Ch. 4 Carbohydrate: The Efficient Fuel
Resistant starches ____ water and add bulk to the stool, helping with regularity
Trap
Dietary fiber, espiedally hemifellulose and cellulose, is furnished by ______-______ breads and cereals and legumes
Whole-Grain
Viscous fiber
decreases transit rate in individuals with a rapid transit time (diarrhea)
The popular belief that carbohydrates have some mysterious "fattening" power is _______
Unfounded
Carbohydrates contain:
carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates containing a minimum of __ units of various simple sugars
10 units
Functional fiber consists of isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have ________ physiological effects in humans
Beneficial
Glucose provides energy for the cells via ______
Bloodstream (glucose is the only sugar transported through the bloodstream that can nourish all cells in the body)
Maltose is created in _______ making and brewing beer and is present in some processed cereals and baby foods
Bread
Hypoglycemia
A blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL
The principal role of _______ _______ is to provide a source of energy for body functions and activity and for heat to maintain body temperature
Absorbed sugars
Resistant starch is a form of dietary fiber that...
Cannot be digested
Total amount of glycogen stores is small, only enough to meet energy demands for less than a ____
Day
Galactose, another six-carbon sugar, is a product of ______ digestion (milk sugar)
Lactose
Lactose is the sugar found in _____
Milk
A fermentabke carbohydrate that can reduce salivary ph to less than 5.5 is referred to as being....
Cariogenic
Proteins and fats are ______, it cannot be metabolized by microorganisms in plaque biofilm and are caries-inhibiting
Cariostatic
The presence of the cell wall, or ________, surrounding the starch granule is the reason starches are ________ in cold water
Cellulose Insoluble
Most food sources of complex carbohydrates are in the form of starch from:
Cereal grains, roots, vegetables, and legumes
Dental erosion
Chemical removal of minerals from the tooth structure that occurs when an acidic environment causes the enamel to dissolve gradually; occurs with frequent exposure to foods with a pH below 4.2
Total fiber refers to the sum of ______ fiber and ______ fiber
Dietary and functional
Glucose is the principle produced formed by the _______ of disaccharides and polysaccharides
Digestion
Carbohydrates foods add variety and palatability to the diet and are the most _______ form of energy
Economical
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood sugar
Carbohydrates are the most important source of _____
Energy
Even low amounts of sucrose promote production of polysaccharides (glucans) by S. Mutans- the bacteria that....
Facilitate adherence of plaque biofilm to teeth
When carbohydrate imagine is restricted, ____ and _____ stores may he used as an energy source
Fat and protein stores
Glucose is converted into ______ and stored as _____ ______
Fats Adipose tissue
Approximately 90% if all snack foods contain __________ carbohydrates (carbs that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque biofilm, including all sugars and cooked or processed starches)
Fernentable
Functional fiber
Fiber added during the manufacturing process
The total amount of fermentabke carbohydrate seems to be of less importance than the form in which it is eaten and the _______ of consumption
Frequency
Glucose, also called dextrose or corn sugar, is naturally abundant in many _____
Fruits, such as grapes, oranges, and dates, and in some vegetables, including fresh corn
Alrhough May organs can use fats or energy, ______ is the preferred fuel
Glucose
Stretches are composed of many _______ units that may Be in long chains of branched
Glucose
_______ is the preferred source of energy for the brain and central nervous system, red blood cells, and lens of the eye
Glucose
The monosaccharides of greatest significance in foods and body metabolism are:
Glucose, fructose, and galactose
excess gluscose isnconverted to _______ until the limited _______ storage capacity is fileldn
Glycogen
Complex carbohydrates, or starches, are furnished by _____ products
Grain
Fructose, also known as levulose, is found naturally in _______ and _____
Honey and fruits
Maltose contains two molecules of glucose and is also called _____ ____
Malt sugar
Sugar alcohols may appear naturally in foods or may be added by a _________
Manufactorer
Monosaccharides are important constituents of many compounds that regulate _______
Metabolism
Carbohydrates are furnished by the following food groups:
Milk, grain, fruits, and vegetables
The simplest carbohydrates, ____________, are absorbed without further digestion
Monosaccharides
Stored in the _____ and _____, glycogen is readily available as a source of glucose and energy
Muscle and liver
Maltose does not occur________
Naturally
Ketones
Normal products of lipid methanol I am in the liver
Fiber-rich foods are ____ energy-dense and are retained longer in the stomach
Not
During _______, carbon dioxide and water result in formation of carbohydrates and the release of oxygen
Photosynthesis
Presence of sucrose and other carbohydrates in the mouth increased the volume and formation rate of ______ ______
Plaque biofilm
Sugar alcohols, also called _______, are formed from or converted to _______
Polyols Sugar
Resistant starches are not absorbed, do they functioned a _______ by providing fatty acids for bacteria in the colon
Prebiotic
Galactose is ______ found free in nature
Rarely
Sorbitol is absorbed and metabolized more ______ than sucrose
Slowly
______, the most completely used sugar alcohol, is the least expensive
Sorbitol
The most common polyols include:
Sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol
Polysaccharides:
Starch, Glycogen, Fiber
Glycogen is the carbohydrate ________ form of ______ in humans
Storage form of energy in humans
Disaccharides:
Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose
Sugar alcohols do not cause:
Sudden increases in blood glucose levels and do not cause tooth decay
Fructose is the ________ of the monosaccharides and is a production of the digestion of sucrose
Sweetest
Sweeteners May be combined because of their _______ effect- that is, when combined, sweeteners yield a sweeter taste than that provided by each sweetener alone
Synergistic
Sucrose: granulated _____ ______ is the most common form of sucrose, which is a combination of one molecule and glucose and one molecule of fructose
Table sugar
Nutrient density
The amount of nutrients of a food relative to the number of kilocalories provided
The ______ is the only organ that require glucose
The brain
Lipogenesis
process of converting glucose to fats
Anticariogenic
reduces the risk of caries by preventing bacteria from recognizing a cariogenic food