Ch. 4 Book Questions

25) According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the ____ stage. a) feature analysis b) focused attention c) preattentive d) letter analysis

c) preattentive

9) ____ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a) Binding b) Integration c) Assimilation d) Equilibration

a) Binding

6) Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a) Close attention b) Ease in performing parallel tasks c) Tasks that are well-practiced d) The use of few cognitive resources

a) Close attention

21) Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a) Inattentional blindness b) Change blindness c) Binding d) Illusory conjunctions

a) Inattentional blindness

26) The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____ of words. a) meaning b) color c) size d) font

a) meaning

22) In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a) once processing had become automatic. b) when processing was done verbally. c) when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. d) when processing was more controlled.

a) once processing had become automatic

28) In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a) schema b) pre-cueing c) salience d) binding

a) schema

13) Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that a) talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b) driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c) driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d) divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

a) talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

23) Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because a) the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow. b) the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory memory. c) only a select set of environmental information enters the system. d) incoming information is selected by the detector.

a) the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow

14) What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated? a) Attenuator b) Dictionary unit c) Detector d) Filter

b) Dictionary unit

1) Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? a) The attenuator b) The dictionary unit c) The filter d) The "leaky" filter

b) The dictionary unit

4) Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? a) Treisman's filter b) Treisman's attenuator c) MacKay's dictionary unit d) Broadbent's detector

b) Treisman's attenuator

7) Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a) the late-selection model of attention. b) an object-based attentional failure. c) mind wandering. d) the cocktail party phenomenon.

b) an object-based attentional failure

3) With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a) the color and the name matched. b) the color and the name differed. c) the shape and the name matched. d) the shape and the name differed.

b) the color and the name differed

2) Which of the following statements is correct? a) Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. b) Central vision is everything off to the side. c) Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. d) Everything to the right is outside your vision.

c) Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea

8) Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a) usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second. b) are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. c) are determined primarily by the task. d) continually scan all objects and areas of the scene.

c) are determined primarily by the task

19) Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a) could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. b) could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. c) could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. d) could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.

c) could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

17) The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as a) filter model attention. b) shadowing. c) dichotic listening. d) detector listening.

c) dichotic listening

30) If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ____ task. a) attenuated b) high-load c) low-load d) filtered

c) low-load

16) The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on a) meaning. b) modality. c) physical characteristics. d) higher order characteristics.

c) physical characteristics

18) Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object? a) Change blindness b) Change detection c) Illusory conjunctions d) Binding

d) Binding

20) Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a) Late selection b) Stroop experiments c) Pre-cueing d) Dictionary unit

d) Dictionary unit

11) The Stroop effect occurs when participants a) are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. b) try to name colors and ignore words. c) try to select some incoming information based on meaning. d) are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.

d) are told to shadow two messages simultaneously

29) The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called ____ blindness. a) covert b) exogenous c) endogenous d) change

d) change

12) Scene schema is a) rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b) short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c) how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d) knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

d) knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

15) As the ____ of a stimulus increases, ____ tends to ____ . a) sampling; warping; decrease b) warping; salience; decrease c) schema; sampling; increase d) salience; fixation; increase

d) salience; fixation; increase

10) The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a) high-load detraction. b) divided attention. c) location-based potentiation. d) same-object advantage.

d) same-object advantage

24) When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention. a) low load b) divided c) cocktail party d) selective

d) selective

5) According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a) practice. b) the type of processing being used. c) the difficulty of the tasks. d) task cueing.

d) task cueing

27) Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT a) how sequences of words create meaningful phrases. b) how the message groups into syllables or words. c) whether the message is fast or slow d) whether the perceptual load is low or high.

d) whether the perceptual load is low or high