Ch. 4 Carbohydrate: The Efficient Fuel

Resistant starches ____ water and add bulk to the stool, helping with regularity

Trap

Dietary fiber, espiedally hemifellulose and cellulose, is furnished by ______-______ breads and cereals and legumes

Whole-Grain

Viscous fiber

decreases transit rate in individuals with a rapid transit time (diarrhea)

The popular belief that carbohydrates have some mysterious "fattening" power is _______

Unfounded

Carbohydrates contain:

carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates containing a minimum of __ units of various simple sugars

10 units

Functional fiber consists of isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have ________ physiological effects in humans

Beneficial

Glucose provides energy for the cells via ______

Bloodstream (glucose is the only sugar transported through the bloodstream that can nourish all cells in the body)

Maltose is created in _______ making and brewing beer and is present in some processed cereals and baby foods

Bread

Hypoglycemia

A blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL

The principal role of _______ _______ is to provide a source of energy for body functions and activity and for heat to maintain body temperature

Absorbed sugars

Resistant starch is a form of dietary fiber that...

Cannot be digested

Total amount of glycogen stores is small, only enough to meet energy demands for less than a ____

Day

Galactose, another six-carbon sugar, is a product of ______ digestion (milk sugar)

Lactose

Lactose is the sugar found in _____

Milk

A fermentabke carbohydrate that can reduce salivary ph to less than 5.5 is referred to as being....

Cariogenic

Proteins and fats are ______, it cannot be metabolized by microorganisms in plaque biofilm and are caries-inhibiting

Cariostatic

The presence of the cell wall, or ________, surrounding the starch granule is the reason starches are ________ in cold water

Cellulose Insoluble

Most food sources of complex carbohydrates are in the form of starch from:

Cereal grains, roots, vegetables, and legumes

Dental erosion

Chemical removal of minerals from the tooth structure that occurs when an acidic environment causes the enamel to dissolve gradually; occurs with frequent exposure to foods with a pH below 4.2

Total fiber refers to the sum of ______ fiber and ______ fiber

Dietary and functional

Glucose is the principle produced formed by the _______ of disaccharides and polysaccharides

Digestion

Carbohydrates foods add variety and palatability to the diet and are the most _______ form of energy

Economical

Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood sugar

Carbohydrates are the most important source of _____

Energy

Even low amounts of sucrose promote production of polysaccharides (glucans) by S. Mutans- the bacteria that....

Facilitate adherence of plaque biofilm to teeth

When carbohydrate imagine is restricted, ____ and _____ stores may he used as an energy source

Fat and protein stores

Glucose is converted into ______ and stored as _____ ______

Fats Adipose tissue

Approximately 90% if all snack foods contain __________ carbohydrates (carbs that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque biofilm, including all sugars and cooked or processed starches)

Fernentable

Functional fiber

Fiber added during the manufacturing process

The total amount of fermentabke carbohydrate seems to be of less importance than the form in which it is eaten and the _______ of consumption

Frequency

Glucose, also called dextrose or corn sugar, is naturally abundant in many _____

Fruits, such as grapes, oranges, and dates, and in some vegetables, including fresh corn

Alrhough May organs can use fats or energy, ______ is the preferred fuel

Glucose

Stretches are composed of many _______ units that may Be in long chains of branched

Glucose

_______ is the preferred source of energy for the brain and central nervous system, red blood cells, and lens of the eye

Glucose

The monosaccharides of greatest significance in foods and body metabolism are:

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

excess gluscose isnconverted to _______ until the limited _______ storage capacity is fileldn

Glycogen

Complex carbohydrates, or starches, are furnished by _____ products

Grain

Fructose, also known as levulose, is found naturally in _______ and _____

Honey and fruits

Maltose contains two molecules of glucose and is also called _____ ____

Malt sugar

Sugar alcohols may appear naturally in foods or may be added by a _________

Manufactorer

Monosaccharides are important constituents of many compounds that regulate _______

Metabolism

Carbohydrates are furnished by the following food groups:

Milk, grain, fruits, and vegetables

The simplest carbohydrates, ____________, are absorbed without further digestion

Monosaccharides

Stored in the _____ and _____, glycogen is readily available as a source of glucose and energy

Muscle and liver

Maltose does not occur________

Naturally

Ketones

Normal products of lipid methanol I am in the liver

Fiber-rich foods are ____ energy-dense and are retained longer in the stomach

Not

During _______, carbon dioxide and water result in formation of carbohydrates and the release of oxygen

Photosynthesis

Presence of sucrose and other carbohydrates in the mouth increased the volume and formation rate of ______ ______

Plaque biofilm

Sugar alcohols, also called _______, are formed from or converted to _______

Polyols Sugar

Resistant starches are not absorbed, do they functioned a _______ by providing fatty acids for bacteria in the colon

Prebiotic

Galactose is ______ found free in nature

Rarely

Sorbitol is absorbed and metabolized more ______ than sucrose

Slowly

______, the most completely used sugar alcohol, is the least expensive

Sorbitol

The most common polyols include:

Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol

Polysaccharides:

Starch, Glycogen, Fiber

Glycogen is the carbohydrate ________ form of ______ in humans

Storage form of energy in humans

Disaccharides:

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose

Sugar alcohols do not cause:

Sudden increases in blood glucose levels and do not cause tooth decay

Fructose is the ________ of the monosaccharides and is a production of the digestion of sucrose

Sweetest

Sweeteners May be combined because of their _______ effect- that is, when combined, sweeteners yield a sweeter taste than that provided by each sweetener alone

Synergistic

Sucrose: granulated _____ ______ is the most common form of sucrose, which is a combination of one molecule and glucose and one molecule of fructose

Table sugar

Nutrient density

The amount of nutrients of a food relative to the number of kilocalories provided

The ______ is the only organ that require glucose

The brain

Lipogenesis

process of converting glucose to fats

Anticariogenic

reduces the risk of caries by preventing bacteria from recognizing a cariogenic food