-score of -2.5 means
2.5 SD below the mean
Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means:
2.5 SD below the mean
The variance is a measure of dispersion if scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then:
68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology - Career Choice is an expression of, or an extension of personality into the world of work. Individuals search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles. Their are six kinds of occupational environments and six matching personal orientations.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology - Holland stressed the importance of SELF-KNOWLEDGE in the search for vocational satisfaction.
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory A job satisfies an UNCONSCIOUS NEED.
Descriptive Statistics
???????????????????????
______ emphasized the drive for superiority:
Adler
Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process?
"Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."
Epictetus said about thinking
"People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them." - very REBT
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Trait-and-Factor Theory Overview - Frank Parsons (1909) & E.G. Williamson (1939)
Values Inventory
An assessment of the person's work ethics.
Two types of developmental studies
Cross-sectional and longitudinal
Nosology refers to a system of classifications. Name the nosological system(s) utilized by professional counselors who diagnose clients:
DSM ICD
A positive correction
Evident when both variables change in the same direction (imagine a graphical representation of scores)
Statistic
Statistic is a value obtained from a sample.
Technological Advances
These advances shape the development of intellectual functioning
Multiple-baseline design
When a researcher employs more than 1 target behavior.
Gestalt means:
a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally, statisticians call it:
a skewed distribution
In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as:
group unity
One impetus for counselor licensing was that:
psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third-party payments from insurance and managed care companies
Albert Ellis believes
"When you change your thinking, you change your life." (Ellis known for REBT and work in sexology.)
Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product?
"You wince whenever Jane raises her voice."
EXPECTANCY (what am I capable of doing?)
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NCE - Group
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Kohlberg lists ______ stages of moral development which fall into ______ levels.
6, 3
Developmental Theories
> Ginzberg and Associates (1951) REALISTIC Period (ages 17 -21)
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellations are emphasized by:
Adler
A(n) ______ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor:
African American male
Confounded or flawed variable
Confounded or flawed variable are undesirable variables that invalidate experiments. (The only experimental variable should be the independent variable.)
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ______ cognitive dissonance theory:
Festinger's
The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with:
Nathan Ackerman
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of:
R. A. Fisher
R. A. Fisher
R. A. Fisher pioneered hypothesis testing.
SATISFACTORINESS- the employer's satisfaction with an individual's job performance.
Satisfactoriness: refers to clients who are more achievement-oriented
Biological Energy
What is the source of all basic drives as people progress through the stages of life?
Covary negatively
When one variable increases while the other decreases.
Historically speaking, the first psychology laboratory was set up by:
Wilhelm Wundt, in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany
Within-Subjects Design
Within-Subjects Design is a two or more values or levels of the IV are administered to each subject.
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
Wolpe
Percentile Rank (PR)
You are giving a lecture on the types of derived scores. Your students what to know the name of the score which indicates the percentage of scores that fall below a given score. What is this score?
State laws can govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern:
accreditation
In a healthy group, members:
are flexible and can change roles
An 11-year-old child comes to your office with a black eye and tells you she can't remember how she received it. You have reason to suspect abuse. You should:
call the child abuse/neglect hotline
You find yourself sexually attracted to a client. This is known as:
countertransference
One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as:
equivalent or alternate forms reliability
Test scores on an exam that fell below 3 SD of the mean or above 3 SD of the mean could be described as:
extreme
Reinforcement schedule
gives guidelines for reinforcement.
Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that:
he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal
Development is cephalocaudal, which means:
head to foot
Viktor Frankl is the father of logo therapy, which is based on existentialism. Logo therapy means:
healing through meaning
In a group, task roles:
help solve problems aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused are seen as positive
Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles:
help to maintain the group
Lower significance =
higher risk of Type II errors
One of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized:
intrapsychic processes
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender:
it is easier to trust people from one's own culture, lower-income people often don't trust others from a higher social class, lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class
The notion of the hidden jobs market would suggest that:
most jobs are not advertised
Bandura (neobehavioristic) view of clients:
person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important
When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to:
predictive validity
SCCT stands for:
social cognitive career theory
The Interpretation of Dreams
the Bible of Psychoanalysis by Freud
Empathy is:
the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys:
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
Equilibration is:
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in:
the group formation/exploration stage
Variable ratio of intermittent scheduling
the most difficult to extinguish
The main purpose of a career group is:
to provide information to participants
A 39-year-old female secretary you are seeing in your assertiveness training group reveals that she is plotting to shoot her husband. Based on the Tarasoff case you should:
warn the husband
B.F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on:
Edward Thorndike's law of effect
Experimental Hypothesis
Experimental Hypothesis states, "There will be differences between the control group and the experimental group.
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area - who were the first to forsake the matching models - were:
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma
The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for:
K-12, postsecondary, and even adults
Factorial experiment
Several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted. Factorial designs include 2 or more IVs.
The Control Group
The Control Group does NOT receive the IV (same characteristics of the experimental group - the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles:
autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire
Mean
average of all scores
An empiricist view of development would be:
behavioristic
A wealth of research demonstrated that:
in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background
IQ means:
intelligence quotient
The benefit of standard scores such as percentiles, t-scores, z-scores,stanines, or standard deviations over raw scores, is that a standard score allows you to analyze the data in relation to the properties of the normal bell shaped curve.*
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The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
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Freud's topographic notion that the mind is like an iceberg with 2 states:
conscious unconscious
Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as ______ activities, while reading the job hunting book What Color Is Your Parachute? is ______:
interactive; noninteractive
Occam's Razor suggest that experimenters:
interpret the results in the simplest manner
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means:
interpreting the results in the simplest way
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow:
interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is:
intimacy vs isolation - ages 23-34 years
Jacob Moreno
invented psychodrama first coined the term 'group therapy' in 1931
Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word 'emic:'
is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language
William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to:
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to:
recommendations
According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home:
should ask to come in the home
Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training:
should be broad and interdisciplinary
In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression of whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a:
single-blind study
Studies indicate that:
students want more vocational guidance than they receive
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely:
suggest a site visit to a work setting
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring (aka 'changing thoughts')
takes place when a client begins thinking in a healthy new way using different internal dialogue.
When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means:
the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasized:
the self-concept
Mode
most frequently occurring scores and the least important measure of central tendency. (The highest or maximum point of concentration on a curve.)
According to existential therapist Irvin D. Yalom:
most therapists are afraid of their own mortality and avoid the topic of death
A reliable test is _____ valid:
not always
The Freudian Stages:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis could also be called the ______ on your exam:
ordinate
An advantage of group career counseling over individual career counseling is:
other clients in the group can help you to rev up your motivation you get to help other clients and they get to help you participants can role-play situations such as how to answer questions during a job interview
A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, "It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it." Her comment is an example of:
positioning
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as Willian Glasser is to:
reality therapy
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as:
spillover
All reinforcers:
tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
Mandalas
term borrowed from Hinu writings by Jung that stands for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him:
that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response
Kia was given a new client with a morbid fear of heights. Her supervisor emphasized that he wanted her to use the most high-tech form of treatment available. Kia should use:
virtual reality therapy
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to:
volume or mass
A counselor who sports NCC after her name:
will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again
Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client:
will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission
The Group IQ test movement began:
with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I
The DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (ID), formerly billed as mental retardation. It states that:
the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. The client's ability to adapt to normal life in school, work, or family at home must also be impaired.
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as:
the compensatory effect
From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when:
the distribution is skewed there are extreme scores
The mean is misleading when ___ and ___
the distribution is skewed, there are extreme scores.
Kruskal-Wallis
used instead of the ANOVA when data is nonparametric
Define ethnocentrism:
uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others, conveys the notion that one's group is superior
Rational-behavior therapy
uses rational-emotive imagery regularly, works well for multicultural counseling, by Maxie Maultsby.
In terms of leaving a custodian of your records:
using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA
Career groups are often considered a theme group. The best intervention in a structured career group would be:
using activities such as a game
A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is:
using concreteness
- KEY ASSUMPTION: Individuals have unique patterns of ability or traits that can be objectively measured and correlated with requirements of occupations (MATCHING). These can be profiled to represent an individual's potential.
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1- DIFFERENTIATION - expressing one's unique individuality,
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1. Genetic endowment and special abilities - sex, race, physical appearance, intelligence, abilities, and talents
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1. Orientation to size and power (ages 3-5) - Thought process is concrete; children develop some sense through sex roles of what it means to be an adult.
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2- SPECIFICATION (18 -21) - narrowing choices to specific preferences
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2. EXPLORATION (15-24) - Crystallizing, Specifying, Implementing - a tentative phase in which choices are narrowed but not finalized; "trying it out" through classes, work experience, hobbies; The crystallization of traits occurs when there is progress toward forming a stable self-concept.
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2. Environmental conditions and events - cultural, social, political, and economic forces beyond our control
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CAREER COUNSELING - a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting
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CAREER GUIDANCE - developmental and educational process within a schools system
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Counselors who work as consultants generally do not adhere to one single theory.
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DECISION MAKING - transform the choice into action
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IMAGES OF OCCUPATIONS - Refer to occupational stereotypes that include personalities of people in different occupations, the work that is done, and the appropriateness of that work for different types of people.
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Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has ______ members:
5 or 6 to 8
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) Environmental Structure: characteristic abilities and values of individuals who inhabit the work environment. Basic assumption is that clients who have abilities and values similar to individuals already on the job will make it less difficult for an individual to adjust to a work environment. This is example of MATCHING.
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Problem, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Career Development, Lifestyle PROBLEM - a gap between the existing and the ideal; gap between indecision and decidedness
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains (Base & Middle) (Base) KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS > "Knowing about myself and knowing about my options" > Self-Knowledge (one's interests, abilities, values) > Occupational Knowledge
Incorporating a biosocial developmental approach, her theory describes how people become attracted to certain occupations. Self-concept in vocational development is a key factor to career selection because people want jobs that are compatible with their self-images.
A key factor in career decision is self-concept that is determined by one's social class, level of intelligence, and experiences with sex-typing. Individual development progresses through 4 stages.
t test
A t-test is used to determine whether two sample groups are significantly different, simple form of the ANOVA, for comparing 2 sample groups (for "two-groups" or "two-randomized groups" research design)
Robert Hoppock
COMPOSITE THEORY- Feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of those needs. As your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation.
Manageability to Change and Innovation
Clearly stated goals, objectives, and models of delivery make it easier to locate difficulties and find areas needing change.
______ are the leading causes of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers:
Confidentiality and dual relationships
A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?
Contracting
Correlation is concerned with covariation.
Correlation does not imply causation!
Terms
Delayed Entrants - In relation to the work force homemakers, military personnel, and the paroled are considered delayed entrants due to their absence from the work place for various periods of time.
______ is behavioral sex therapy.
Sensate focus
Discriminating Social Responsiveness
The attachment stage from 2-7 months where the infant begins to show a preference for a familiar person is known as _____________.
NCE - Group
Psychodrama Moreno is considered the originator of psychodrama in a group setting and is often called the "father" of psychodrama.
A behavioristic marriage and family counselor is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "I know you like to play golf. Therefore, every time you cut the grass your father will take you to play golf. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contact confirming that you agree with this policy." Which principle is primarily guiding her strategy?
Quid pro quo
NCE - Group
Structure The overuse of structure hinders the development of closeness, trust, and genuineness.
Vroom's Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory
Suggests employee performance is influenced by:
You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith:
may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client
Infant IQ tests are:
more unreliable than those given later in life
According to the DSM-5:
pathological gambling is a disorder and is listed with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Factorial design
Used to ferret out the effects of more than one IV.
Bivariate
When correlational data describes the nature of two variables .
A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on:
blocking
A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to:
a correlation coefficient
In terms of parenting young children:
boys are punished more than girls
Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
brainchild of linguistics professor John Grinder and mathematician John Bander.
The counselor who is _____ is real and authentic.
congruent
Suppression differs from repression in that:
repression is automatic or involuntary
The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be that:
an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70
The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to:
an occupational group
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described:
as a displaced homemaker
Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development:
as she felt it was more applicable to males than females
The newest career theory would be:
constructivist and cognitive approaches
Ethical dilemmas rarely have clear-cut answers. Thus when a complex ethical situation manifests itself, it is best to:
consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes inasmuch as legal standards are very often based on the methods of fellow professionals in analogous situations
One possible negative aspect of counselor licensure is that:
counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam
Arthur Janov
created primal scream therapy
In vivo treatment
direct treatment of an overt behavior.
Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to:
discriminate children without an intellectual disability from children with an intellectual disability
A 16-year-old girl threatens to kill herself and you fail to inform her parents. Your behavior as a counselor is best described as:
en example of negligence, which is a failure to perform a duty, and in this instance is an obligation to protect the client
A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter's boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, "Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter's boyfriend is mentioned." The structural family therapist is using a technique called:
enactment
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes this phenomenon is:
sibling rivalry
Wilcoxon
signed rank test used in place of the t test when data are nonparametric and you wish to test whether 2 correlated means differ significantly (memory: 'co' to remind you of correlated)
Most experts would agree that _____ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors:
silence
Roger's approach is characterized as a(n) ______ approach:
existential or humanistic
Super's life-span theory emphasized ______ life stages:
five
Group norms:
govern acceptable behavior and group rules
A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be:
greater in the afternoon class than the morning class
The study of group operations is often called:
group dynamics
You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should:
terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral
If you compare group career counseling to noncounselor interventions:
you will discover that group career counseling is more effective
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because:
the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression
Reality principle
the ego
In 1909, a landmark book entitled 'Choosing a Vocation' was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called:
the father of vocational guidance
A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman's drama triangle would say:
the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role
Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in:
the second stage known as the control stage of the transition stage
Williamson (trait-factor) view of clients:
through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive
Concreteness (aka 'specificity')
this principle is used to alleviate vague language.
- Traits: refers to abilities and interests
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In essence, a person inputs (e.g. gender, race) interact with contextual factors (e.g. culture, family geography) and learning experiences to influence self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations.
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LIFESTYLE - the overall balance of work, leisure, family, and social activities. AKA avocational.
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PARTICIPATION - spending time and energy in a work role
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Power: Leadership
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Reentry Woman - a woman who goes from working within the home to working outside the home
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Research is a necessary factor for professionalism in counseling.
...
Roe's theory of career development uses the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow.
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Step 2: Obtaining Knowledge about the World of Work- occupational requirements, conditions of success, compensations, working conditions
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The avoidant style produces children who do not know how to meet one's own needs. The accepting parent helps a child develop strategies for meeting one's own needs.
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VALUE EXPECTATION - the satisfaction gained from the vocational decisions and actions one makes throughout the course of one's lifespan.
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1) Exploration Stage - individual narrows career choice to 2 or 3 possibilities but is generally in a stage of ambivalence.
2) Crystallization Stage - commitment to a specific career field is made; change of direction in this stage is called pseudocrystallization 3) Specification Stage - individual selects a job or professional training for a career
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> John Krumboltz The 4 main factors that influence career choice:
Developmental Theories
> Life-Span Life-Space (Super) > CAREER MATURITY Super & Crite's term for successful completion of the appropriate life tasks for the stage that society presents to the person. A person is capable of maturity at each stage of the maxicycle.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - The process of achieving and maintaining correspondence with a work environment is referred to as WORK ADJUSTMENT. The principle indicator of work adjustment is TENURE.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - Used to be referred to as Theory of Work Adjustment
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
> The Big 3 (1) The personal determinants (Big 3) of career development have been conceptualized as:
Developmental Theories
> Tiedeman and O'Hara's Developmental Model Tiedeman and O'Hara's developmental model parallels Erikson's stages. A lifetime of decision-making abilities and self-awareness is of major importance in choosing one's career. Their 3 concepts included:
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Trait-and-Factor Theory Overview - Primary goal of using assessment data was to predict job satisfaction and success.
(Middle) DECISION SKILLS DOMAIN
>"Knowing how I make decisions" > General information processing skills (CASVE)
Hunch
A Hunch the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
Which choice would most likely violate the counseling ethic or law termed "scope of practice?"
A counselor who is conducting a strict Freudian psychoanalysis with the client
Maintenance Structure Technique
Act of the therapist focusing or highlighting certain behaviors in order to increase the functional aspects of the family structure
Another name for 'Type I error'
Alpha error
Lewis Terman:
Americanized the Binet
Every individual has potential. People have skills and talents that they develop through different life roles making them capable of a variety of tasks and numerous occupations.
Career development is life long
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of:
Carkhuff and Gazda
Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of:
Carl Whitaker
Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. ______ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy.
Carl Whitaker
Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical?
Carl Whitaker
Causal Comparative Design
Causal Comparative design is a true experiment WITHOUT random assignment. Data from the causal comparative ex post factor 'after the fact' design can be analyzed with a test of significance, t test or ANOVA, just like any true experiment.
What type of experiment is a correlational research, and what does it tell us about cause and effect?
Correlational research is a Quasi-experimental and does not yield cause-effect data.
Platykurtic distribution
Flatter and more spread out than a normal curve. (Memory: 'Plat' sounds like 'flat')
Ken's supervisor told Ken to do a meta-analysis related to treated children with sleep disorders:
Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue
The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with:
Kohlberg's premolar stage at the preconventional level
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
Random sampling
Like sticking your hand in a fishbowl to pick up a winning lottery ticket - each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
By passing the NCE, a counselor can attain the _____, given via NBCC:
NCC, a generic certification for counselors
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by:
Neal Miller
Kurtosis
Peakedness of a frequency distribution.
You have achieved the status of NCC. NBCC, nevertheless, feels you have violated professional ethics. NBCC can do any of the following:
Remove your name from the list of NCCs in the U.S. Revoke your NCC status Note in their newsletter that your NCC status has been revoked
Comparative View of Practice
Repeated Trials result in repeated pairings of the CS and the UCS
Repeated-Measures Comparison Design
Repeated-Measures Comparison Design Measuring the SAME group of subjects without the IV and then with the IV.
Systematic sampling
Sampling every nth person in a population (i.e., every 5th person, 10th person, etc.) - some believe this gives same results as random sampling although it is controversial.
The career anchor theory was espoused by:
Schein
SPSS
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (computer program for crunching statistics)
All of the following are difficulties with career testing:
Stereotyping Most instruments take less than an hour to complete The counselor may rely too heavily on test results Many tests are biased in favor of white middle-class clients
CAREER THEORIES OVERVIEW
TRAIT-ORIENTED THEORIES > Trait-and-Factor (1909; 1939) > Person-Environment-Correspondence > Holland's Typology / Personality Approach (1966)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) (1996)
Tenets: Career choice results from an interaction of cognitions and affective processes. Career development involves continual growth & change in knowledge structures.
Use of tests of significance
Tests of significance are used to determine whether a difference in the groups' scores is significant or just due to change factors.
Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by:
Thanatos
______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling:
The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation
______ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.
The civil rights movement
Cluster sampling
Used when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population. (Will not be as accurate as random sample but is used to save time and practical considerations.)
Likert scale
Uses choices like: strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree. Created by Renis Likert in 1930, helped improve the overall degree of measurement. (memory: How much do you Likert something?)
Variable
Variable is a behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or conditions. (a factor that 'varies' or is capable of change)
Seductive Behavior
What defines inappropriate sexual advances, attempting to discuss sexual interest or a person's sex life?
Hyperirritability, crib death, miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), and still birth
What effect can marijuana usage during pregnancy and/or after the baby is born?
Lower birth weight and pre-term births
What impact does smoking have on a fetus?
NCE - Group
Which of the following is a product-oriented group counseling theory, rather than a process-oriented group counseling theory:
Acquisition
While Conditioned Response (CR) is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus, what is the term for the period when the organism learns the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response?
ANCOVA
While giving a lecture on Inferential Statistics you mention the measurement that shows how a covariate interacts with the dependent variable. How do you name this measurement?
Retroflection
act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)
The word 'personalism' in the context of multicultural counseling means:
all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ______ is to behaviorism:
associationism
id
chaotic and has no sense of time (pleasure principle - 'I want it NOW')
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests:
counselor bias based on gender bias
Accurate empathy
counselor can truly understand what the client is feeling or experiencing
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior.
APA is to psychologist as ACA is to:
counselors
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as:
cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling, intercultural counseling
The counselor's social power is related to:
expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness
Systematic desensitization hierarchy
from least anxiety-producing to most, ideally with 10 to 15 evenly spaced steps.
Noogenic neurosis (Existentialism)
frustration of the will to meaning
You are conducting a program evaluation (PE) for your 501(c)(3) nonprofit counseling agency. You should begin by:
getting the support of the staff, administration, and clients
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general:
girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
Logotherapy
healing through meaning Viktor Frankl)
A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be:
imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations
Rationalization
intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings (tends to interpret thoughts in a positive manner)
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the ______ type:
investigative
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to:
make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
Doing cross-cultural counseling:
makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences
The most useful measure of central tendency is the:
mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it
Electroencephalogram
measures the alpha waves of the brain What is an EEG?
Formal diagnosis, also known as nosology, is most closely related to the _____ model:
medical
Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis:
must be done within a cultural context
Shoulds and oughts are ______ according to Ellis:
musturbations
Statistics reveal that:
on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma
Adler was the first therapist who relied on ______.
paradox (exaggerate the behavior you want to stop)
Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles:
paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson
A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using:
paraphrasing
Slips of the tongue
parapraxis (Freud called it 'the psychopathology of everyday life')
Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _____ is necessary for an effective group leader:
participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educted and is licensed and certified)
In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures:
passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner, a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice, assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate
The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that:
people conform to social roles
Ellis (rational-emotive behavior therapy) view of clients:
people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
a gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via:
playing the projection technique
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means:
probability
Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates:
psychodrama
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's ______ typology:
realistic
Quartile
refers to the points that divide a distribution into fourths. (indicates 25th percentile is the 1st quartile, 2nd quartile is the median, 3rd quartile is at 75 percentile.
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as:
secondary reinforcement
The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is:
securing information via ads in the newspaper
Idiographic studies
single case investigations (Case studies are often misleading because the results are not necessarily generalizable.)
Systematic desensitization
systematic paradigm that lessens one's anxiety to a stimuli through gradual exposure to it (form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning)
One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called:
test-retest reliability
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
tests 2 or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables that are called covariates
ANCOVA
tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups AFTER the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences.
Confounding
Confounding occurs when an undesirable variable (also known as contaminating variable) which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment.
Construct Validity
In a research report you are writing about the extent to which a test measures a concept or trait of interest. What is this called?
Criterion Related Validity
In a research report, you are writing about the extent to which a test can predict, diagnose or classify and individual's behavior in specific situations. What is this called?
Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in the experiment is the:
IV or independent variable
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
"Let's be rational: A women can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality.
External validity
'External validity' or outside of experiment, refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations, e.g. other people, settings, conditions. If the results of the study only apply to the population in the study then external validity is LOW.
In a graph, the tail indicates whether a distribution of scores is positively or negatively skewed.
(Tail to left - negatively skewed. Tail to right - positively skewed.)
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing:
John Holland
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of:
John Holland
The terms 'introversion' and 'extroversion' are associated with:
Jung
Archetype
Jungian; primal universal symbol that means the same thing to men and women (i.e., the cross), found to be in all walks of life (i.e., myths, fables, religion)
In CIP terms, CAREER MATURITY is defined as the ability to make independent and responsible career decisions based on the thoughtful integration of the best information available about oneself and the occupational world.
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WORK - an activity that produces something of value for oneself or others.
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• Career choice is influences by environmental factors.
...
Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors:
.001
A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. This indicates that:
70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate
Development of Career Counseling
> 6 Stages (4-6) Stage 4 (1960-1979) - highlighted by organizational career development. The nature of work become more appropriately viewed as a very pervasive life role; Vietnam War (1960-1975)
Computer Programs
> CIDS, SIGI CIDS (The Career Information Delivery System) - developed by the Univ. of Oregon, helps career counselors manage clerical and administrative tasks, exploration, interpretation, awareness of various careers and the decision making process.
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
> Ginzberg & Associates (1951) > Life-Span, Life-Space Theory (1957) > Tiedeman & O'Hara Decision-Making Model (1963) > Theory of Circumscription & Compromise (1980s)
Developmental Theories
> Super's Maxicycle & Minicycle The process of change is a MAXICYCLE. Any life-career stage depends on Readiness to cope. A MAXICYCLE is the progression through stages of one's lifetime (birth, growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline, and death).
Developmental Theories
> Super's SELF-CONCEPT Career decisions reflect our attempts at translating our self-understanding into career terms.
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of:
Albert Bandura
Which statement best describes the counseling profession's reaction to computer-assisted counseling and computer-managed counseling?
CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling
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NCE - Group Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group</question> A belief by the dominant culture that the minority group possesses a pattern of negatively valued traits is best referred to as:
The 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) could be called the Buckley Amendment on your exam since Senator James K. Buckley was a strong supporter. All of these facts are true regarding FERPA:
Parents have access to a minors child's educational records. Children over age 18 can view their own records A parent is able to have the educational record amended In situations involving imminent danger, a counselor could release information to protect the client, others, or ward off harm
NCE - Group
REBT Group A Rational Emotive Therapy group leader would teach the A-B-C-D-E- method and how people create and resolve their own problems. Disputing irrational beliefs and underlying feelings and actions require a highly didactic and active approach.
Social exchange theory advocates that power is based upon having control of valuable resources (i.e. ability, material, means of punishment, position, identity, and information)
REFERENT POWER- when people do as he/she requests because they respect the person or want to be like him/her.
John Gottman is known for:
creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce
Freud has been called the most significant theorists in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that:
many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
Characteristics of 2nd born (Adlerian)
may compete with firstborn and often passes 1st child's performance
Organ inferiority
methods in which person attempts to compensate for inferiority (Alfred Adler)
Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by:
national culture
A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be:
national culture and ecological culture
An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall:
near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine
A true/false test has ______ recognition items:
dichotomous
Adlerians are ______ and use homework assignments.
didactic (teaching)
Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained popularity, as the Binet:
didn't seem to be the best test for adults
Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all of them scored extremely high. The distribution of scores would most likely be:
negatively skewed
In a projective test the client is shown:
neutral stimuli
A good practice for counselors is to:
never generalize on the basis of a single test score
1. SELF EFFICACY- Perceived abilities; Judgments of one's abilities to
organize and carry out actions. It is strengthened with repeated success and weakened with repeated failure. It is developed through 4 types of learning experiences: 1- Personal Performance Accomplishments (MOST Influential) 2- Vicarious Learning, 3- Social persuasion, and 4- Physiological States and Reactions (Weak efficacy beliefs can produce anxiety/high levels of anxiety undermine performance).
Operational definition
outlines a procedure (important so other researchers can attempt to replicate the study's findings)
A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions:
This is most likely a power test
In your initial disclosure statement it was clearly explained to the client that she must pay her bill in a timely manner. She did not. According to ACA ethical guidelines you can terminate her:
This practice is ethical if you revealed this to the client in the initial disclosure statement
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thoughts (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of:
egocentrism
Rollo May
existentialist and prime move in this counseling movement.
Your sexual attraction toward your client is hindering the counseling process. You should:
explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider
Congruence in counselor
external behavior matches an internal response or state.
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing:
extinction
Counselors who have good listening skills:
facilitate therapeutic surrender
How many individual participants do you need to conduct Correlational research?
To conduct correlational research you needs 30 subjects per variable.
Exploration Life Stage
What is the name of the stage which characterizes of the developing self; a realistic self concept and where one learns more about various opportunities
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary?
What is the name of the testing instrument used with severely handicapped individuals ages 2.5 to 18 years?
Action Research
What is the research that has as its purpose the development of new approaches with direct applications for counseling practitioners or use within the education field?
Multivariate
When more than two variables are under scrutiny.
William Sheldon
You are telling your students about the theorist who places human development into three major body types. Who is he?
Arnold Gesell
You are telling your students about the theorist who used the theory of maturation to explain common developmental patterns that are internally controlled rather than influenced by the external environment. Who is he?
Symbolic Mode
You are telling your students that language provides the means for representing experience and for transforming it. What does this refer to?
Diathesis-Stress Model
You are using a model that emphasizes the combination of nature and nurture to produce abnormality. What kind of model are you using?
Statistical Model
You are using a model that emphasizes the rarity or infrequency of a behavior or a trait as the primary determinant of mental illness. What kind of model are you using?
A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be:
a related measures within-subject design
Social exchange theory postulates that:
a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs
Type II error (aka bet error)
a researcher has accepted the null hypothesis
When a counselor reads the journal in this field, it becomes evident that:
a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work
Factorial notation
i.e., 2x3 factorial notation = The first variable has 2 levels (i.e., male or female) and the second IV has 3 levels (age, height, weight)
Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes:
id, ego, and superego
In Minuchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are:
ideal - firm yet flexible
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in:
identification
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by:
identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development:
fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties)
A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or:
an interrogator
A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to "a gorgeous women who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an:
approach-avoidance conflict
At its zenith the DOT listed:
approximately 20,000 job titles
The WAIS-IV is given to 100,000 individuals in the United States who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that:
approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as:
archetypes
Elementary school counseling and guidance services:
are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s
Approximately 40% of all elementary schools have shortened recess or playtime. Counselors:
are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice:
are indicative of neurotic symptoms
A therapist who says to a patient "Say whatever comes to mind" is practicing:
free association
A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the ______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate:
gatekeeper
The ______ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group:
gatekeeper
Little Hans
gave Little Albert study a psychoanalytic explanation.
Counselors who work as consultants:
generally do not adhere to one single theory
Gay men and women:
basically have the same range of gender-role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals
A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would:
be positively skewed
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or:
be widowed and seeking employment be divorced and seeking employment
Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies:
because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality) because they are gendercentric centric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns - one for men and one for women). because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same-sex relationships
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.
become fixated at
Most experts predict that in the twenty-first century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will:
become more integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic
A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says "no" when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to the period:
before the behavior modification begins
A Type II error is also called a ____ error and means you _____ null when it is _____.
beta, accept, false
A counselor instructs her client to read 'A Guide to Rational Living' by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of:
bibliotherapy
Counseling in 1970s
biofeedback, behavior modification, crisis hotlines
A man has a rare, highly contagious disease that is fatal. He is keeping it a secret and insists that he will never tell his wife. You should:
break confidentiality and tell his wife
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as:
insight
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ______, while behavior therapy emphasizes ______:
instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as:
instrumental learning
Skinner's operant conditioning is also called
instrumental learning (memory: Skinner's last name has an 'i' so it is his term)
Another name for N=1
intensive experimental design (pioneered by Freud), also known as a case study (N= the number of people being studied)
When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference:
is interpreted as therapeutic resistance
The person who becomes overly reasonable:
is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization
The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is:
nonassertive
Transference neurosis
client is attached to the counselor as if he is a substitute parent.
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is:
compensation
Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are:
competence, power, and intimacy
Counseling in 1960s
competing psychotherapies
The superego
composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society
The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and 'Choices' are:
computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG)
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (aka, technique for curbing phobic reactions and anxiety)
A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying:
normal behavior within the context of her culture
Musturbation (aka 'absolutist thinking')
occurs when client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his thinking.
Perception
occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior.
Sensitization
one is made more sensitive to a stimulus
Jung used drawings balanced around a certain point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them:
mandalas
Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was his most influential. Dreams have:
manifest and latent content
The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:
rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the materials. This is:
reaction formation
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
reaction formation (the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.)
You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population served by your not-for-profit agency. The best method of researching this dilemma would be to:
read the test manual included with the test
Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called ______ items:
recognition
Counselor certification:
recognizes that you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title
A counselor decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will ____
reduce Type 1 and Type II errors. Raising the size of a sample helps lower the risk of chance/error factors.
A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will:
reduce Type I and Type II errors
Coleadership:
reduces burnout and helps ensure safety is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter-transference
A counselor is seeing a client on a managed care plan. Unfortunately, the client has used up her maximum number of sessions for the year. The counselor is convinced that the client is in need of additional counseling, however, the counselor's agency will not allow him to see her for any additional sessions. The best plan of action would be for counselor to:
refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits
Respondent behavior
reflexes
Type I errors _____ null when it is _____.
reject, true. (memory: RA - Reject when Applicable/true)
Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization
Systematic desensitization consists of 4 steps
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
An elementary school counselor is giving a child a standardized test. On several occasions the child says he does not understand what the counselor has said. The counselor should:
repeat the question, but talk more slowly
An exception to confidentiality, or what is termed as relative confidentiality, could occur when a client is suicidal. Suicidal warning signs include:
repeatedly joking about killing one's self giving away prized possessions after one has been depressed for an extended period of time a previous suicide attempt and a very detailed suicide plan for the future
Suppression differs from repression in that
repression is automatic and involuntary.
The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of:
separation and termination
During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as:
setting ground rules
Abreaction
similar to catharsis in that emotions are purged, but when the emotional outburst is very powerful and/or violent.
Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has:
situationally bound panic attacks cued panic attacks
The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ______ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor:
slower
Holland mentioned six model orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely:
social
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as:
social connectedness
One problem with the interest inventories is that the person often tried to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. Psyshometricians call this response style phenomenon:
social desirability (the right way to feel in society)
Neo-Freudians emphasized
social factors (Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm)
John Krumbolz proposed a ______ model of career development:
social learning behavioristic
When counseling Asian American families the best approach would most likely be:
solution-focused/problem-focused modalities
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that:
some degree of directives is needed after the initial phase of counseling and more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations
conditioned (learned) response
something that a person has learned to do when a certain stimulus is presented.
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates:
sour grapes rationalization
A client from another culture will:
speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background
Albert Ellis is to REBT at Salvador Minuchin is to:
structural family therapy
Most experts would agree that overall:
structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques
When you conduct group career counseling:
structured groups work best
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ______ identity:
success
When the past us discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on:
successful behaviors
The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of ______ to be accurate.
survey, 50-75% (Ideal sample size for a survey is 100, compared to an experimental study which gets by with 15) Survey problems include - poor construction of instrument, low return rate, subjects are often not randomized
A master's level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illustrates:
sweet lemon rationalization
Counterbalancing
switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study. (Used to control for the fact that the order of an experiment could impact its outcome.)
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of:
sympathy
Catharsis
talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions in a curative process
Confrontation
technique used to illuminate discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of a given situation.
A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize:
the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as:
the Natural Child the Adapted Child the Little Professor
The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is:
the Oedipus complex
Some support for Roe's theory comes from:
the Rorschach and the TAT
An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via:
the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect
The landmark 1969 case, Tarasoff v. The Board of Regents of the University of California illuminated:
the duty to warn a client in imminent danger
The most valuable type of research is:
the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
One of the primary goals of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is:
the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self
An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to:
the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead
A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be:
the family
The concept of universality (also called mutuality) applies to group treatment. In career groups we can safely say:
the group allows the members to see that others can be struggling with similar issues related to work, vocation, and career other members of the group are in similar situations
A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because:
the group can go on even if one leader is absent two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills leaders can process their feelings between sessions
The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal:
the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
In a spiral test:
the items get progressively more difficult
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during:
the late 1960s
Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to:
the manner in which discussions and transactions occur
shadow archetype
the mask behind the persona which contains id-like (child-like) material - denied yet desired (dark side of the personality)
In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The client is using:
the mean
The median is:
the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest
The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is:
the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measures of central tendency
In terms of the labor market:
the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases
Common archetypes include:
the persona - the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self. animus, anima, and self. shadow - the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired
A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as:
the placebo effect
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that:
the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span career choice is reversible
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to:
the prognosis
One major difference between the psychology versus the counseling movement seems to be that:
the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not
Group norms refer to:
the range of acceptable behavior within the group
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that:
the relationship is horizontal
There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,:
the same people are studied over a period of time
Everybody picks on:
the scapegoat
A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in:
the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage
Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know:
the standard error of measurement (SEM)
A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize:
the student's t test
The word 'ethology,' which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to:
the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment
When professional career counselors use the term 'leisure' they technically mean:
the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like:
the upper half of a hot dog, lying on it's side over the abscissa
Normal curve
theoretical notion often referred to as 'bell-shaped curve'. Bell is symmetrical.
A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of:
theorists of group stages
Active therapy (aka 'active-directive' therapy)
therapy to delineate the directive paradigm.
P = .05 really means that:
there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental group is due to chance factors differences true exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100
P.05 means
there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental group is due to chance. (differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times.)
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that:
these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed
Colluders are apt to work at cross purposes when:
they do not meet between group sessions
One major criticism of interest inventories is that:
they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs
Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as:
they work against the group they serve the individual and not the group
Insurance payments are also called:
third-party payments
You wish to use an experimental treatment strategy. According to NBCC:
this could be ethical if you explain this to the client and the client agrees
You are supervising a licensing candidate who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. You are very attracted to her and have sex with her. According to ethics guidelines:
this is unethical
J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his:
thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking
John Henry Effect (also known as 'compensatory rivalry of a comparison group')
threat to internal validity when subjects strive to prove an experimental treatment that might threaten their livelihood isn't really effective. (i.e., sabotage)
Rogers felt that ______ for client change to occur:
three conditions are necessary
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:
three levels of morality
The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using:
time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction
Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability:
to trust
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of:
top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique
T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for:
training
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O'NET Ability Profiler grew out of the:
trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
A person-centered therapist would:
treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles
A question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for:
treatment (x) and observation, measurement, or score (O)
The statement "Native Americans, also called the American Indians in some of the literature, have a problem with alcoholism and suicide" is:
true
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is:
true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _____ is to Erikson:
trust vs mistrust
When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to:
try to face the group member
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy:
utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch, is performed face to face
A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor:
was testing reliability via the split-half correlation method
One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs:
was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that:
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that:
we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem
Resistance
when a client refuses to follow a counselor's directives such as homework, completing psych tests, etc.)
Summarization
when a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he is using (constitutes a 'synthesis' regarding general tone and feeling of helping process)
Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means:
when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict.
Higher order conditioning.
when a new stimulus is paired with the conditioned (learned) stimulus and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned (learned) stimulus.
Sublimation
when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (i.e., aggressive person has a career as a boxer)
Trace conditioning
when conditioned (learned) stimulus terminates before the occurrence of the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus.
In the field of testing, validity refers to:
whether the test really measures what it purports to measure
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor:
which evolves primarily during the oral stage
A woman who is being robbed:
would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases
Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He:
wrote the 1978 classic 'Seasons of a Man's Life' and the 1997 sequel 'Season's of a Woman's Life.' Postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45
In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that:
you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test
You are a counselor in a state that does not legally support privileged communication. You refuse to testify in court. In this situation:
you could be in contempt of court
In a cyclical test:
you have several sections which are spiral in nature
You pass your exam and now have NCC status. You perform a battery of tests on your client. After you complete the testing you discover your client is in imminent danger. You receive a legal court order to turn over the test scores. You:
you must turn over the test records complete with the test scores
5- CONSOLIDATION (35+) - period of establishment, advancement, status, and seniority.
...
5. DISENGAGEMENT (65+)- Decelerating, Retirement Planning, Retirement Living - characterized by preretirement considerations, reduced work output, and eventual retirement.
...
ANALYSIS (problem is reduced into components)- identifying and placing problems in a conceptual framework; Understanding Myself and My Options; what are reasons for my gap?
...
ARTISTIC - creative ability; uses intuition and imagination for problem solving; musician, artist, interior decorator, write, industrial designer
...
Although both may be present in each session, it is likely to encounter a change from primary tension to secondary tension in the Transition Stage.
...
Based on psychometric methods that could be measured.
...
Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; so are:
James Framo and Robin Skynner
Perls suggested _______ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability:
five layers of neurosis
A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware:
of his or her own ethnocentric biases
Brain Lateralization Theory
What theory contends that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body?
Astin's Theory
What theory of motivation purports three primary needs (survival, pleasure, and contribution)
A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a:
histogram
Bibliotherapy is a form of:
homework
Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as:
horizontal interventions
In experimental terminology IV stands for ______ and DV stands for ______:
independent variable; dependent variable
Yerkes-Dodson Law
indicates a moderate amount of arousal or anxiety on a test improves performance.
Projection
individual attributes his own unacceptable qualities onto others.
Spontaneous Recovery
Recurrence of the previous extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is:
a lack of goal setting
According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be:
a psychiatrist
Piaget is:
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
Ontology
metaphysical study of life experience
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
• Interaction between people & environment is dynamic & ever changing. People influence and are influenced by the environment. People's interests lie in their beliefs they can do those things well.
In a lifetime the average person has:
10-15 jobs
At the last count, approximately 43,000 U.S. citizens committed suicide during a single year making suicide the tenth leading cause of death. Worldwide the figure is an alarming 800,000 per year. Suicide often check in as the second- or third-leading killer of young people in the 15-24-year-old age bracket. Men commit suicide more frequently than women, however, women attempt suicide far more often than men. It is accurate to say that:
10-15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide
The mean on the Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scales (SB5) ______ and the standard deviation is ______:
100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet
Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would be described via the artistic typology?
A 72-year-old part-time, male instructor A 29-year-old female fiction writer A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band
Which statement best reflects the position of neurogenesis?
A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in a chess and generates more neurons
There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ration. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrated the function of the nominal scale?
A DSM or ICD diagnostic category
Turner's Syndrome
A female client of yours has no gonads or sex hormones. What do you think is the problem with her?
A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?
A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic
Mesomorphy
A friend of yours has a good, developed, stocky, muscular body. How would you describe this body type?
Ectomorphy
A friend of yours has a long, stringy, skinny body. How would you categorize this body type?
Variance
A measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency; it is also the standard deviation squared.
Counter-Conditioning
A negative conditioned stimulus is paired with a pleasant stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with the unwanted conditioned response
Transgender individuals have an attempted suicide rate which is approximately 25 times higher than the rate for the general population. A high percentage of transgender youth experience oppression and are physical assaulted. A transgender does not identify with the gender they were given at birth or the person's expression differs from societal expectations. What is cisgender?
A person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth and hence by definition this person is not a transgender individual
Correlations range from 0.00 (no relationship) to 1.0 or -1.0 (perfect relationship).
A positive relationship is not stronger than a negative relationship of the same numerical value. (i.e., .70 and -.70 are the same significance)
Nondirectional experimental hypothesis
A two-tailed test (i.e., 'The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will have a statistically different IQ from the average patient who has not received analysis.')
A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used for testing ONE IV.
A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test TWO IVs. (Two IVs requires a two-way ANOVA, 3 IVs requires a 3-way ANOVA, etc.)
If t value is less than the t value in a statistical table
ACCEPT the null hypothesis (computations must exceed the number cited in the table in order to reject null)
One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. That statistic of choice would be the:
ANOVA
A counseling journal article should use documentation (i.e., references) that is based on:
APA style
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the:
APGA
One's life is accepted and one realizes that some things can't be changed
According to Gould, what are the characteristics of life development at 43-53 years of age?
Resolution phase
According to Master's and Johnson, what is the stage of sexual response where there is a decrease of sexual tension as the person returns to the unstimulated state?
The adjustment to pregnancy and new responsibilities
According to Rossi, there are 4 stages of parental development. What is the anticipatory stage?
The child leaving home
According to Rossi, there are 4 stages of parental development. What is the disengagement stage?
State of Mind
According to cognitive theorists, what is the process which involves an element of self-consciousness that develops when new or next stage tasks are attempted?
Stroking
According to the principles of TA, what is defined as any recognition, whether positive, negative, conditional or unconditional
NBCC has developed a code of ethics to help counselors behave in a professional manner. The Code warns against stereotyping and discrimination. All of the following are examples of stereotyping and discrimination:
Advising an African American client to avoid graduate school because you believe the Jensen research regarding African Americans and IQ scores Advising a female client to avoid taking a management position because you feel women are generally nonassertive Advising a female client to avoid taking a management position because you feel women managers are too aggressive
______ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy:
Alfred Adler
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.
Alfred Adler (Adlerians believe lifestyle is predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on psychological feelings about self)
Which theorist's (or theorists') work has been classified as a preface to the group movement:
Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of:
Alfred Adler's individual psychology
The statement "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction" describes:
Alfred Adler's theory
Virginia was the first state to license counselors in 1976. The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the:
American Counselor Education and Supervision
Confederate (also known as 'stooge')
An accomplice who poses as a client being studied. (Frequently used in social psychology studies.)
unconditioned (unlearned) response
An association that naturally exists 9 (i.e., salivating when food is around)
NBCC's Code of Ethics describe ethical issues related to private practice. This is an example of an ethical issue that needs to be addressed:
An executive director of a private practice who has his name listed on the practice's website as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years
An experiment is confounded when
An experiment is confounded when undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
An individually administered mental ability test for children that requires minimal verbal response
Concern with the larger world
What is the primary social characteristic that develops during late adolescence?
Applied Research
Applied Research, (aka 'action research' or experience-near research) is conducted to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application.
The black versus white IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by ______:
Arthur Jensen
Stage 3: Orientation to social valuation
Assuming there are 4 major developmental stages that have effects on occupational aspirations, how can the stage between the ages of 9-13 be defined?
Iconic Mode
At what stage of cognitive development is a child If her knowledge is based heavily on images which stand for perceptual events (pictures stand for events).
Arnold Lazarus's concept of BASIC ID (multimodal approach)
B - behavior including acts, habits, reactions A - affective responses like emotions, mood S - sensations, hearing, touch I - images, the way we perceive C - cognitions, thoughts, insights I - interpersonal relationships D - drugs, alcohol, legal or illegal
A behavioral
B cognitive-behavioral C Gestalt D psychoanalysis - RATIONALE - Behavioral groups are more concerned with achieving a particular end goal or "product" - i.e., quitting smoking, becoming more extroverted, losing weight, dealing with anger, etc. Although such end results may be desirable for the other theories, those groups are more likely to be concerned with the impact of the therapy process itself.
Basic Research
Basic Research is conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
Another name for 'Type II error'
Beta error
Between-Subjects Design
Between-Subjects Design is a research study uses different subjects for each condition. (Each subject receives only one value of the IV)
A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the:
Bender Gestalt II
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
Berne
Richard Nelson Bolles penned the bestselling job hunting manual in history titled What Color Is Your Parachute? The book, updated yearly, has sold over 10 million copies and is published in over 20 languages:
Bolles champions the idea of securing a network of persons who can help you with your job search
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was:
Bordin
When working with an African American family, the best approach would probably be:
Bowen's family therapy; Minuchin's structural family therapy; or Haley's strategic family therapy
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of:
Bowlby
Pick the most accurate statement:
Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required
Two classes of constructive therapy are
Brief therapy - examines what worked in the past Narrative therapy - attempts to rewrite or 'reconstruct' stories
A college student who suffers from panic disorder types his symptoms and concerns onto a PC screen and then waits for the computer program to respond to question him further. The student engages in this practice for a 40-minute session per week. This is an example of:
CAC
Career Terms
CAREER - the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.
Career Terms
CAREER INTERVENTION - any activity designed to enhance a person's career development or to enable that person to make more effective career decisions.
Computers are now being used in various counseling settings. Counselors speak of computer-assisted counseling (CAC) and computer-managed counseling (CMC). An office that employs a computer to schedule clients would be an example of:
CMC
Career Salience
Career Salience refers to the significance an indivudal places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. Career Salience involves 3 factors:
Chi-Square
Chi-Square is used for 'Non-parametric' data i.g. cannot be plotted on a x y axis, statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution of scores. (Memory: ''chi' like 'chi-a pet' that I expected more from)
A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends." Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy?
David Premack's principle or law
Career Materials (DOT/O*NET, OOH, GOE)
DOT (Department of Occupational Titles) was replaced by O*NET- was developed by the US Dept. of Labor and utilizes a 9-digit classification system and lists 20,000 jobs.
A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a ______ diagnosis if third-party payments are necessary:
DSM or ICD
Which theorist would most likely asset that EQ is more important that IQ?
Daniel Goleman
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by:
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eye. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on:
EMG feedback
The safest way to avoid Type I/Type II errors is to set alpha (significance level) at a very stringent level and use a large sample size for the study.
Differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine than differences revealed using small sample size.
Directional Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis is a one-tailed test, you assume that by manipulating the independent variable there will be one specific change in the dependent variable. You can predict if this change will be positive or negative. For example if you ask someone to say la la la la while trying to remember a list of words (the IV) you can assume that this will have a negative impact on their ability to recall the words (the DV).
Leptokurtic distribution
Distribution curve is very tall, thin and peaked. (Memory: Leptokurtic leaps tall buildings in a single bound.)
Stanine scores (contraction of 'standard' and 'nine')
Divides the distribution into 9 equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest 9th and 9 as the highest 9th - in this, 5 is the mean.
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. The following statements is true:
Dual-career families earn more than duel-earner families
A dual-career family (or duel-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they area committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of a dual-career family?
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working
EAT (in terms of social power)
E - expertness A - attractiveness T - trustworthiness (by Stanley Strong in 1968)
Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following are roles:
Energizer Scapegoat Gatekeeper
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be:
Epictetus
A counselor has an answering machine in her office. Which statement most accurately depicts the ethical guidelines related to this situation?
Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen to retrieve such messages
A negative correlation
Evident wen the variables are inversely associated (one goes up and the other goes down).
Ex post facto study
Ex post facto study is a type of quasi-experiment (literally means 'after the fact') connoting a correlational study in which preexisting groups are utilized
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (Francine Shapiro)
What are some examples of "Threats to internal validity"?
Examples of threats to 'internal validity' or factors that reduce the impact of tx on Data are 1. maturation of subjects, the psychological & physical changes e.g. fatigue due to time involved, 2. 'mortality' subjects withdrawing, 3. instruments used to measure the behavior or trait, or 4. 'statistical regression' the notion that extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if utilized again.
Existentialism is considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed, experiencing value, and suffering.
Existentialism is more of a philosophy of helping than a grab bag of intervention strategies.
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis is Statistical procedure to summarize MANY variables, e.g. A test measuring a counselor's ability, may try to describe 3 important variables that make up an effective helper although hundreds exist.
Alfred Adler
Father of Individual Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis (originally worked with Adler, Jung, and Viennese neurologist [re: talking cure])
William Glasser
Father of Reality Therapy
Ap aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of a test like the ______ the distinction is unclear:
GRE
_____ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic:
Galton
Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
Gelatt's decision-making model is a sequential model that includes generating alternatives and evaluating the consequences and desirability of each as steps in the sequence.
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock's theory, based on the work of ______ is also considered a personality approach:
Henry Murray
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Henry Murray's 1938 work, Exploratoin in Personality - subjective test
Personalogy
Henry Murray's term for personality typing.
Trait-Oriented Theories
Holds the position that individuals are attracted to an occupational environment that meets their personal needs and provides them with satisfaction.
Mesomorphy
How can a good developed, stocky, muscular body be defined?
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a hunch or educated guess which can be tested utilizing the experimental model. A statement which can be tested regarding the relationship between the independent (IV) and the dependent variables (DV).
Identity Terms
IDENTITY DIFFUSION - the status in which the adolescent does not have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment
In experimental terminology, IV stands for _____ ______, and DV stands for ______ _______.
IV stand for the independent variable, and the DV for dependent variable
35-55
If Bob suffers moderate and trainable mental retardation, what would be the range of his IQ score?
Affects Neurons and the Corpus Stratum
If Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are associated with stress reactions, what is the function of Dopamine?
Sexual Coercion
If Sid threatens to tell Mary's mother that she smokes Marijuana unless she has sex with him, what type of harassment is he guilty of?
Attempts to touch, grab, kiss, fondle
If a person is found guilty of sexual assault, what behaviors were included toward the harassed person?
Without will; no desires
If a person suffers from schizophrenia and is in the AVOLITION phase, how can his behavior be characterized?
Multiple treatment interference
If a subject receives more than one treatment, it is often tough to discern which modality caused the improvements.
Reliable experiement
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings.
Motivation
If modeling or acquiring of learning through observation occurs through four processes, what is the process where reinforcement, either internal/self reinforcement or external is required for behavior to be maintained and regularly manifested?
Stage 2: Orientation of Sex Roles
In Gottfredson's Theory, how can the stage between ages 6-8 be defined?
James-Lange Theory
In a lecture of yours, you are discussing the theory that asserts that the individual's perception of his physical reaction is the basis of his emotional experience. What theory are you talking about?
T score
In a research paper you are writing about the score that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. What is this score?
z-score
In a research paper, you are writing about the most basic standard score which allows scores from different tests to be compared. What is the name of this score?
A directive
In counseling, merely a suggestion
A counselor who possesses a graduate degree wishes to become a licensed psychologist. Which statement most accurately depicts the current situation?
In nearly every case, individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologist
In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy:
In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help
Traditionally, PROBABILITY in social science research is set at _____ or lower (i.e., 01, .001).
In social sciences, the accepted probability level is usually .05 or less (.05 indicates differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100.
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
In test of significance p stands for Probability
The response occurs prior to the effect (reward)
In the case of Classical Conditioning stimulus-response sequence, the stimulus precedes the response. What happens in the case of operant conditioning?
Successive Approximation
Increments of change toward a desired behavior are reinforced, thereby shaping the response to the desired behavior
Independent Group Comparison Design
Independent Group Comparison Design, In a study of two groups, change in one group DID NOT influence the other group.
All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique:
It controls for sample differences which exist It helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables It statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates
A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of non determination that shows unique rather than common variance?
It would be 64%
Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be:
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (enunciated Naahge)
Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Latent
Learning that takes place without an immediate manifestation is known as __________ learning.
John B. Watson's name is associated with:
Little Albert
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
Little Albert
John B. Watson is associated with what study?
Little Albert (demonstrated that fears were learned and not the result of some unconscious conflict)
C. G. Jung said men operate on logic (aka ____) principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ____ principle.
Logos, Eros (Founder of Analytic Psychology)
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic of the _____ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _____ principle.
Logos; Eros
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on:
Maslow's lower-order needs, such a physiological and safety needs
In 1908, books by ______ helped to introduce social psychology in America:
McDougall and Ross
Narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of:
Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and Davis Epston
Minuchin would often mimic the family's style. This is known as:
Mimesis
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the:
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
Most common measures of central tendency
Mode, Median, Mean
Sexual Bribery
Morton, who is Sarah's boss, is suggesting sex with her for a salary raise and promotion. What type of harassment has he committed?
Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the:
Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
The ______ are examples of aptitude tests:
O'NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the:
OOH
Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor (aka Parsimony) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Nondirective is to person-centered as parsimony is to _____________
Occam's Razor (both are synonymous)
Unimodal
One peak in a distribution curve
biserial correlation
One variable is continuous while the other is dichotomous.
Directional experimental hypothesis
One-tailed test (i.e., hypothesis specifies one average is larger than another)
Sweet lemon rationalization
Overrates a reward (to protect self from bruised ego) (memory: sweets are overrated in our society)
The major functions of testing in vocational/career counseling are:
PREDICTION, DISCRIMINATION, MONITORING, EVALUATION
Parameter
Parameter is A value obtained from a population (Summarizes a characteristic of a population, i.e., average male height)
Parametric tests have more power than nonparametric statistical tests.
Parametric tests are used ONLY with interval and ratio data.
In transactional analysis (TA), the ______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ______:
Parent, superego
Parsimony
Parsimony (aka Occam's Razor) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Personal Fable Concept
Part of and adolescent's egocentrism; belief that individual experiences are unique that no one felt the way the adolescent does
Pioneers in the Behaviorist movement
Pavlov, Jones, Watson
Percentage Score
Percentage score is another way of stating a RAW score.
Percentile Rank
Percentile Rank is a descriptive statistic telling the counselor what percentage of the cases fell below a certain level.
NCE - Group
Person-Centered Groups In Person-centered groups members find their own direction with minimal leader help. The leader's tasks include: role of facilitator - conveying congruence (genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance), and empathetic understanding. The leader provides very little structuring or direction.
Life Scripts
Personal Life Plans born out of early decisions about self, others and the world
Scattergram (also known as scatterplot)
Pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated.
All of these philosophers are existentialists except:
Plato and Epictetus
NCE - Group
Pre-Interview The pre-interview serves as an INFORMED CONSENT procedure. Each member becomes aware of what is expected of them and what takes place in this type of group before it begins.
NCE - Group
Primary Tension Secondary Tension PRIMARY Tension is anxiety which is apparent when coming together, sharing, and learning the rules.
According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-appraoch conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch:
She will read positive reviews on the silver watch - and possibly negative reviews about the gold model - after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance
The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of:
Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory
Pick the most accurate statement regarding patients diagnosed with cancer:
Since January 1, 2015 there is no official recognition that a diagnosis of cancer will affect a patient's mental health
What do correlational studies tell us about the relationship between variables?
Since correlational research is Quasi-experimental, it only shows a positive or negative relationship between the variables, but does not yield cause-effect data.
Which statement is true?
Single life is short-lived for divorced parents. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.
Peer Cluster Theory
Small, identifiable peer clusters determine where, when and how drugs will be used
______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.
Social learning theorists
NCE - Group
Sociogram As well as identifying alliances in the group, sociograms can help assess whether the alliances are growth-oriented. A sociogram is a graphic representation of the patterns showing which members are drawn to one another, which do not interact, and which members have a one-way attraction, mutual attraction, or aversion to each other.
NCE - Group
Stages In the beginning (initial) stage of group work, the participants are concerned with fitting in. It is during the second (transition) stage that issues of power and control surface and conflicts arise. Nearing termination, groups tend to be less conflictual.
NCE - Group
Stages in a Group Introduction Conflict Cohesion Work Termination
Experiment
The Experiment is the most valuable type of research it is used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
The Experimental Group
The Experimental Group received the IV (has the same characteristics of the control group the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
All of these statements are ethnocentric except:
The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico
ONTOGENESIS
The course of development of an organism or an individual
Dependent variable
The dependent variable expresses the outcome or the data regarding factors one wants to measure. Memory Device: 'D' in dependent signifies 'D' in data.
The umbilical chord falls from the naval and the child regains weight lost from birth
The first developmental stage of a human being is infancy (birth02 weeks) what is characteristic for this stage?
Statistically speaking, 99.74% of scores fall within + or - 3 SD of the mean.
The greater the standard deviation of scores, the greater the spread of a plotted graph.
Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work:
The group work setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life
X axis (also called 'abscissa')
The horizontal line drawn under a frequency distribution graph. (horizontal axis plots the independent variable [IV])
The larger the range, the greater the dispersion or spread of scores from the mean.
The most useful measure of central tendency is the MEAN (i.e., average). In skewed distributions, the median is the best choice.
Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
The nature of decision making is continuous and cyclical. Although there are times when key decisions must be made.
Drug Dependence
The need for continued or repeated use of a drug in order to maintain a particular desired state which includes the avoidance of withdrawl
Drug Tolerance
The need for ever increasingly larger doses of a drug to obtain the initial effect of the original dose
Aggressive Behavior
The reinforcers used for the behavior, the models of aggressive behavior seen by the child and the amount of guilt or anxiety associated with aggressive behavior influences what type of behavior in a child ages 2-6?
In a counseling research study, two groups of subjects took a test with the same name. However, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher assured both groups that they were given the same test. How is this possible?
The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test
Interquartile range
The score distance between the 25th and 75th percentile.
An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention?
The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns
Which statement is true regarding Native American families?
They are a very diverse group as they belong to over 550 state-recognized tribes, with over 220 in Alaska Extended family and the tribe are very significant A high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American
Law of effect (aka 'trial and error')
Thorndike's suggestion that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be 'stamped in' while those associated with annoying consequences will be 'stamped out'.
Resentful Demoralization of the Comparison Group (also called compensatory equalization)
Threat to validity in which comparison group lowers their performance or behaves inept in an attempt to make the experimental group look better than they should. (Noted if the comparison group deteriorates throughout the experiment while the experimental group does not.)
How many individual participants do you need to conduct a "true" experiment?
To conduct a "true" experiment you needs 30 individual participants.
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs a control group and an experimental group.
A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time:
Tom will score between 103 and 109
______ seemingly is related to serotonin in the brain. Deficits of serotonin are thought to cause depression:
Tryptopan, an amino acid
______ and ______ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy:
Truaz; Carkhuff
Before ______ child psychologists studied the child, sociologist studied the family, anthropologist studied society, economists analyzed the economic framework, and political scientists investigated the political structure:
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Used for more than 2 sample groups, yields and F statistic
Standard Score
What is the name of the score that is derived from the normal curve?
Gender Harassment
Verbal remarks and non touching behaviors that are sexist in nature
Child-centered play therapy (CCPT) is experiencing rapid growth in popularity and spawning research. This modality was created by:
Virginia Mae Axline, an associate of Carl R. Rogers who penned Dibs In Search of Self
Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of:
Virginia Satir
A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answers the question:
Was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program?
answer needed
What are Rossi's four stages of adult development related to parenting?
retarded growth, mental retardation and lukemia
What are the consequences of x-ray exposure?
Another type of pre-experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by:
XO
Frankl is an existentialist. So are:
Yalom and May
The term 'reentry woman' would best describe:
a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant
You are a school counselor who wishes to refer a student with an orthopedic disability to a private therapist. In general, the best referral would be to:
a CRC
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is:
a back-up reinforcer
______ is a biofeedback device:
a bathroom scale
The model Krumboltz suggested is:
a behavioristic model of career development
A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e., most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this looks roughly like:
a camel's back with two humps
Madanes advocated pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be:
a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him
Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with:
a client who is not very verbal
It's easiest to empathize with:
a client who is similar to you
A counselor is using the memory device: IS PATH WARM? He is most likely working with:
a client whom he feels could be suicidal
In terms of diagnosis:
a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another
According to Carl Whitaker:
a co-therapist is helpful
Family counselors generally believe in:
circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members)
Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focus on:
circumscription and compromise theory
Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as:
a genogram
Holland believed that:
a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities
One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for:
a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less
Some theorists object to the word 'unstructured' in group work because:
a group cannot not have structure
A major limitation related to group work is that:
a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm
A test battery is considered:
a horizontal test
The ordinal scale rank orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be:
a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race
According to Eric Berne a life script is actually:
a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life
A group has:
a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction, a shared purpose
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that:
a phobia could be a learned behavior
A word association test would be an example of:
a projective test
Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to:
a shortage of individual therapists during World War II
In psychoanalytic family therapy the word object means:
a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond
Secondary reinforcement
a stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own (most popular secondary is 'money')
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize:
a temperature trainer
Test bias primarily results from:
a test being normed solely on white middle-class clients
Most ethical dilemmas are related to:
confidentiality
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that:
a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college
Awfulizing (aka 'catastrophizing')
act of telling yourself how difficult,, terrible, and horrendous a given situation really is
A counselor wins the lottery and closes her practice without telling her clients. This counselor's course of action is best described as:
abandonment
Eidetic imagery (aka photographic memory)
ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or picture for an extended period of time (children have it but is it gone by adolescence)
The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis could also be called the ______ on your exam:
abscissa
In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that:
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
During a counseling session Mrs. Sander's 13-year-old daughter Jamie tries to speak. Mrs. Sanders says, "I told you not to say anything." Her daughter wants to know why she cannot talk. Mrs. Sanders replies, "Because I'm the parent, end of discussion young lady." According to the parenting typology of Diana Baumring, Mrs. Sanders is:
an authoritarian parent
Bulimia is classified as:
an eating disorder than occurs primarily in women
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called:
an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Operant
any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulant.
Demand characteristic
any characteristic (aka bit of knowledge, correct or incorrect), that the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence his or her behavior. (Demand characteristics can confound an experiment!)
The word psychometric means:
any form of mental testing
A client who takes a normative test:
can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attractions are:
close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs
A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their CPCE scores the result would be:
close to 0.00
Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that:
culture provides individuals with standards of conduct
John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
cure (demonstrated learning could serve as treatment for a phobic reaction)
Culture refers to:
customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups, values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. attitudes, beliefs, arts, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation
Counseling is a relatively new profession. The first counselor in the United States were not called counselors. They were:
deans and advisers employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women
Punishment:
decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that:
he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 mode. He or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models
Krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means:
in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation
A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior:
in terms of counselor-client interaction
One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and:
individual issues are not properly examined
Glasser (reality therapy) view of clients:
individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brains as control system tried to meet needs
A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This:
is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension
B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on Edward Thorndike's ____ of _____.
law of effect (responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated)
In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors much be aware that:
laws are unclear and may vary from state to state
Neurocounseling research indicates that the ______ is dominant ______:
left hemisphere; in most people
The agency you work for insists that you diagnosis every client. Since this is in violation of the newer ACA ethics this would qualify as "negative conditions." You could handle this by:
meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing others ways to secure funding that go beyond the DSM reimbursement advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis that in some cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. You could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might not be in her best interest show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company/managed care firm the actual ACA Code of Ethics so they can see it in writing that the Code stipulates that "Counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm."
A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that:
members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions
In the 'Dictionary of Occupational Titles' each job was given a _____ digit code:
nine
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in:
no conditioning
Matt was diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder (SSD), with predominant pain. It is safe to say that:
no physiological basis or medical condition can be found to explain his reaction
The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ______, then ______, and in 1974 it changed to ______.
nondirective; client-centered; person-centered
The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) ______ test because the scoring procedure is specific:
objective
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions:
occur where vectors of communication run parallel
Accurate empathy
occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
Rogers viewed man as:
positive when he develops in a warm, accepting trusting environment
Inductive research
research goes from the specific to a generalization.
Deductive research
research that reduces the general to the specific. (contrasts inductive research)
The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as:
resistance
A strategic family therapist says to a family, "I don't know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house." This is an example of:
restraining
According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in:
retroflection
Social power is also called
social influence
Empathy
subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now.
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using:
summarization
A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting:
summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed
Manifest content of dreams
surface meaning of a dream
A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that:
surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predicators of retirement adjustment
The simplest form of descriptive research is the ______, which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of _______ to be accurate:
survey; 50-75%
Appraisal can be defined as:
the process of assessing or estimating attributes
Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to:
uncertainty
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______, _____, _____ are to topographical theory.
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Sour grapes rationalization
underrating a reward (because they didn't get it)
Pearson Product-Moment correlation r
used for interval or ratio data. (memory - Pearson r uses I and R for Info and Referral)
The most critical factors in test selection are:
validity and reliability
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the:
variable ratio
As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a:
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called:
verbal tracking
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as:
vertical interventions
An IQ score on an IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be:
very superior
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child:
will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people
According to Virginia Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style:
will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics
A time-series design is a quasi-exerpimental design:
without randomly chosen control and experimental groups, which relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (i.e., the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs
A counselor can assume that, in general:
women make less money than men for the same job most complaints against counselors for exploitation come from women complaining about male counselors women are not as comfortable as men when they are involved in competitive situations
According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination:
women make less than men for doing the same job
Lifestyle includes:
work leisure style of living
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a ______ setting:
work/organizational
- Achievement: related to experiences of accomplishments in the work situation
- Social Service: related to the opportunities that a work situation offers for performing tasks that will help people
- Job satisfaction is a significant indicator of work adjustment.
- Job satisfaction is significant variable in determining productivity, job involvement, and career tenure. - Individual needs and values are significant components of job satisfaction
SPILLOVER THEORY - by contrast, proposes that what people do at their job "spills over" to their leisure time. For example, a salesperson may choose leisure activities that involve interaction with other people.
...
Self-concepts contain both objective and subjective elements.
...
Self-concepts continue to develop over time, making career choices and adjusting to them lifelong tasks.
...
Self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations in turn shape people's interests, goals, actions, and eventually their attainments.
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Consultation theories
-Caplan's psychodynamic mental health consult -Social learning theory assoc. with Bandura -Schein's process consultation model
Service, Business, Contact, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts & Entertainment
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Stage 2 (1920-1939) - marked by the growth of educational guidance in elementary and secondary schools; Great Depression (1930s)
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A life script is actually a life drama or plot:
-never scripts (will never succeed) -always scripts (always be a certain way) -after scripts (will be after an event happens) -open ended scripts (no direction) -desirable scripts (what they want)
COERCIVE POWER - dispensing punishment or sanction to those who don't comply with the group's norms and standards. Used to bring out in the open a conflict to be resolved.
...
The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a:
52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator
COGNITIVE MAPS OF OCCUPATIONS - These constitute how adolescents and adults distinguish occupations into major dimensions, specifically, masculinity/femininity, occupational prestige level, and field of work.
...
COMMITMENT - an emotional attachment to the work role
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Concludes with return to Communication phase. Was gap removed successfully? Yes - Move on to successive problems; No - Recycle
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ENTERPRISING - leadership, speaking and negotiating abilities; likes leading others towards the achievement of a goal; salesperson, tv producer, manager, lawyer
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EXECUTION (problem solutions are accomplished by formulating strategies - taking action to narrow the gap) Implementing My Choice
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EXPERT POWER- member has expertise or ability that group relies on; looked upon as a very trustworthy person
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GIS (Guidance Information System) - developed by Tiedeman and is used exclusively today.
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GOE (The Guide of Occupational Exploration) - Published by US Department Of Labor - Helps persons "explore" jobs that are slanted toward a given "interest' area. The 12 interest areas include: Artistic, Scientific, Plants and Animals, Protective, Mechanical, Industrial, Business detail, Selling, Accommodating, Humanitarian, Leading-influencing, and Physical-performing.
...
Gestalt can imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
...
However, psychotherapy groups in an inpatient setting focus more on individual concerns. The aggressive construction worker and the aforementioned personality types would be good choices for psychotherapy groups.
...
However, these are also influenced by contextual factors (e.g. job opportunities, access to training opportunities, financial resources).
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IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT - the status in which the adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e., certain role or value) that he or she has chosen
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Stage 5 (1980-1989) - was a period of significant transitions brought on by information technology and the beginning of career counseling private practice and outplacement services.
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Structured techniques are less effective than unstructured ones.
...
The 8 occupational "fields" include:
...
IDENTITY FORCLOSURE - the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g., allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options.
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INDECISIVE CLIENT - one who has a high level of anxiety accompanied by dysfunctional thinking. They lack self confidence, tolerance for ambiguity, and a sense of identity.
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INFORMATIONAL POWER - member has knowledge to accomplish a goal or task.
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INSTRUMENTALITY (will management come through with promised rewards?)
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Rogers' 3 key factors to being an effective counselor
-attitude must be genuine -unconditional positive regard -empathic understanding
Allen Ivey's 3 types of empathy
-basic: counselor's response is on same level as client -subtractive: counselor's behavior doesn't convey understanding -additive: adds to client's understanding and awareness
Daniel Paul Schreber
-ex mental patient who spent 9 years in hospital -wrote Memoirs of a Mental Patient (1903) -'most quoted case in modern Psychiatry'
Four bipolar scales of the MBTI
-extroversion/introversion -perception/intuition -thinking/feeling -judging/perceiving
Cycle of violence (3 phases)
-tension building (walking on eggshells) -acute incident (abuse takes place) -honeymoon phase (romance, making up) (by Dr. Lenore Walker)
**** This theory emphasizes that both ABILITIES (work skills) and VALUES (work needs) are important components of optimal career selection.
...
- CONGRUENCE of one's view of self with occupational preference establishes a Modal Personal Style.
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NCE - Group
... Although all groups are unique, certain traits are typical of most groups. In the beginning stages of therapy, group members haven't yet started to relate to one another or to form social relationships and, therefore, they typically communicate only with the therapist, as if other group members aren't present. During this initial stage, the therapist should be prepared to play an active role.
NCE - Group
... T-groups help people develop human relationship skills in organizational settings by examining group process rather than personal growth.
In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually:
.05 or less
You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at:
.25.
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US is ____.
.5 seconds
A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be _____ or higher:
.80
An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of:
.90.
ABA model of research (also known as 'withdrawal design')
A - baseline secured B - intervention implemented A - outcome is examined via a new baseline
Carkhuff's 'scale for measurement' levels for counseling skills
1 - not attending 2 - subtracts noticeable affect from communication 3 - feelings expressed are interchangeable with client's meaning 4 - Counselor adds to client's affect 5 - Counselor adds to client's feelings, meanings
The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as:
1 SD above the mean
Major Points:
1) Career development is a life long process and self-concept is constantly being shaped 2) Career pattern is determined by parent's socioeconomic level, mental ability, personality, and opportunities 3) Work / life satisfaction is depended upon extent of adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality, and values 4) Super / Kidd suggested that "career adaptability" depends on a person's ability to face, pursue, or accept career change.
Work adjustments usually follow one of two modes:
1- ACTIVE Mode: attempts to change the work environment 2- REACTIVE Mode: attempts to make changes in themselves
Anticipating a Choice (process of making career choice)
1- EXPLORATION: try out new behaviors and fantsize about careers 2- CRYSTALLIZATION: evaluate advantages and disadvantages about possible alternatives, which leads to vocational clarification 3- CHOICE: a choice is made and they may feel confident or unsure about the decision 4- SPECIFICATION: reassess their decision and clarify options
Asserts that information can be organized into 3 systems:
1- PREDICTIVE SYSTEM- concerned with probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities 2- VALUE SYSTEM - concerned with one's relative preferences, likes, and dislikes regarding the outcomes 3- DECISION SYSTEM - provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome
Decision-making process consists of:
1- Recognizing that a decision needs to be made 2- Collecting data and surveying possible courses of action 3- Determining possible outcomes and applying a prediction and value system to analyze possible outcomes 4- Making a choice, which could be terminal (final decision) or investigatory (call for additional information).
Power of a statistical test
1- beta (Power connotes a statistical test's ability to correctly reject a false null hypothesis.)
Gould's (1978) six stages of adult development?
1. Leaving the Parent's World (16-22) 2. Getting into the adult world (22-28) 3. Questioning and Reexamination (28-34) 4. Midlife Decade (35-45) 5. Reconciliation and Mellowing (43-50) 6.Stability and Acceptance (50 and over)
Forces of psychology
1st - psychoanalysis 2nd - behaviorism 3rd - humanism 4th - multiculturalism
Identify the DSM code:
296.99
Developmental Theories
>Life-Span Life-Space (Donald Super; 1957) Tenets: One chooses an occupation that best expresses one's vocational SELF-CONCEPT. Self-knowledge is key to career choice and job satisfaction.
Adjusting to the Choice (implementing the decision)
5- INDUCTION: implementation of career choice 6- REFORMATION: adjust to new situations and people 7- INTEGRATION: occurs as individuals become comfortable and familiar with the new environment
The Binet stressed age-related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9-year-old task would be one which:
50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly
The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be:
61
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> 10 Assumptions 1. Career choice results from an interaction of cognitive and affective processes 2. Making career choices is a problem-solving activity 3. The capabilities of career problem solvers depend on the ability of cognitive operations as well as knowledge. 4. Career problem solving is a high-memory-load task 5. Motivation 6. Career development involves continual growth and change in knowledge structures. 7. Career identity depends on self-knowledge. 8. Career maturity depends on one's ability to solve career problems 9. The ultimate goal of career counseling is achieved by facilitating the growth of information-processing skills. 10. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.
______ would be an informal method of appraisal:
A checklist
Correlation coefficient
A statistic that indicates the degree or magnitude of relationship between two variables, often abbreviated using the lower-case 'r'. (Makes a statement regarding the association of two variables and how a change in one is related to the change in the other.)
Proxemics
A student of yours asks about the research of territorial or personal space. How do you name that research for her?
Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?
A very accurate postage scale
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
Self-knowledge and occupational knowledge are schemas that keep evolving over the person's life span.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels:"
Semiskilled Semiprofessional/small business Professional and managerial
All of these conditions are V code diagnoses:
Acculturation problem Occupational problem Academic problem
Social connectedness
Adler's term for a belief that people wish to 'belong'. (suggests we need one another)
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of:
Albert Bandura
The first intelligence test was created by:
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Donald Super's self-concept and developmental stage theory:
Also referred to as a life span, life-space model. Self-concept, as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one's career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. Super initially didn't believe he created a theory, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theorists. He felt mislabeled
Ahistoric therapy
Any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past.
Tiedeman & O'Hara: Theory of Career Decision Making (1963)
Assumption that one is responsible for one's own behavior because one has the capacity for choice and lives in a world which is not deterministic.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields:"
Service Science Arts and entertainment
Single-blind study
The subject does not know whether they are in the control group, but the researcher does. (helps eliminate 'demand characteristics')
Bubbles in Research
Bubbles in research are considered flaws in research (i.e., rubbing a sticker on car and getting no bubbles - impossible)
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is:
Donald Meichenbaum
You create a career group to examine the clients' roles in life as a child, student, citizen, homemaker/parent, worker, citizen, and time spend participating in leisure activities (leisurite). You should use:
Donald Super's life career rainbow
You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another licensed counselor, is now the custodian of your records. This was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline's contact information. Ethically:
Dr. Kline should contact each client when she receives the record
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize:
EEG feedback
Characteristics of youngest child (Adlerian)
baby in the family and can be pampered or spoiled, often exceed older children's performance due to modeling/imitating.
______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues:
Frank Parsons, the father of guidance
The word 'eclectic' is most associated with
Frederick C. Thorne (felt true eclecticism was more a 'hodgepodge of facts') -preferred the term 'psychological case handling' rather than psychotherapy)
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is:
based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types self-administered self-score and self-interpreted
Eros
Greek god of 'love of life' Freudians use it also to mean 'self-preservation'
NCE - Group
Group Dynamics Group Process Group dynamics refers to the interaction and energy exchange between members and leaders. The term is used to describe the forces operating in a group.
Hawthorne Effect (also known as reacting to the presence of the investigator, or observer effect)
Happens sometimes if subjects know they are in experiment, their performance may improve because of the extra attention and knowledge they are being observed.
Interval scale
Has numbers scaled at equal distances but NO ABSOLUTE ZERO point. -Since intervals are same, amount of differences can be stipulated (i.e., 3 IQ points), can add/subtract but not multiply/divide (IQ TESTS provide interval measurement!)
According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will:
be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion
3. Instrumental and associative learning experiences
Instrumental= person's behavior leads to a consequence (punishment or reward) Associative= observational learning, classical conditioning
Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems?
Inter-rater/inter-observer
Internal Validity
Internal validity 'in experiments' refers to whether the Dependent Variables, 'DVs' , the data were truly influenced by the experimental independent variables, 'IVs', treatment or if other factors impacted the Data.
IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by:
MA/CA x 100.
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with:
bonding and attachment
T-score (often called transformed score)
Mean of 50 with each SD of 10 [different from a Z-score] (i.e., a Z score of -1.0 would be a T score of 40. A Z-score of -1.5 would be a T-score of 35, etc.) - Not mathematically threatening because never expressed as a negative number.
Wilderness therapy falls under the auspices of adventure-based therapy. There is no one set model for wilderness therapy. All of the statements below are true about wilderness therapy:
Most counselors believe stricter regulations should be put in place to avoid abuses Effective wilderness therapy settings use little or no force, confrontation, pr point level systems Reports of abuse and even death of youth have surfaced
In the late 1970s, AACD (known as ACA since 1992) began to focus very heavily on professional credentialing. This led to the formation of the:
NBCC
As a private practice counselor your ______ would be most important in terms of filing claims:
NPI number
Negative reinforcement requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement is NOT the same thing as punishment.
Double-blind study
Neither the subject nor the researcher knows of the person is in the control group. (Researcher is sometimes unaware of the null hypothesis too.)
NOIR
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Four basic measurement scales (by. S. S. Steven)
Nominal - simplest type, strictly qualitative NOT quantitative Ordinal Interval Ratio
...
Non-Directional hypothesis A non-directional hypothesis is two tailed. You assume that by manipulating the independent variable there will be a change in the dependent variable. You cannot predict if this change will be positive or negative. For example if you ask someone to roll a ball in their hands while trying to remember a list of words (the IV) this could either have a positive or negative impact on their ability to recall the words (the DV).
Psychoanalysts believe a client who is resistant will be reluctant to bring unconscious ideas into the conscious mind.
Nonanalytic counselors use the term 'resistant' to describe clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner.
Enactive
Objects have meaning only with respect to the actions performed on them. This is called the ________ mode.
Freud's 3 psychosexual stages
Oral Anal Phallic
The 6 "levels" of skill include:
Professional & Managerial 1, Professional & Managerial 2, Semi-Professional / Small bBsiness, Skilled, Semi-Skilled, and Unskilled.
Ordinal scale (2nd level of measurement)
Rank-orders variables, though distance between the variables may not be equal - Provides relative placement or standing but does not delineate absolute differences (adding/subtracting is no-no) (Memory: 'ordinal' sounds like 'order')
Types of ego defense mechanisms
Rationalization, Compensation, Repression, Projection Reaction formation, Identification, Introjection, Denial, Displacement
The 16 PF reflects the work of:
Raymond B. Cattell
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of:
Raymond B. Cattell
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs:
Robert Hoppock
NCE - Group
Rudolph Dreikurs Rudolph Dreikurs was a student of Adler and was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. Dreikurs also introduced Adlerian principles in the treatment of children in the school setting.
Standardized tests always have formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
Standardization implies the testing format, test materials, and scoring process are consistent.
Trend analysis
Statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident, using ANOVA sometimes.
Statistically speaking, 68.26% of scores fall within + or - one SD of the mean.
Statistically speaking, 95.74% of scores fall within + or - 2 SD of the mean.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Symptoms of schizophrenia that do not last more than a month is classified as which disorder?
In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ______ and the meat was the ______:
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
Chi-square nonparametric test
examines whether obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies
Counselors often shy away from self-reports since:
clients often give inaccurate answers
One major testing trend is:
computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations
A researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. She conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of .05. Several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. She thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of .01. Her chances of making a Type I error or so-called alpha error reduced. Now assume you compare her new research to her old research. What could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant?
The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment
A statement of disclosure could include:
The counselor's qualifications, office hours, and billing policies Emergency procedures and therapy techniques utilized A statement that confidentiality is desirable, but cannot be guaranteed in a group setting
The probability of committing a Type I error equals the level of significance.
The level of significance is also called the 'alpha level'.
Conversion or reparative therapy is intended to change sexual orientation and behaviors from gay to straight:
The literature in scientific and peer-reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered from same-sex attraction to opposite-sex attraction
A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates:
a perfect score which as no error
You are the owner of a counseling practice. You make the sole decision which counselor receives the new referrals. According to new ACA ethics on fee splitting:
although many counselors believe this is controversial, it is unethical based on the fact that charging a percentage of the payment rate per client appears to be a kickback scheme similar to accepting a referral fee
You have impeccable training and experience as a counseling supervisor. One of your supervises comes in for her session and she is crying uncontrollably because her boyfriend told her he was breaking up with her. It is clear counseling would be beneficial and she asks you for counseling. You should:
assist her in finding an appropriate counselor
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor:
is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and:
is not the same thing as punishment
Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy:
is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms
The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design:
one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not
An operational definition:
outlines a procedure
Frankl is the Father of existentialism and ____ _____.
paradoxical intention
Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts:
that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up
One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be:
that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages
Development:
is a continuous process which begins at conception
Premack principle
'an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself likes to do.'
Longitudinal method
(also known as 'diachronic method') The same clients are studied over a period of time.
Cross-sectional method
(also known as 'synchronic method') Clients are assessed at one point in time. (Indicative of measurements or observations at a single point, and thus preferable in terms of time consumption.)
Threatened Punishment
(firing, demotion, failing the course) If a person is found guilty of sexual coercion, what did his behavior include toward the harassed individual?
**Career development was viewed as a continuous process that involved multiple life roles.
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**The most important aspect of Holland's theory is the match between personality and work environment in which similar personalities choose certain careers and respond to problems in similar ways.
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- A major criticism of this theory has been a dependence on test results. Another criticism is that it doesn't account for how interests, values, aptitudes, achievements, and personalities grow and change.
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- Individuals are attracted to a particular role demand of an occupational environment that mets their personal needs and provides them with satisfaction.
...
- Intelligence is considered less important than personality and interest.
...
- PERSONALITY Structure: A stable characteristic made up of abilities and values.
...
- People are products of their environment.
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1) CONSISTENCY - Defined as degree of similarity between the 6 Holland types. The closer the types are to each other, the more consistent they are.
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2. Orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8) - Self-concept is influenced by gender development. Begin to assign job roles to certain sexes.
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3- IMPLEMENTATION (21 - 24) - completing training and entering career
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3. PERSONAL GOALS- Seen as playing a primary role in behavior. A goal is defined as the decisions to begin a particular activity or future plan. Behavior is organized or sustained based on these previously set goals
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4- STABILIZATION (24 -35) - confirming career choice, feeling of security
...
4. Task approach skills (e.g., self-observation, goal setting and information seeking).
...
Five Critical Client Skills:
1) Curiosity- explore learning opportunities 2) Persistence- way of dealing with obstacles 3) Flexibility- adapting and adjusting to various circumstances 4) Optimism- positive attitude when pursuing new opportunities 5) Risk-taking- necessary during unexpected events
TENTATIVE Period (ages 11-17)
1) Interest Stage - career decisions are based on likes and dislikes 2) Capacity Stage - individuals are able to assess and consider their capabilities in relation to career aspirations 3) Value Stage - personal goals and values are incorporated into the decision-making process 4) Transition Stage - availability, demand, and benefits of certain careers are taken into account
In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people currently answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of:
1.0.
If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ____ distinct ______.
2, populations.
The same test is given to the same group of people using the rest-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance (i.e., the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both) is:
49%
In World War II that Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth, and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine:
5
The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?
68
Development of Career Counseling
> 6 Stages (1-3) Stage 1 (1890-1919) - began the growth of placement services in urban areas to meet the needs of the growing Industrial organizations; Industrial Revolution, World War I (1914-1918)
OTHER THEORIES
> Ann Roe's Need Theory / Personality Approach (1956) > Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962)
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> CASVE Cycle (Decision Skills Domain) COMMUNICATION (identifying a need - problems perceived as a gap) -receiving, encoding, and sending out queries; Knowing I need to make a choice
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> CASVE Cycle (Decision Skills Domain) VALUING (problem solutions are evaluated by prioritizing alternatives) judging each action as to its likelihood of success and failure and its impact on the individual, others, and society; Choosing An Occupation, Program, or Job
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology Holland's hexagonal model has 5 key concepts:
In most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
A clinical psychologist
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Bandura's Triadic Reciprocal Model of Causality - these factors are all affecting each other simultaneously: • personal attributes • external environmental factors • overt behavior
The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by:
Caplan
Edgar H. Schein's eight career anchors theory:
Career anchors manifest approximately 5 to 10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Originally, Schein identified five anchors, but now eight are used; (1) autonomy/independence; (2) security/stability; (3) technical/functional competence; (4) general managerial competence; (5) entrepreneurial creativity; (6) service/dedication to a cause; (7) pure challenge; (8) lifestyle
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the words of:
Carl G. Jung
NCE - Group
Corrective Recapitulation Yalom has identified several curative factors that operate in every type of therapy group. A group can serve as a microcosm of the family and allow members to work through past family problems in a more encouraging environment; Yalom refers to this process as corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
Constructive Play
Define the self regulated creation of a product or problem-solution. Requires combining sensorimotor/practice repetitive activity with symbolic representation of thought
NCE - Group
Depending upon the theoretical orientation of a group, the group meeting emphasis will vary, as will the goals of group members. Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on a specific goal to be attained: A T-group B behavioral group C existential group D Gestalt group - RATIONALE - Although all of the groups listed may have specific goals, the other groups are "process-oriented" groups, while behavioral groups are clearly "goal-oriented." Behavioral group therapy is similar to other types of behavioral therapy, in which the goal is to identify a target behavior and change it.
Dr. X recommends to his clients at the agency where he practices that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking:
Dr. X is diverting agency clients to his practice and this is unethical
A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize:
ERIC, for primary and secondary resources
Which statement is true of African American families?
Fewer African Americans are getting married African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home).
Major goals:
Find methods of defining specific mediators from which learning experiences shape and influence career behavior. Explain how variables (interest, abilities, values) interrelate and influence career outcomes
Social Responsiveness
For the first two to three months of life the infant uses signaling behavior to establish contact with others. At 3 to 6 months the primary caregiver becomes the focus of the signaling. This is called the _______ _______ stage.
The word 'electic' is most closely associated with:
Frederick C. Thorne
Loves to be touched and held closely
From birth to 4 months an infant weighs 10-18 pounds and has a length of 23-27 inches. What can be said about emotional development at this age?
Eric Bern is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
Gestalt therapy
Parametric tests assume scores are NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED.
Good external validity = generalization
Thanatos
Greek for 'death' (i.e., 'Thanatologists study death')
A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?
In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game
Collective unconscious
Jungian term, common to all mankind, and passed from generation to generation.
Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?
Length in inches and length in centimeters
Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of:
Norbert Weiner
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Not every desirable behavior is reinforced (sometimes called 'thinning')
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby Jr., is to:
RBT
If F value exceeds the critical F value in a statistical table
REJECT the null hypothesis
Two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules
Ratio - based on # of responses ('variable' often used with this) Interval - based on time elapsed ('fixed' often used with this)
William Glasser is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) (Ellis is father of REBT)
Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice
Which statement is true of families?
Remarriage today is common
Solomon 4 group design
Researcher uses 2 control groups - only one experimental group and one control group are PRE-tested. The other control group and experimental group are merely post-tested. (Lets the researcher known if results are influenced by testing.)
SATISFACTION- an employee' contentment with work environment
Satisfaction: refers to clients who are more self-fulfilled-oriented
Mark Savicka's career construction postmodern theory:
Savickas, who worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client's life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story
Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote:
Schools Without Failure
NCE - Group
Selection of members The key factor in selecting a person for group work is to identify a personality pattern that may not lend itself to the group. Hostile, suicidal, homicidal, paranoid, and self-centered or psychotic persons are not good candidates for group counseling.
In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?
Stratified sampling would be best
Rosenthal Effect (experimenter expectancy)
The experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the experimenter to treat them in a special way so that they begin to fulfill the experimenter's expectations.
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the IV or independent variable ("I am the researcher so I manipulate or experiment with the IV.")
Which statement is true of Latino/a families?
They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees
Experimenter effects
Things that can flaw an experiment because the researcher unconsciously communicates intent or expectations to the subjects.
Death
What can the HIV taratogen cause to happen in a newborn?
Transfer Learning
You are telling your students about the effect of earlier learning on present learning. What is this?
You conduct a true experiment. The results between the several groups are statistically significant. You have rejected the null hypothesis:
You should still provide an effect size (ES) statistic
Active Proximity Seeking
You tell your students that from seven months to two years, the child actively seeks close contact with the caretaker. Later, attachments with others develop. What do you name this stage?
A question on your comprehensive exam asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task?
You would square the .70
Little Albert
a famous case, John Watson (pioneer of American Behaviorism) in 1920 - toddler made to fear white furry things
NBCC ethics caution counselors against sexual harassment. An example of an ethics violation in this respect would be:
a female counselor who tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned. The male client blushes and appears uncomfortable.
A registry would be:
a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois a list of CRCs in the United States
According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure:
a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probaility behavior
One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that:
a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences
Balance theory postulates:
a move from a cognitive inconsistency to consistency and a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state
Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist from Norway, became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on:
a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team
According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 (also known as the Buckley Amendment):
a parent can see his or her daughter's middle school record an 18-year-old college student can view his or her own educational record
The MMPI-2 is:
a standardized personality test
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant difference exist in an ANOVA you would consult:
a table for F values
Client should know that:
a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible
From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need:
a test of significance
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means:
a treatment model
Counseling paradigm
a treatment model (paradigm = model)
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as:
a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
Francis Galton felt intelligence was:
a unitary factor
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage:
abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction
Mr. Donald is seeing you for a gambling addition problem. Several years ago he won a huge amount of money at the casino from a slot machine. As soon as he pulled the handle he snapped his fingers. Now he always snaps his fingers after he pulls a slot machine handle. His superstition can best be explained by:
accidental reinforcement
Reflection of emotional content
accomplished when the counselor restates the client's verbalization in such a manner that the client becomes more aware of his emotions.
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is ____, B is the _____, and C is the ______.
activating event, belief system, emotional consequence
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ______, B is the ______, and C is the ______:
activating event; belief system; emotional consequences
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then
alpha errors decrease, but beta errors increase.
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then:
alpha erros decrease; however, beta errors increase
Type I and Type II errors are called _____ and ______ respectively:
alpha; beta
Unmatched/uncorrelated groups
also known as independent groups
Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were give by a person perceived as:
an authority figure
Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal or irrational thoughts. This would be:
an informal assessment technique
Free association
analytic technique, instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.
Jung felt society caused men to deny their feminine side (aka ______) and women to deny their masculine side (aka ____).
anima, animus (memory: aniMA is feminine; aniMUS as in MUScles)
C.J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ______ and women to deny their masculine side known as ______.
anima; animus
Introspection
any process in which the client attempts to describe his own internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas.
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life:
appeared to be autistic
A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an:
approach-appraoch conflict
The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by:
approach-avoidance behavior
ANCOVA and ANOVA
are NOT correlation coefficient.
Associationism
asserts ideas are held together by associations. (roots in Aristotle essay, but in line with John Locke, Hume, Mill, Hartley)
An eclectic counselor:
attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice:
based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy:
basic, subtractive, and additive
The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward:
breaking away
According to the human growth and development notion of plasticity every client you see:
can alter his or her traits at any point in the life span
Preconscious mind
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty -can access info from the conscious as well as unconscious mind
According to expert John Krumboltz:
career decision issues are crucial in terms of one's happiness
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as:
catharsis and/or abreaction
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of:
centration
A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "It is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to:
change the verbalization to an "I" statement
A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called:
charting a pictorial sociogram
Reality therapy (aka choice therapy)
childhood is usually not explored, present moment of counseling (therapist makes friends with client)
Fixed role therapy (aka 'behavioral rehearsal')
client is given a sketch of a person in a role and is instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script. (by George A. Kelly who also did 'psychology of personal constructs')
Paradoxical strategies
client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior. (used by Frankl, and by family therapist)
Counselors can more easily advise:
clients from their own culture
Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that:
closed groups allow no new members after the group begins
Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with:
cognitive and attitude formation
Neuroscience seems to show that:
cognitive therapy could raise serotonin, the feel good chemical in the brain, just like antidepressant pharmaceuticals
Tyranny of the shoulds
coined by Karen Horney (neo-Freudian)
Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are
competence power intimacy
Implosive therapy (in anxiety terms)
conducted using the imagination and relies on psychoanalytic symbolism (brainchild of T. G. Stampf)
Respondent
consequence of a known stimulus. (dog salivating)
Dream work
consists of deciphering the hidden meaning (latent) of a dream (through symbolism) so the individual is aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires, and conflicts.
During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should:
contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions
Jung's assumption was that projection will _____ and individuation will ______ as therapy renders shadow behaviors conscious.
decrease, increase
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlation is to:
degree of relationship
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to _____ of _______.
degree of relationship.
Analytic psychology is sometimes referred to as
depth psychology
Intersexuality:
describes an individual with male and female sexual characteristics and possibly male and female internal or external sex organs
A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm:
describes how people are supposed to act
Correlation coefficient is a
descriptive statistic which indicates the degree of 'linear relationship' between two variables.
Mann-Whitney U-test
determines whether 2 uncorrelated means differe significantly when data are nonparmetric (memory: the 'u' reminds you of 'uncorrelated')
Freud (psychoanalysis) view of clients:
deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
Two 18-year-olds are given the exact same dosage of an antidepressant medication. One indicates that the medicine makes her feel "great" while the other insists the intervention makes her "very tired." This can most likely be attributed to:
differential sensitivity
The ______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly:
difficulty
A family member who is emotionally distant is:
disengaged
Range
distance between the largest and the smallest scores.
A counselor who is genuine:
does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client and does not change his or her true values from session to session
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples:
dual-career families/couples have less leisure time
The human relations core for effective counseling includes:
empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness
The order of the four processes that MI uses is:
engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning
The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons:
experiencing marriage and family problems
Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when:
external behavior matches an internal response or state
Wilhelm Reich
felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies. (orgone box - later outlawed and Reich died in jail)
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing:
fields and levels
Statistically speaking, males typically use ______ and females use _____ to commit suicide:
firearms; poison
A client wants his records sent to a psychiatrist he is seeing. You should:
first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information
A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a:
fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement
Good multicultural counselors are:
flexible
Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT):
focuses on how one's belief system impacts career choice
The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members:
for all groups
Group cohesiveness refers to:
forces which tend to bind group members together
Sensate focus
form of behavioral sex therapy, relies on counterconditioning (by Masters & Johnson)
Standardized tests always have:
formal procedures for test administration and scoring
Another term for classical conditioning is
forward conditioning
A short answer test is a(n) _____ test:
free choice
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that:
genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice
An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be near the ____ level.
genius
Experts predict that in the future:
group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers
Group IQ tests like the Otis-Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that:
group tests are quicker to administer
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed 'postconventional morality.' Here the individual:
has self-imposed morals and ethics
In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family:
has the authority to make rules and enforce them
Bimodal distribution
has two modes (graphically looks like a camel with 2 humps)
In a children's career counseling group, the group will help the children:
have a sense of belonging share feelings and ideas engage in desirable peer interaction
A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would:
have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change
A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would:
have high criterion/predicative validity
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often:
have lower career aspirations than a man
Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive:
have other positive traits
In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who:
helps them work it out on their own
Latent content of dreams
hidden meaning of a dream
Ulterior transactions
hidden transactions as two or more ego states are operating at the same time.
A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen counselors related the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate:
high reliability
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called:
higher-order conditioning
Interpretation
highly valued in analytic and psychodynamic modalities (takes place when counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation)
A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of:
homeostasis
The standard error of measurement tells you:
how accurate or inaccurate a test score is
A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of:
inductive logic or reasoning
Fixed interval scheduling is the most _____ of them all.
ineffective
Your agency used a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills. You should:
inform the client of this before the counseling begins
You are a middle school counselor at a public school. A child is threatening to kill another student and admonishes you to keep it a secret. According to the ethical principle of minimal disclosure the best course of action would be to:
inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the principal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat
A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of:
introjection
Introversion
introverted person is his own primary source of pleasure (term is Jungian)
Midlife career change:
is not that unusual
Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as:
it can stunt creativity it can boost conformity
The problem with income-sensitive or sliding fee scales (based on the client's ability to pay) is that:
it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner
One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is:
it promotes cohesiveness
A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's:
job or position
According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be:
jogging
The law requires clinicians to:
keep progress notes
A family counselor treats an Asian American family exactly like he treats the Arab American families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as:
lacking cultural sensitivity culturally encapsulated
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is:
latency
Coleadership, also referred to as cofaciliation, can be a disadvantage when:
leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group leaders are intimate with each other leaders question each other's competence
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ______ social conformity that he or she would from a client from his or her own culture:
less
Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has:
less members than an adult group
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce:
less-aggressive children
Other terms for 'level of significance'
level of confidence confidence level alpha level
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is:
like that of a friend who asks what is wrong
When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as:
linking
Face validity refers to the extent that a test:
looks or appears to measure the intended attribute
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice:
lower-order needs take precedent over higher-order needs
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
make the client aware of their unconscious processes. (in the hopes that insight will be followed by motivation)
animus, anima, self archetypes
male, female sides
In adolescence:
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
Adler (individual psychology) view of clients:
man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order
Jung (analytic psychology) view of clients:
man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment
The following are correct:
men commit suicide more than woman women suffer from depression more than men autism occurs more in men than women
Gaussian curve is said to be ______ because the peak is in the middle.
mesokurtic
All of these statements are true about bullying:
more girls are bullied than boys more whites are bullied than minorities fewer students claim they are being bullied in recent years more students are bullied on social media than in the hallways
Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that:
more information is obviously necessary
Joseph Breuer
neurologist who taught Freud 'talking cure', or 'catharsis'
You are treating a man who suffers from panic disorder. His panic attacks are so severe he cannot drive to work. After just three sessions he is not only driving to work but has taken up sky diving to demonstrate his progress over his fear. You would love to put his testimonial on your brochure to show how adept you are at treating this affliction. You should"
not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation
Covert
not observable
Reaction formation
occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and this behaves in the opposite manner.
Stimulus generalization (aka 'second order conditioning')
occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned (learned) stimulus produces the same reaction. (i.e., buzzer instead of bell)
Displacement
occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target. (man hates boss but kicks dog)
You are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. During one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. The husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. He has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. You feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. You should:
only tell his wife if he gives you permission
Aversive conditioning
pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a pleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction (i.e., Antabuse and alcoholics)
A counselor educator has created a research study. He is using students as research subjects. This is commonplace:
participation or lack of it cannot impact the student's academic standing
Interposition
perceptual term where one item conceals or covers another
Existentialism is a type of _______.
philosophy
Perls suggested FIVE layers of neurosis:
phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Unwelt or the ______ world, the Mitwelt or the ______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ______ world:
physical; relationship; identity
Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses:
pictures
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ____ ___ ___ ____ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.
pictures in the mind
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the:
pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst
If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be:
positive
An aptitude test is to ______ as an achievement test is to ______:
potential; what has been learned
Symptom substitution
psychoanalytic concept which means if one symptom is stopped, a new symptom may start in its place (behaviorists also believe in this concept)
The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a:
psychodynamic clinician
The statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates:
racism
A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely:
rely on systematic desensitization procedures
Ethics state that a counselor should ______ all clients for group counseling:
screen
A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch the family has achieved:
second-order change that is more desirable than the first-order change
A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume:
should emphasize the importance of a cover letter
Holland categorized ______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments:
six
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized:
social factors
A monolingual U.S. counselor:
speaks only English
Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance:
stability and change morphostasis and morphogenesis
Behaviorists often utilize N = 1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to:
take a baseline measure
Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity vs stagnation. Generativity refers to:
the ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation, the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time
Existentialists focus primarily on:
the client's perception in the here and now
Pleasure principle
the id
Super's life-span theory includes:
the life-career rainbow
Neuroscience supports:
the notion that empathy and exercise could benefit depressed individuals
Ego ideal
the superego (the perfect self that the person judges himself against)
When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group:
the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology
Desensitization
to make one less sensitive
Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that ______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined:
two hours per session
If a researcher utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be the:
two-way ANOVA or MANOVA
An experiment is said to be confounded when:
undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment
Paraphrasing
whenever a counselor restates a client's message in the counselor's own words.
You are supervising a graduate student. The client she is discussing was raped and robbed several days prior to your session with the student. When you ask her your supervised for more information she says. "Well, I'm certain the fact that she was a carrying a very expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes was an issues." Based on gestalt psychologist Fritz Heider's concept of attribution theory:
your supervised is replying on dispositional attributions
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson:
80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
A 13-year-old male middle school student
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
H. Harlow
The word dynamic means the group is:
always changing
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely:
an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the word of:
John Crites
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with:
John Dollard and Neal Miller
A t-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 40 would be:
-1 SD
3 types of learning
-reinforcement (operant conditioning) -association (classical conditioning) -insight
- KEY ASSUMPTION: Individuals seeks to achieve and maintain a positive relationship with their work environments. Individuals bring their own requirements to a work environment, and the work environment makes its requirements of individuals. To survive, individuals and work environments must achieve some degree of CONGRUENCE (CORRESPONDENCE).
...
- Used assessment and test results and other data to reveal congruence between the individual and work environment. Individual strengths and weaknesses were evaluated, with the primary purpose of finding a job that matched measured abilities and achievements.
...
2- INTEGRATION - ability to adjust to others to be part of society, and
...
Occupation
A group of jobs so similar in nature that a person successful in one could move to another without difficulty
All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist:
A functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning Modeling Chaining and extinction
Trait-and-Factor Theory
> Williamson's 6 Stages of Career Guidance 1. ANALYSIS: data gathering attitudes, interests, ect. 2. SYNTHESIS: strengths & weaknesses 3. DIAGNOSIS: I.D. the problem; discover its causes; 4 categories for diagnosing: No Choice, Uncertain Choice, Discrepancy between interest and aptitudes/abilities and field, Unwise Choice 4. PROGNOSIS: how successful will the client be? 5. COUNSELING: if poor prognosis, client should receive additional counseling, which is likely to involve a recycling through the previous steps 6. FOLLOW-UP: was course of action correct?
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
>>Lent, Brown, & Hackett (1996)
Developmental Theories
>Life-Span Life-Space (Donald Super; 1957) A major point of Super's theory is that work / life satisfaction is depended upon the extent of adequate outlets for abilities, interests, personality, and values.
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
A 16 year old boy, who is a client of yours, shows no masculinity at puberty. What is the name of this syndrome?
Quasi-experiment
A Quasi-experiment uses PRE-EXISTING groups, so the independent variable (IV) cannot be altered (i.e. gender or ethnicity), & cannot state with any statistical confidence that the IV caused the dependent variable (DV).
NCE - Group
A client receiving verbal feedback from her peers in a Gestalt therapy group is generally said to be experiencing: The Hot Seat
Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting:
A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities A client who sees her therapist as all bad
ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can regain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnosis could harm the client or others:
A counselor could refrain from making a diagnosis if it is in the best interest of the client A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say
A counselor is working with a client suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which counselor would be most concerned about inducing REM/EM during the sessions?
A counselor who is using Francine Shapiro's EMDR
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was created by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) was created by the World Health Organization (WHO). Which counselor would most likely be required to utilize one of these guidelines to diagnose a client?
A counselor who wishes to secure insurance (i.e., third party) payments
NCE - Group
According to research on organizational behavior, which of the following is the best method for lessening the tendency for group members to think alike: A- assign a clear decisive leader B- suggest that group members write down anonymous suggestions rather than discuss them out loud C- separate the group into two or three smaller groups D- ensure that the most vocal group members delay their decisions until later in the decision making process - RATIONALE - D. The question describes the phenomenon of groupthink in which group members think alike. The most vocal group members tend to be leaders and their opinions are often mirrored by the followers. By delaying their decisions, they allow different opinions to emerge. The assignment of a leader (A) is not necessary - usually, leaders will emerge.
A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?
An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma's developmental approach... aka the Ginzberg Group... or Ginzberg and Associates:
Created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist, and a psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice. The developmental stages are: ages 11 and under - fantasy; early adolescents, ages 11-17 - tentative; and age 17 into early adulthood - realistic. Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on ______ to test significant differences between group means:
Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
Trait-and-factor-matching theory:
E.G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a give occupation
ERIC
Education Resources Information Center (1.2 million + journal articles)
Trust vs mistrust is:
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development
Experimental Ethics Dictate that..
Experimental Ethics dictate that subjects should be 1. informed of risk, negative after effects are removed, 2 allowed subjects to withdraw at any time, 3 confidentiality of subjects is protected, 4 results will be presented in an accurate format that is not misleading, and 5 will use only techniques trained in.
Experimental Research
Experimental Research is the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations.
Pygmalion Effect (aka Rosenthal or Experimenter Effect)
Experimenter falls in love with his own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage?
Forming
Oedipus/Electra complex
Freud's most controversial theory
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on:
Freud's topographic hypothesis
______ and ______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
Freud; Lorenz
John Krumboltz's learning theory or career counseling (LTCC):
Initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process: (1) genetic endowment and unique abilities; (2) environmental conditions and life events; (3) learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian); and (4) task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, and emotional patterns). Research validates the original social learning theory, but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling
Mrs. Kim wanted her daughter to attend a private school for gifted children who have very high intelligence. Mrs. Kim's daughter took the Otis-Lennon IQ test. Her t-score was 80. Kim's counselor knew that:
Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted
Occam's Razor
Occam's Razor is (also known as Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon) suggests experimenters interpret the results in the simplest manner.
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the:
Occupational Outlook Handbook
Horizontal sampling
Occurs when a researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group.
Vertical sampling
Occurs when persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are used.
A theorists who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
Organicism
_____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window:
Projection
NCE - Group
Psychodynamic Approach The psychodynamic approach attempts to uncover the unconscious determinants of groups members' present behavior. Psychodynamic group leaders do not require members to remain strictly in the here-and-now.
Which group was most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure?
Psychologists
Intelligence, attention and motor skill defects
Taking into consideration that a mother takes aspirin during pregnancy, what effect could this have on the fetus?
I-Thou relationship
Rogerian and Existentialistic (relationship is horizontal in nature)
Today the Stanford-Binet is used from age 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the:
SAS
A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 times out of 100 trails. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that:
Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down
The doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation. In order for the doctor-patient structure to work, the consultee (i.e., the person receiving the consultation) must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives. This model is associated most closely with the work of:
Schein
______ is associated with obedience and authority:
Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist
As X increases, Y also increases; As X decreases, Y also decreases
Statistically, how can 2 positively and directly related variables be described?
Child (son or daughter)
Student Leisurite Citizen Worker Spouse (Partner) Homemaker Parent Pensioner
Matched design
Subjects are literally 'matched' in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV, which is really the postexperimental performance.
Empathy is the ability to experience the client's subjective world.
Sympathy is compassion.
Alternative Hypothesis
The Alternative Hypothesis (aka 'affirmative hypothesis') asserts the independent variable (IV) has indeed caused a change.
Independent variable
The Independent variable is the variable the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with. Memory Device: 'I' manipulate the IV, or a hospital patient gets treatment form IV)
Null hypothesis
The Null hypothesis suggests there WILL NOT be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. (asserts the samples will not change - will stay the same - even after the experimental variable is applied.) *The IV DOES NOT affect the DV.*
Which statement is true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
The approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job The approach usually relies on psychometric information The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson
Echolalia
The automatic repetition by someone of words spoken in his or her presence (ie: the baby babbling when the mother talks). It can also be a mental disorder.
Correct treatment match-ups:
Vivitrol for alcoholism Lithium for bipolar disorder Suboxone for opiod dependence
NCE - Group
Tuckman & Jensen's STAGES Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
Multimodal distribution
Two or more peaks in a distribution curve
Type I (Alpha Error) occurs when
Type I (Alpha Error) occurs when a researcher REJECTS the NULL hypothesis although it is true.
Lowering the significance level LOWERS Type I errors, but it RAISES the risk of Type II errors.
Type I/Type II relationship is a seesaw.
Type II (Beta Error) occurs when
Type II (Beta Error) occurs when a researcher ACCEPTS the NULL hypothesis although it is False
Existentialist speak of 3 worlds:
Umwelt (physical) Mitwelt (relationship) Eigenwelt (identity)
Ego defense mechanisms are
Unconscious processes that minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands -distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self image
Decided Client
Undecided Client Indecisive Client DECIDED CLIENT - clients who have made a career decision. These clients might profit from counseling that is designed to formulate other steps in decision making and to determine if their choice was inappropriately made.
MANOVA
What is the name of the measurement that shows the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable?
Sampling Error
What is the name of the occurrence when subjects are not under the researcher's control or there is a discrepancy due to random sampling?
Y axis (also known as 'ordinate')
Used to plot frequency of the DVs, plotting the experimental data. (memory: Letter 'Y' is vertical like the line it represents in a graph)
Quota sampling
Used when a specific number of cases are necessary from various strata (groups).
Which is more important, validity or reliability?
Validity
Validity
Validity is the extent or degree to which an idea/ conclusion/measurement/ score/ study is well-founded, measures what it claims to measure, corresponds accurately to the real world & answers the questions it is intended to answer. 'valid' in Latin meaning strong, equivalent.
Anne Roe's early childhood needs-theory approach
Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent-child relationship) as well as Maslow. Roe's work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however, it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Preference System make use of Roe's fields and levels taxonomy
The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single male would be the:
WAIS-IV
Experimental neurosis
When the differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical
Naturalistic observation
When the researcher does not intervene but merely observes a subject, preferably in its natural setting. (oldest method of research)
Covary positively
When two variables vary together.
Mode
Which measure of central tendency is only appropriate for use with nominal data?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter has the effect of creating sleep disorders?
Lightner Witmer
Who founded the first psychological clinic in Philadelphia where he focused on addressing the problems of mentally deficient children?
Paul Ekman
Who is the researcher who studied the cross-cultural facial expressions of emotions?
Stanley Coopersmith
Who is the theorist who conducted the most extensive study of parent-child relationships and self-esteem with middle class boys from ages 10 -12 years?
A. Gibson
Who is the theorist who performed the VIsual Cliff experiment with infants?
68-95-99.7 rule (empirical rule)
Within a normal distribution, 68% of scores will fall within +/- 1 standard deviation (SD) of the mean; 95% within 2 SDs of the mean; and 99.7% within 3 SDs of the mean. (Almost all scores will fall between 3 SDs of the mean.)
Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of:
Workbook in Vocation by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefield, and Gilbert Wrenn
NCE - Group
Working Stage During the working stage the leader links common themes in order to promote awareness of shared concerns.
Multiple-Treatment Interface
You are administering more than one treatment consecutively to the same subjects. What are you causing to occur?
You are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches:
You are not required to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ideal course of action
Psychological Addiction
You are telling your students about a pattern of behaviors wherein one is driven to use the drug and to act in ways that guarantee its availability. What are you telling them about?
The Cohort Effect
You are telling your students about the effect of a group of people being born at a certain time and being reared in a certain historical setting. What are you telling them about?
Enactive Mode
You are telling your students about the first stage to develop. What is it?
Penetrance
You are telling your students about the genetic transfer of mental illness or other characteristics from one generation to another. What are you telling them about?
Constructive Play
You are telling your students about the self-regulated creation of a product or a problem solution. How do you name it on being asked by your students?
A client wants to read her record. What is accurate?
You should allow her to read the record or a summary of it because she has an ethical right to do so You should allow her to read the record realizing that it is best if you enter the information as soon as possible after the session and then sign and date the entry since your agency inputs the client's record on a computer, each entry will be dated and have a time on it. You could then print the document for her perusal
Holophrastic speech
Your little son says just the word 'juice' when he wants to say 'give me some juice' What type of speech does this refer to?
Lallation
Your three year old son says 'tuice' whenever he wishes to have a juice or drink. What does this behavior refer to?
Process
_______ research examines the nature of the counseling interview and tries to determine successful outcomes
Sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to _____.
a correlation coefficient.
Ethnocentrism promotes:
a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty, stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age
In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents:
a separate culture
The ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to:
a situation in which a counselor became disabled a situation in which a counselor died a situation where a counselor moved to another state
Group specialists define role conflict as:
a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves
Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be:
a speed test
The term skeleton keys as used in the Steve de Shazer's brief solution-focused therapy (BSFT) indicates:
a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems
Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is:
a standardized measure
Token economies
agencies that use tokens as a system of behavior modification
PL 94-142 (the Education for All Handicapped Children Act) states that:
all children between the ages of 5 and 21 are assured free education handicapped persons are placed in the least-restrictive environment (LRE) an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child
An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the _____ viewpoint for coping with the environment:
alloplastic
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, this placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:
allow clients to work through early conflicts
In the Galett Model the predicative system deals with:
alternatives and the probability of outcomes
A counselor identifies herself as an ABA practitioner. The technique she would be least likely to use would be:
asking the client to talk about his dreams as if the dream is occurring in the present
A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be:
aspirational ethics
Your client was seeing Dr. Doyle for counseling for three years. The client has now stopped seeing Dr. Doyle and has an appointment to see you. You should:
counsel the client
Special career counseling groups can be set up. Some examples include a group with displaced homemakers or persons receiving public assistance. Groups of this nature:
can be very helpful
You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir's experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before and after assessment that accurately depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a t test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is:
causal comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as:
confrontation
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered:
conservation
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be:
considered an oral character
Psychodynamic therapy
contasts psychoanalysis: -utilizes fewer sessions per week -doesn't utilize a couch, performed face-to-face (makes use of analytic principles but relies on fewer sessions)
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as:
continuous reinforcement
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) ______ and a(n) ______:
control group; experimental group
Reality therapy incorporates
control theory and choice theory
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that:
each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format:
each item is independent of all other items
Multicultural counseling promotes:
eclecticism
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the:
ego
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called:
ego defense mechanisms
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Idians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitant of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the:
emic viewpoint
In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must posses:
empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship"
In the 1960s C. Gilbert Wrenn's book, The Counselor in a Changing World, urged counselors to:
emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as:
empiricists
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books 'Games People Play' and 'What Do You Say After You Say Hello?' TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ______ in the treatment process:
gestalt therapy
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to:
gestalt therapy
Characteristics of firstborns (Adlerian)
go to great lengths to please their parents, may feel upstaged by 2nd born and prone to feelings of inferiority
A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have:
good concurrent validity
The ______ movement began in the late 1960s:
group
Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group) in that:
group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration
What Jay Haley began investigating psychotherapy he:
had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions
Placebo effect
happens when an item is thought to have an effect and produces results, even though there is no effect from the item (all in their head)
The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader:
has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself
Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling:
has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races
A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that the family:
has diffuse boundaries
Regardless of culture, the popular individual:
has good social skills
Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individuals would most likely tell the other five that:
he too felt the group activity was very helpful
In the early 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated:
how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups
A model by Olson, Sprinkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions - cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term cohesion refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to:
how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is
Skinner (behavior modification) view of clients:
humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom
Ipsative
implies a within person analysis rather than a normative analysis between individuals.
Replication
implies another researcher can repeat the experiment exactly as it was performed before.
Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place:
in a dyadic relationship
According to the fetal origins hypothesis, adult heart disease, some emotional disorders, and type 2 diabetes could be related to:
in utero malnutrition
The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980s:
included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing
Piaget's preoperational stage:
includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema
Cloe Maddens insisted that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as:
incongruous hierarchy
According to Lawrence Koklberg, level 3, which is post postconventional or self-accepted moral principles:
is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level
Binge-eating disorder (BED):
is the most common type of eating disorder
Freud's Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage):
is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur and occurs during the phallic stage
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman:
is typically secure in her career before she has children
During a counseling session a client tells you in great detail how he robbed a convenience store six months ago. He got away with a huge sum of money and shot the owner. His descriptions are extremely specific and you believe every word he says. In reality, you are very familiar with the case because the police never solved it and it has been all over the radio and television stations in your town. There is even a huge reward to anybody who can help law enforcement agencies solve the case. Ethically you should:
just keep it confidential
A counselor is counseling an executive secretary. The counselor is writing a book and mention this to the client. the counselor suggests that as paying for the counseling might be a hardship for the client so the client could type the counselor's manuscript. This is:
known as bartering and unethical as described here
Robert Carkhuff
known for his 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.
Gender issues impact career counseling such as a career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ______ positions while women often have ______:
labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs
Median
middle scores in a distribution of scores (The middle scores when data are arranged from highest to lowest.)
In terms of research related to affiliation:
misery loves company, firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later, people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear
In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is that:
mode
Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
mode
Regardless of the shape, the ______ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically:
mode
A group therapist must make:
more decisions than an individual therapist
Most counselor would agree that:
more public education is needed in the area of testing
The number of people in an open group is generally:
more stable than in a closed group
Nominal scale
most basic, does not provide measurable info, merely classifies names, labels, or identifies by group, has NO TRUE ZERO point and DOES NOT INDICATE ORDER. (i.e., street address, telephone #, gender, brand or therapy; adding/subtracting nominal categories is meaningless)
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation:
most women hold low-paying jobs with low status
Perls (gestalt) view of clients:
people are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
Reality therapy's 'BCP'
perception controls behavior
The superego strives for _____ rather than _____ like the id.
perfection, pleasure
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _____, rather than ______ like the id:
perfection; pleasure
Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will:
perform better if he or she is part of a group
A popular TWA career counseling model by Rene V. Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for:
person environment correspondence
Incomplete parent (according to TA)
person expects others to parent him or uses lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior.
Extroversion
person has tendency to find satisfaction in other people (term is Jungian)
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ______ theorists:
personality
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ______ are to Glasser's choice theory:
pictures in your mind
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of:
positive reinforcement
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ____ ______, and when taken away, it is called a ______ ______.
positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _______, and when something is taken away it is called a ______.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely:
practice thought stopping
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the:
preconscious mind
Primary groups are:
preventive and attempt to ward off problems
Your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. You should read:
professional journals the 'Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook' classic textbooks in the field as well as test materials produced by the testing company
Counseling in 1980s
professionalism, licensing
Program evaluation (PE) helps agencies, organizations, and centers make wiser devisions. PE takes place in a natural, rather, than a laboratory or controlled, setting and helps ______ answer questions posed via ______:
programs; staff
transference
projecting feelings toward the therapist that the client originally felt toward a significant other person in their life.
Phrenology
pseudo-science which asserted one's personality could be determined by the shape of their skull.
A woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. Her husband turns to her in a session and says, "You're on your own, I've got my own problems." A structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are:
rigid
A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is:
running a structured group
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is:
said to be reliable
Z-score (often called standard score)
same as a standard deviation - the most elementary of standard score. (memory: Z score is simply SD) A Z-score of +1 or 1 SD would include about 34% of the cases in a normal population.
A person-centered therapist would treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the ____ _____.
same principles.
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience:
satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests
A lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative theory. You explain that you ethically do not believe in this form of intervention. She asks you to refer her to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy. You should:
tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as:
the Electra complex
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels:
the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which:
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that:
the client is allowed to withdraw
In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term 'therapeutic surrender' means:
the client psychologically surrenders himself and herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies:
the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds
Existentialists focus primarily on
the client's perception in the here-and-now. (focus is on what the person can ultimately become)
A correlation/association between variables x and y is .50. According to the notion of effect size (ES):
the correlation is medium
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture:
the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that:
the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions
Genuineness, or congruence, is really:
the counselor's ability to be himself or herself
When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles:
the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable
An achievement test measures maximum performance or present level of skill. Tests of this nature are also called attainment tests, while a personality test or interest inventory measures:
typical performance
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ______ is to topographical theory:
unconscious, preconscious, conscious
In psychoanalytic family therapy the term introjects really means that the client:
unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves
A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of:
underemployment
Constructivist theories of intervention stress importance of ______ the client's views.
understanding
A counselor is treating a woman for a mood disorder. The counselor has sex with the woman's daughter. This is considered:
unethical
You are a well-known cognitive behavior therapist who heads up a private practice in New Jersey. For the next two years you will be in Canada conducting a research project. Your practice has six other counselors. The practice is sending brochures to schools, agencies, and hospitals in an attempt to boost referrals. Your name appears on the front of the brochure as if you are available for referrals. This is:
unethical
Unfinished business (Gestalt concept)
unexpressed emotions
Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e., communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant. Placating means:
you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection
Jay Haley believes in giving clients directives. You are counseling a family and during the session the 14-year-old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. The best example of a directive would be:
you turn to the family and say, "If your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family - including your daughter - to stay home and nobody leaves for the day."
Rogerians do not emphasize _____ or giving ____.
diagnosis, advice.
Insight
"aha, now I understand!" -equated with gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler
(1) Orientation to vocational choice (an attitudinal dimension)
(2) Information and Planning (a competence dimension concerning specificity of information concerning future career decisions) (3) Consistency of Vocational Preferences (4) Crystallization of Traits (progress towards forming self-concept) (5) Vocational Independence (independence of work experience) (6) Wisdom of Vocational Preferences (realistic preferences)
Ratio scale
(highest level of measurement) Interval scale with a TRUE ZERO POINT. Add/subtract/multiply/divide all possible. (Most psychological attributes can't be measured by ratio scale.)
Nonparametric
(i.e., NOT normal distribution) Most popular is the chi-square, used to determine whether an obtained distribution differs significantly from an expected distribution.
Type II error (beta error) occurs when a researcher accepts null even though it is false.
(memory: RA as in 'residence advisor'... R - signifies reject when true A - signifies accept when false
Linda Gottfredson's theory of circumscription:
(phase one: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class) and compromise (phase two: change mind, major etc. if career path is not truly realistic). This is a developmental approach taking one's childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone of territory of jobs where he or she fits into society
After circumscription has excluded options outside a perceived social and personal space, the next process is one of COMPROMISE. In this stage, individuals may be inclined to sacrifice roles they see as more compatible with their self-concept in favor of those that are perceived to be more easily accessible. Individuals give up interests, prestige, and sex type when forced to compromise.
...
2) DIFFERENTIATION- Refers to level of distinctiveness between each of the 6 Holland types (RIASEC). Because undifferentiated individuals have many interests and abilities, they often have trouble making a career choice. **A TERM USED TO DEFINE HOW WILL A PERSON'S LIKES AND DISLIKES ARE DECLARED.
...
3- EGO IDENTITY (Central to his theory) - personal meanings, values, and relationships that are the foundation for broader integration with society.
...
3. ESTABLISHMENT (25-44)- Stabilizing, Consolidating, Advancing - characterized by trail and stabilization through work experiences
...
4) CONGRUENCE- Concerned with relationship between an individual's personality type and the work environment. Congruence between the 2 leads to job satisfaction.
...
4. MAINTENANCE (45-64)- Holding, Updating, Innovating - characterized by a continual adjustment process to improve working position and situation.
...
4. Orientation to the internal unique self (ages 14+) - Introspective thinking promotes greater self-awareness and perceptions of others. Individual achieves greater perception of vocational aspirations in the context of self, sex role, and social class. Until this point circumscription has been mainly an unconscious process.
...
A MINICYCLE is a process of going through the same stages; however this occurs stage to stage. Therefore, a person would probably conduct a minimum of 6 minicycles during a maxicycle.
...
In PREDICTION, standardized test data are used to predict a client's success in various areas, such as academic and career behaviors. DISCRIMINATION involves using tests and inventories to help the client learn what occupational and/or academic groups he/she resembles in terms of interests, values, personality traits, etc. MONITORING data are used to identify a client's level of career maturity (i.e., readiness to make a career choice). EVALUATION entails using tests to determine the effectiveness of an intervention (e.g., whether and to what extent intervention goals are being achieved).
...
In SCCT, career interests are regulated by self-efficacy and an outcome expectation, which means people, will form lasting interests in activities when they experience personal competency and positive outcomes. On the contrary, a belief of low personal competency will lead people to avoid activities. Perceived barriers such as those related to gender, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, or family constraints may create negative outcome expectations, even when people have had previous success in the given area.
...
In recent revisions of her theory, Gottfredson's (2002, 2005) elaborated on the dynamic interplay between genetic makeup and the environment. Genetic characteristics play a crucial role in shaping the basic characteristics of a person, such as interests, skills, and values, yet their expression is moderated by the environment that one is exposed to. Even though genetic makeup and environment play a crucial role in shaping the person, Gottfredson maintained that the person is still an active agent who could influence or mould their own environment. Hence, career development is viewed as a self-creation process in which individuals looked for avenues or niches to express their genetic proclivities within the boundaries of their own cultural environment.
...
Individuals implement their self concepts into career as a means of self-expression. The self concept developmental process is multidimensional. Both internal factors (aptitudes, values, personality) and external situational conditions (contextual interactions) are major determinants or self concept development.
...
Know thyself.
...
Krumboltz uses Bandura's social learning theory and lists four factors that influence career choice: Genetic endowment and special abilities, Environmental conditions and events, Learning experiences, and Task-approach skills.
...
LEGITIMATE POWER- legitimate base of social power; belief that it's ones duty to follow the leader's directions (i.e. teachers, law enforcement, supervisors)
...
LIFESTYLE - Integration of decisions in the areas of career, personal, and family relationships, spirituality, and leisure that result in a guiding purpose, meaning, and direction in life
...
Modifying faulty self efficacy and outcome expectations can help individuals acquire new successful experiences and open their eyes to new career occupations
...
Most counselors see themselves as practitioners, not researchers.
...
Noted that job satisfaction is determined by the extent to which a person's perceived needs are meet
...
OOH (The Occupational Outlook Handbook) - is also developed by the US Dept. of Labor - it describes 250 occupations, describes the nature of work, conditions, opportunities, education and training requirements, advancement potential, job outlook, salary, and related occupations. Easiest to understand.
...
OOH (the Occupational Outlook Handbook) and DOT (the Dictionary of Occupational Titles) provide information about specific occupations and are available in book and computerized form.
...
One observes work environments from several perspectives, including work requirements, personal-environment-fit, and potential reinforcers of one's personal needs.
...
One should consider a number of occupations rather than just focus on one specific occupation.
...
Original theory posits that warm and accepting parents created people who enjoy working with people but has since suggested that more important factors are involved in determine career choice.
...
PREDICTION and DISCRIMINATION are relevant to the content of a client's career choice, MONITORING is relevant to the process of a client's career choice.
...
PROBLEM SOLVING - choosing how to remove the gap
...
RECENCY EFFECT - when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance (rather than the entire rating period)
...
REWARD POWER- refers to a person's ability to influence another through control of valued rewards and resources.
...
SECONDARY Tension has to do with the individual differences and similarities that exist between and among the members as they work on issues within the group.
...
SELF-CREATION - Included in circumscription process; altering self-concept in light of developmental or environmental factors
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SELF-KNOWLEDGE in terms of understanding the level and depth of one's traits and characteristics is an essential element for evaluating career information: Traits of aptitude, interests, and personality types are projected into potential work environments to find CONGRUENCE and fit.
...
SIGI (System of Interactive Guidance and Information) - primarily used for college students that helps the user assess interests, values and abilities, and explore occupational alternatives.
...
SOCIAL SPACE - The zone of acceptable alternatives in each person's cognitive map of occupations, or each person's view of where they fit or want to fit in society. Career decision should center around "territories" instead of specific jobs.
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Stage 3 (1940-1959) - was a time of significant growth of guidance needs in colleges and universities and in the training of counselors; World War II (1939-1945)
...
The major strategy of career intervention is to provide learning events that will develop the individual's information-processing abilities. The ultimate aim of career counseling is to enhance the client's capabilities as a career problem solver and a decision maker.
...
This model emphasizes that career information counseling is a learning event. However, CIP theory places the role of cognition as the mediating force that leads individuals to greater power and control in determining their own destinies.
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• Big 3: Self-Efficacy; Outcome Expectations; Personal Goals
...
• Personal Agency - reflects how a person exerts power to achieve a solution;
...
Developmental Theories
> Career Pattern CAREER PATTERN is determined by the parent's SES, mental ability, education, skills, personality characteristics, and career maturity. A career pattern is established when a person combines their life roles which are comprised of a lifestyle, life space, and life cycle.
Effects
> Compensatory Effect, Spillover Theory, Recency Effect COMPENSATORY EFFECT - proposes that in their leisure time people compensate for what they do during their work hours. For example, an accountant would compensate for a conservative, structured work environment by participating in a daring leisure activity like skydiving.
Computer Programs
> DISCOVER II, GIS, OOH DISCOVER II - primarily used for high school and utilizes Super's concepts, Tiedeman's decision model, Holland categories, and DOT information
Developmental Theories
> Ginzberg and Associates (1951) FANTASY Period (around age 11) - Play gradually becomes work oriented and reflects initial preferences for certain kinds of activities. Occupational preference reflects identification with role of an adult they know.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations > 4 Stages (1-2) 4 Stages of Cognitive Development / Stages of Circumscription
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations > 4 Stages (3-4) 3. Orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13) - Development of concepts of social class contributes to the awareness of self-in-situation. Preferences for level of work develop. They will begin to designate some jobs as unacceptable because they fall below a minimum status level (tolerable level boundary) and some higher status jobs as unacceptable because they represent too much effort or risk of failure (tolerable effort boundary).
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) CIRCUMSCRIPTION - Ruling out unacceptable options based on their perceived fit with ones' developing self-concept. Process by which an individual narrows their territory when making a decision about social space or acceptable alternatives. Ideas about gender and prestige influence and limit career choices.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) Genetically distinct individuals create different environments and each individual's genetic uniqueness shapes their experiences. She suggests both GENES and ENVIRONMENT drive human experiences which in turn consolidate individual traits.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) SELF-CONCEPT - One's view of self that has many elements, such as one's appearance, abilities, personality, gender, values, and place in society. If core elements of self-concept conflict with an occupation, the occupation is rejected.
Developmental Theories
> Gottfredson's Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations (1980s) The theory assumes that we build a COGNITIVE MAP of occupations by picking up OCCUPATIONAL STEREOTYPES from those around us. Occupations are placed on this map using only a small number of dimensions: SEX-TYPE, PRESTIGE LEVEL, & FIELD OF WORK. As young people build this map, they begin to decide which occupations are acceptable and which are unacceptable — those which fit with their own developing SELF-CONCEPT and those which do not.
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> Happenstance Approach (Krumboltz) Clients are to learn to deal with unplanned events, especially in the give-and-take of the life the 21st century workforce.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology 3) IDENTITY - Describes individuals who identify with their work environment and have a clear and stable picture of their goals, interests, and talents. Client who have many occupational goals have low identity.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> John Holland's Typology Instruments that use Holland's Classifications include: Kuder Preference Record, Strong Interest Inventory (SII), Self-directed Search (SDS), Career Aptitude Placement Survey (CAPS), and Career Occupational Preference Survey (COPS).
Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
> John Krumboltz (1990) Tenets: Each individual's unique learning experiences over the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice. Development involves genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills.
SOCIAL LEARNING & COGNITIVE THEORIES
> Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) (1990) > Cognitive Information Process (CIP) (1996) > Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
Effects
> Leniency/Strictness Effect, Central Tendency Bias, Halo Effect LENIENCY/STRICTNESS EFFECT - occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict rating while avoiding the middle/average range.
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory Ann Roe's theory is the most deterministic approach. Roe believed that the type of parenting one receives influences the career choice of child - innate tendencies and expression of needs. Career choices gratify one's needs. Children whose parents provide a warm, accepting, and protected environment choose person-oriented occupations. Children whose parents were cold or rejecting choose technical or scientific careers. "An appropriate and satisfying vocation can be the bulwark against neurotic ills or a refuse from them. An inappropriate vocation can be sharply deleterious."
Ann Roe (1956)
> Needs Theory Anne Roe was the first career specialist to develop a two-dimensional system of occupational classification that utilizes FIELDS and LEVELS.
Trait-and-Factor Theory
> Parsons' True Reasoning 3 Step Model Step 1: Assessment of Self - gaining clear understanding of your aptitudes, abilities, resources, and limitations.
Trait-Oriented Theories
> Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) - OCCUPATIONAL REINFORCERS (achievement, advancement, authority, coworkers, activity, security, social service) are vital to an individual's work adjustment.
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
> Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains (Top) (Top) EXECUTIVE PROCESSING DOMAIN > "Thinking about my decision making." > Meta-Cognitions (skills initiating, coordinating, storing, and retrieving information. Used in problem solving: a) Self-Talk (creates expectations and reinforces behavior; alters task approach skills; positive required for effective problem solving) b) Self-Awareness (balance between individual goals and the goals of important others c) Control (ability to control impulsive actions in the career decision process; know when to move to next phase in CASVE cycle).
Trait-Oriented Theories
> RIASEC descriptions SEC SOCIAL - good social skills, friendly and enjoys involvement with people and working in teams; nurse, teacher, social worker, counselor
Developmental Theories
> Super's 5 DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS 1- CRYSTALLIZATION (14-18) - forming a preferred career plan and how to implement it
Developmental Theories
> Super's 5 LIFE STAGES and 3 Substages 1. GROWTH (birth-14) - Curiosity, Fantasy, Interest - development of capacity, attitudes, interests, and needs associated with self concepts.
Developmental Theories
> Super's 6 Dimensions For Adolescents (Career Maturity) Super's (1974) 6 Dimensions For Adolescents (Career Maturity):
Developmental Theories
> Super's Life Rainbow > Super's Archway Model The Life Rainbow is a two dimensional scheme of life stages that includes the Longitudinal: a maxi cycle life span with mini cycle stages and the Latitudinal: life space roles throughout life.
Developmental Theories
> Super's Life Roles People tend to play some or all of nine major roles:
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (1996)
> The Big 3 (2-3) 2. OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS- Imagined consequences of engaging in particular behaviors - Beliefs about: Extrinsic reinforcement (tangible rewards) Intrinsic reinforcement (pride in achievement) Outcomes derived from task process (absorption) Values, defined as preferences for particular reinforcers or work conditions (money, status, autonomy, etc.) are incorporated into outcome expectations. That is, we expect to receive these things when we engage in certain activities.
Physical Addiction
A drug produced condition characterized by both tolerance and dependence
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ______ and ______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Reasoning and Physical World
Assuming that Brain Lateralization Theory is correct, what function does the left hemisphere play?
Attending (counseling behavior)
counselor behaviors that signal he is truly engaged in active listening skills.
Pavlov's famous experiment: using dogs, the bell was the conditioned (learned) stimulus (CS), and the meat was the unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus (UCS)
CS - conditioned stimulus UCS or US - unconditioned stimulus
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) (1996)
Career problem solving is primarily a cognitive process that can be improved through a sequential procedure known as CASVE, which includes generic processing skills. A GAP exists between the client's current situation and future career decision. Counselors are to seek out the problems and factors in this GAP.
Glasser's position on mental illness is that
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick
Glasser's position on mental illness is that:
diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
Trait-Oriented Theories
Emphasize how standardized tests are used and the importance of choosing appropriate testing tools. Human traits can be matched with certain work environments for a means of evaluating potential work sites. An individual's work needs can be compared with components of job satisfaction found in certain occupational environments.
Which of these factors is not delineated by Irvan Yalom as a curative factor:
Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind
In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of theses tests are nonparametric statistical measures?
Mann-Whitney U test, often just called the U test Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test
Nonparametric tests
Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for matched pairs), Soloman and Kruskal-Wallis H-test
Delirium
Taking into consideration that a person has the following symptoms: perceptual disorders, disrupted attentional impairment and he is disoriented, what diagnosis would be accurate for his disease?
Disillusionment and Anger
Taking into consideration that victims can react differently to sexual harassment what does the client experience when a resolution of the complaint may be a long hard process and not always successful with many organizations not always supportive?
The RANGE is the simplest way to measure the spread of scores.
The RANGE is usually calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest scores (i.e., 93-33=60.) - If 'inclusive range' is specified on exam, then use the formula but add '1' to the final value after subtraction of the range. -generally increases with sample size
AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale
What is the measurement used for mentally retarded, emotionally maladjusted, developmentally disabled and other handicapped children and adults.
Standard Deviation
What is the measure of variability that is most often used and describes how scores vary around the mean?
The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the:
WISC-IV
The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the:
WPPSI-IV
Visual discrimination and memory skill problems
What are the consequences of PCB (a manufacturing chemical) exposure?
Pre-term births
What are the consequences to the new born if a pregnant woman takes caffeine?
Answer Needed
What are the four processes of "modeling" or acquiring learning through observation?
Mental Retardation
What are the health effects of a newborn if he has been exposed to x-rays for 6 months before his birth?
maternal diseases
What can produce birth defects by crossing the placental barrier
Intimacy with Others
What characterizes the early adulthood stage of Erickson's stages of development?
Ancient Egypt
What civilization provided some of the earliest written evidence of treatment of disease and behavior disorders, including a detailed description of the treatment wounds and other surgical operations?
Symbolic Mode
What is the last stage to develop?
Mental Retardation
What is the main consequence of Lead exposure?
ENCODING
What is the mental process of converting external stimuli into meaningful forms (memory)
William of Occam
William of Occam as in Occam's Razor" was a 14th century philosopher and theologian. (Occam's Razor, aka 'parsimony' named for)
Dependence
You are telling your students about the need for continued or repeated use of a drug in order to maintain a particular desired state which includes the avoidance of withdrawl. What are you telling them about?
Descriptive Research
You are telling your students about the research that is used when the independent variables have already occurred so the researcher cannot predict outcomes. What type of research is this?
Frequency
You are telling your students about the statistic that indicates the number of subjects in a particular category. What do you call this statistic?
Proportion
You are telling your students about the statistic that indicates the relation of a subgroup to the total group. How do you name it?
Achievement Tests
You are telling your students about the tests that measure the level of acquisition of information. What are they called?
Louis Thurston
You are telling your students about the theorist who first developed a scale technique to measure attitude. What is his name?
Telegraphic Speech
You are telling your students about the utterances of two or three words that children make, usually between the ages of 18 months and 24 months that convey complete thought. What are you telling them about?
100 Percent
You are telling your students about the weight and size of the brain at age 16. They want to know it as a percentage of its adult weight and size. What do you tell them?
80 percent
You are telling your students about the weight and size of the brain at age 2. What is the percentage of its adult weight and size?
Which of these responses is the best example of the double-blind concept used in Haley's strategic therapy? You are trying to help a client stop smoking:
You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days
A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is:
a Likert Scale
A classical experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that:
a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation
Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girlfriend yells at him ever time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be:
a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that."
Sex-role stereotyping would imply that:
a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client, a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. The level is characterized by:
a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform
A group is classified as secondary. This implies that:
a difficulty or disturbance is present
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is:
a directive
In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like:
a symmetrical bell
Consulting is included in ethical guidelines. Consultation can best be defined as:
a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issue
In _________ the counselor's past is projected onto the client and the helper's objectivity suffers markedly.
counter-transference
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as:
counterbalancing
Countertransference
evident when the counselor's feelings are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.
Aaron T. Beck
ex-psychoanalytic therapist, created Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed cognitive therapy
Cohort study
examines people who were born at the same time (or shared an event, like fought in Vietnam) in regard to a given characteristic.
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client:
belongs to a different culture from the helper
According to researchers, groups are effective:
although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true
A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that:
an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together
The NCE is:
an achievement test
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing:
an apparatus known as a visual cliff
Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that:
an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality
A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor has suggested:
an autoplastic method of coping
Urie Bronfenbrenner is one of the codevelopers of the National Head Start Program. He proposed a theory if development that is:
an ecological systems theory
An interest inventory would be least valid when used with:
an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136
In terms of group risks:
an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client
A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout could best be described as:
an impaired professional
A career counselor who relies on the constructivist viewpoint would emphasize that:
an individual's career choice is influenced by his or her personal story and attempt to construct meaning out of the world or work
Metacognition
an individual's tendency to be aware of his own cognitions or cognitive abilities
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
associationism (asserts that ideas are held together by associations)
Horizontal relationship
assumes equality between persons.
A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply:
attacking the system
A colleague of yours who is not a certified counselor behaves in an unethical manner. The ethical thing for you to do is:
attempt to rectify the condition via institutional channels, and if this fails report it to regulatory organization
An adept group leader will:
attempt to safeguard clients against risks work to reduce risks and dangers
An eclectic counselor
attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. (50% of counselors claim to be eclectic)
Minnesota viewpoint
attempts to match the client's traits with a career (created by E. G. Williamson)
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait and factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach:
attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person
Some counselors feel transference is actually a form of projection, displacement, and repetition in which client treats counselor in same manner as he would an _______ _____from the past.
authority figure.
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called:
aversive conditioning
When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to:
avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing
When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an:
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Gestalt therapy emphasizes:
awareness in the here and now and dream work
A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in:
awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing
A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ______, and the DV will be the ______:
biofeedback; board exam score
A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. This is an example of:
countertransference
A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed the reliability coefficient would now:
be lower than .82
You are a licensed professional counselor in one state but will soon relocate to another state. The new state informs you that they will grant you reciprocity or so-called endorsement. You will thus:
be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam
Group planning occurs:
before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group
The term 'contextualism' implies that:
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Traditionally, ______ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns:
behavioral
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as:
behavioral rehearsal
Nathan Adrian studied with B. F. Skinner. His job club groups are based on:
behaviorism based somewhat on positive reinforcement
A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are:
behavioristic and highly structured
Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy on the other hand, has been criticized for:
being too vague regarding techniques and procedures
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book 'I'm OK - You're OK.' The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK - You're Not OK:"
blames other for misery
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished:
by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of:
countertransference
Three years ago an inpatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Reich known as "vegotherapy." Approximately half of the clients stated they would like to try the treatment while the other 50% state that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today - three years later - a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as:
causal comparative research
According to Public Law 93-380, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19-year-old college student attending college:
could view her record, which included test data could view her daughter's infant IQ test given at preschool could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file
An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad," though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a:
connotative error
Reality therapy has incorporated:
control theory, later referred to as choice theory
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the ______ category:
conventional
When a researcher uses ______, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV.
correlation
Pearson r is the most common _______ ________.
correlation coefficient.
Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapist who hold the NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because:
correlation does not imply causal
Freud and Erikson
could be classifies as maturationists
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called:
covert sensitization
Albert Ellis
created Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12-steps?" This client is using:
deductive logic
A counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation. This counselor could be accused of:
defamation
Flooding (in anxiety terms)
deliberate exposure with response prevention
A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on this classes. He hypothesizes that is he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chair. Betty is a real people please and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify:
demand characteristics of experiments
Neal Miller
demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure)
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by:
denial
Jospeh Wolpe
developed 'systematic desensitization' to weaken a client's response to anxiety-producing stimuli
Counseling in 1950s
development psychology
The 1950s was the age of tremendous stride in:
developmental psychology
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per house raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of:
displacement
REBT's ABC theory of personality believes that the intervention that occurs at D, ____ leads to E, ____.
disputing the irrational behavior at B, leads to a new emotional consequence.
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention the occurs at D, ______ leads to E, _______:
disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
Sybil was a famous client who has 15 personalities. At the time Sybil was said to suffer from multiple personality disorder (MPD). Today her diagnosis would be:
dissociative identity disorder
A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the client nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a:
double-blind study
Some researchers refer to the level of significance as where one _____ the ____, or as the ______ point.
draws, line, cutoff (If a researcher sets the level of significance at .50, then the odds would be 50/50 that the results were due to pure chance.)
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that:
dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be:
ego strength
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels:
ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs despair stage
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to:
exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be:
enterprising
A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anyone else" is espousing the:
etc viewpoint, derived from the term 'phonetic' referring to sounds that remain the same in any language
The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different" is based on the:
etic viewpoint
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., as assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as:
even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)
Compensation
evident when a person attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation.
The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one of a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case:
experimental neurosis set in
A gay male protests that he is unhappy with his sexual preference and wants to lead a heterosexual lifestyle. He tells you that he wants a family and children. You should:
explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as:
extinction, and the salivation will disappear
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a ______ design:
factorial
Rudolph Dreikurs
first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. (also introduced Adlerian principles to treatment of children in school setting)
Existential counselors emphasize the client's
free choice, decision, and will
Existential counselors emphasize the client's:
free choice, decision, and will
Baseline
frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment.
A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of:
gender bias
You are counseling your first cousin for depression. This is:
generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles:
has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles
One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that:
implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination
Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent living together will:
increase
Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norma and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society:
is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
The statement "Even thought my car is of and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low:"
is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions
Group career counseling:
is an international phenomenon. It is used in China with college students
Standard error of measurement (SEM)
indicates what the individual would score if he takes the same test again.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ______ into account:
individual change throughout the life span
Rogers (person-centered) view of clients:
individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by:
involving parents and asking them for input
Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
irrational thinking (at point B)
Ellis feels that ______ is at the core of emotional disturbances:
irrational thinking at point B
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and US:
is .5 or half a second
John Holland's six personality and six work environments career typology:
is visually depicted with a hexagon that includes six personality types/work environments: realistic (machine shop worker or dog walker), investigative (researcher or chemist), artistic (singer or book author), social (teacher or counselor!), enterprising (sales personnel or business owner), and conventional (secretary or file clerk). RIASEC, if you will. Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC.
You secure a state license and NCC status and open a private practice. Your cousin comes to the agency for supervision to get his state license:
it would be unethical to supervise him
In a culture-fair test:
items are known to the subject regardless of his of her culture
Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as:
joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member
Maslow, a humanistic psychologists, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates:
lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
Persona (archetype)
mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
Characteristics of middle child (Adlerian)
may feel they are treated unfairly, seen as more manipulative.
You have written a very popular book on reality therapy. Now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. Ethically, you:
may use the book as a textbook in your class
Berne (transactional analysis) view of clients:
messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script
In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that:
most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI)
A ration scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research:
most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
most widely used measure of personality preference and disposition, 4 bipolar scales (based on Jung's work)
You are supervising a counselor-in-training and focusing on the OARS core skills. You are teaching her how to perform:
motivational interviewing (MI) created mainly by William Miller and Stephen Rollnick
Names for Carl. R. Rogers' theory
non-directive, client-centered, and now, person-centered counseling (also called 'self theory')
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that:
she could accomplish this using systematic sampling
Insight
novel sudden understanding of a problem.
Marital satisfaction:
often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that:
often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thoughts. This notion suggests:
one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since:
only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord)
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as:
parroting and is not recommended
Kohlberg's three levels of morality are:
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Galett refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems:
predictive, value, and decision
Statistical regression
predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is administered again. (It is a threat to internal validity.)
A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, "Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious quarrel at least twice every evening." This is an example of:
prescribing the symptom
R. K. Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to:
prevent, correct, or enhance behavior
The Adult ego state:
processes facts and does not focus on feelings
The significance of the 1958 National Defense Education Act was that it:
provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling expanded school guidance services improved guidance for gifted children
Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are:
psychosocial
A major meta-analysis (a term coined by researcher Gene V. Glass) of 375 outcomes studies using effect size (ES) by Mary Lee Smith, Gene V. Glass, and Thomas I. Miller revealed that:
psychotherapy had a strong or so-called big effect, checking in at a .85
All reinforcers strengthen probability that a behavior will occur, but _____ lowers it.
punishment
Behavior modifiers feel _____ temporarily suppresses the behavior.
punishment (decreases the probability a behavior will occur)
Stage theorists assume:
qualitative changes between stages occur
In terms of research and the group leader's personality:
qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree
A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of:
quid pro quo
A client remarks, "Hey, I'm African American and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that:
race is not the same as ethnicity
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called:
rackets
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers:
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ______, based on the number of responses and the ______, based on the time elapsed:
ratio; interval
A woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. You have no experience or training in this area. Ethically you should:
refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client
Respondent behavior refers to:
reflexes
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to:
refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones
Mores are beliefs and social customs:
regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
All ______ rend to increase probability that a prior behavior will occur.
reinforces
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
reinforcing every behavior (not necessarily the most practical or effective)
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudian's the most important defense mechanism is:
repression
In Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as:
self talk internal verbalizations
Weight Watcher is a:
self-help or support group, as is AA
You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be:
she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference
A woman who is in private practice mentions in her phone book advertisement that she is a licensed counseling psychologist. This generally means that:
she has a graduate degree from a psychology department
Denial (aka suppression)
similar to repression except that it is a conscious act.
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized:
since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
Ethical guidelines were first created for the helping professions in 1953 when the American Psychological Association (APA) published their first code of ethics. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) created their code in 1960, and in 1961, the organization that is now ACA adopted ethics for counselors. Ethics always describe:
standards of conduct imposed by the ACA and NBCC
The department chairman found the poodle's response to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating:
stimulus discrimination
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate:
stimulus generalization
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child's toy horn using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salvation response. What had happened?
stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation
The anal retentive personality is:
stingy
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling:
strategic
Some research demonstrates that:
structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members
Repression
subconsciously forgetting a traumatic or painful event (Freudians think it is the most important of defenses)
A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) ______ format:
subjective
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except:
subjective units of distress scale
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for:
subjective units of disturbances scale
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ______ according to Brill's theory of career choice:
sublimation
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying:
sublimation
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill emphasized ______ as an ego defense mechanism:
sublimation
You have just made a landmark discovery which you feel could literally change the entire field of counseling and thus you write an article which depicts your findings. The next step would be:
submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
successful behaviors.
In terms of adolescents and career group counseling:
such groups are cost effective and promote peer identification
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client:
suffers from fixation
Karpman's triangle
suggested 3 roles necessary for manipulative drama (a 'game' in transaction analysis): -persecutor, rescuer, and victim
In the general U.S. population:
suicide rates tend to increase with age
Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the "modern era" of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate speciality. The groups are:
the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943
You gave your client, Ester, a personality test and then shared your interpretation of the test with her. Your client was amazed at how accurate the test results were in terms of depicting her personality. She readily accepted the interpretation. The next day you discovered that you had interpreted the wrong test! The test you were analyzing was not Ester's but rather belonged to another client! Ester's behavior could best be explained by:
the Barnum effect
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be:
the Bureau of Labor Statistics website
Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA) posits 3 ego states
the Child (like id) the Adult (like ego) the Parent (like superego)
A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study has unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of:
the Halo effect
A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be:
the Hawthorne effect
According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if:
the client likes the counselor
Solution-oriented therapy as practiced by William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on:
the future
During the course of a family session you discover that the man and his 14-year-old son are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley's theory this set of dynamics would be called:
the perverse triangle
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is:
the philosophy of being and existing
When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal:
the relationship between IQ and panic disorder
Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach:
the researcher does not manipulate or control variables
If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that:
the researcher is working with two distinct populations
Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family's income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity:
there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called:
transference
A client asks you (and you have NCC status) for classical psychoanalysis yet you have no training whatsoever in this area. If you agree to analyze the client, you are:
unethical as this is misrepresentation
In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as:
unfinished business
Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by:
universal culture
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely:
urge the client to stay with the feeling
Bibliotherapy
use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement. (is a form of homework)
Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus:
use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average
Rational imagery
used by rational-emotive behavior therapists where client is asked to imagine that he or she is in a situation which has traditionally caused disturbance)
Spearman rho correlation
used for ordinal data
Spearman correlation (also known as Kendall's tau)
used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized
An adept multicultural counselor:
usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity
A 14-year-old male threatens to blow up his parents' garage because he has been grounded. You believe this threat is genuine. You should:
warn the parents that their property is in danger
Assume that you have decided to refer a client elsewhere because you were unable to help her. Upon you mentioning this, this client insists that she has seen several other therapists and you are the finest one. Ethical guidelines would dictate that:
you are not obligated to continue the relationship
A malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if:
you are sexually involved with a client
John Bowlby as asserted that:
attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage:
integrity vs despair
The fear of death:
is greatest during middle age
A critical period:
makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that:
no one theory completely explains developmental processes; this, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered:
object permanence and representational thought
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the:
sensorimotor stage
The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the:
sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years
Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is:
sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by:
sex-role socialization
Kohlberg proposed three levels or morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the:
superego
Piaget felt:
the teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experiments
The zone of the proximal development:
was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was:
Erik Erikson
The term 'identity crisis' comes from the work of:
Erikson
______ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21.
Genetic (conditions passed through genes)
Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a morning object. The primary work in this area was done by:
Konrad Lorenz
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to them. This concept is best related to:
Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and:
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code
A counselor who utilizes the term 'instinctual' technically means:
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologist:
believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as:
concrete operations - ages 7-11 years
In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by:
consequences
Dr. X discovered that the correlation between the therapists who hold NCC status and therapist who practice systematic desensitization if .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapist to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because:
correlation does not imply causal
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schema) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called:
equilibrium
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as:
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that:
generally girls possess better verbal skills than boys and in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
generativity vs stagnation
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as:
his findings were often derived from observing his own children
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean:
how much heredity or environment interact to influence development