CH 4 SmartBook Questions

minerals such as quartz and halite

A geologist who is also a mineralogist would generally study _____.

-has one silicon atom bonded with four oxygen atoms -may join with other tetrahedra or cations to form different types of -silicates and a wide variety of minerals -forms a building block for the vast majority of minerals on Earth

A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron______

a full outermost electron shell

A stable atom has ______.

-have atoms arranged in a regular, repeating pattern -be considered crystalline

A substance that has an ordered internal structure will ______.

ordered

A substance that has well-defined geometric crystals is likely to have a(n) ______ internal structure.

stable

An atom with an outermost electron shell that is full will be ______

cation, anion

An ion with a positive charge is called a(n) _____, whereas an ion with a negative charge is called a(n) _____

thin section

At which of the following scales would you be most successful in determining the mineral content of a rock?

electrons ionic

Atoms on the left of the Periodic Table easily give up their_______ so they tend to form_______ bonds with atoms on the right side (excepting the far-right column).

hematite magnetite

Banded iron formations are made of the minerals ______ and ______.

Do not contain the Si-O tetrahedron Includes calcite, pyrite, and hematite

Below are descriptions of silicates and nonsilicates. Choose all those that represent nonsilicates.

positive; negative

Cations have loaned out electrons and so have a ______ charge, whereas anions have gained electrons and so have a ______ charge.

calcite

Cement is created from processed________________ , the most common carbonate mineral; it is obtained from limestone rock.

are called mafic minerals, as they contain high amounts of Mg and Fe form most of the oceanic crust and the mantle include amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, garnet, and biotite

Dark-colored silicate minerals ______.

Pharmaceutical mineral: Always composed of a single chemical element; potassium Geologic mineral: Usually composed of two or more chemical elements; halite

Distinguish between pharmaceutical minerals and geologic minerals by placing the descriptions and examples in the correct category.

mineralogists

Geologists and other scientists who study minerals are called__________

-Calcite: CaCO3; most common calcium carbonate mineral; may be almost clear, but commonly cream to light gray; effervesces with dilute HCl -Dolomite:CaMg(CO3)2; cream, light gray, tan, or brown; effervesces with dilute HCl when pulverized into a fine powder -Hematite: Fe2O3; black, brown, silvery gray, or earthy red; red streak; commonly forms when iron-bearing minerals oxidize -Magnetite: Fe3O4; typically black; strongly magnetic; present in many igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, as well as in sands and sediments

Identify these nonsilicate minerals by matching each to its description.

The mineral will fracture in an irregular pattern.

If a mineral lacks planes along which it may cleave, what will occur?

-likely grows in an open space, in water or in magma -must grow unimpeded by surrounding material

In order for a crystal to attain a well-defined shape, it ______.

include quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, and muscovite are the most common minerals in the upper part of the continental crust

Light-colored silicate minerals ______.

banded iron formations

Magnetite and hematite occur together in layered sedimentary rocks called ______.

-Nucleus: Part of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons -Protons: Parts of the atom with a positive electrical charge -Neutrons: Parts of the atom that do not have a charge -Atomic mass: Number of positively charged plus neutrally charged particles in an atom -Electrons: Negatively charged particles in orbit around the nucleus of an atom -Electron shells: The different energy states of negatively charged atomic particles arranged around the nucleus of an atom

Match the atomic term with its description.

- Ionic: One element has a much higher electronegativity than another (elements towards the right bonding with elements toward the left on the Periodic table) - Covalent: Two elements have nearly equal electronegativity (elements have similar "height" on the Periodic Table pictured) - Metallic: Elements in the center of the Periodic Table share electrons freely among atoms as they bond

Match the bond type with a description of how that bond may be predicted based upon information from the Periodic Table.

Low: Metallic bond Lowest: Intermolecular force Moderate: Ionic bond Strongest: Covalent bond

Match the bond type with its relative strength.

Ionic - Forms because of the attraction of two oppositely charged ions, which are created when atoms loan one or more electrons to another atom. Covalent - Forms when two atoms share an electron. Metallic - Forms when electrons are shared widely by many atoms. Intermolecular force - Type of weak bond formed when one molecule is attracted to another molecule.

Match the chemical bond type with its description.

- One direction: Cleaves along one set of parallel planes,forming thin sheets - Two perpendicular directions: Cleaves along two sets of planes that resultin 90° steps along broken crystal faces - Two non-perpendicular directions: Cleaves along two sets of planes thatintersect at angles other than 90° - Three perpendicular directions: Cleaves along three sets of planes and themineral commonly breaks into cubes - Thre non-perpendicular directions: Cleaves along three sets of planes and themineral commonly breaks into rhombs

Match the cleavage type with its description.

Obsidian: Randomly arranged atoms Rocks composed of various pebbles and sand: Does not have a chemically consistent composition throughout Human-made diamond: Not naturally occurring Human Tooth: Produced by organic/life processes

Match the following materials with the appropriate reason why they are considered nonminerals.

- Diamonds: Deep under the mantle; high temperature and extremely high pressure; brought to the surface in kimberlite pipes - Ruby, sapphire, and emerald: In pegmatites that crytallized from magma containing relatively high amounts of water - Opal: Not a mineral (does not have orderly cryatlline structure); forms in volcanic rocks and some sedimentary rocks with voids, as silicon rich water fills the voids - Pearl and amber: Not minerals; form through organic processes

Match the gemstone with its geologic environment of formation.

Left: Cubic structure Center: Tetrahedron Right: Octahedron

Match the image of atomic arrangements with its crystal shape name.

A. Covalent B. Ionic C. Metallic D Intermolecular

Match the image with the bond type and description it represents.

Left: Crystals have well-defined shapes with terminations, and likely grew into a space filled with hot or cold water. Right: Crystals are irregularly shaped masses, and grew into small areas that were impeded by surrounding rock and minerals.

Match the images depicting crystal shapes with the correct descriptions.

1: Silicates 2: Carbonates 3: Oxides 4: Halides 5: Sulfates and sulfides 6: Native minerals

Match the location on the image with its correct class of rock-forming minerals.

- Earth's crust: silicon and oxygen - Universe: hydrogen and helium - Entire Earth: oxygen and iron

Match the location with its two most common elements

A Proton B Neutron C Nucleus D Electron E Electron cloud

Match the locations on the image with the correct terminology.

Hardness: Use reference minerals and other standardized materials to see which are scratched by an unknown mineral and which are not Streak: Observe color left behind on a porcelain plate when mineral is dragged across it. Effervescence: Observe if a dilute HCI solution bubbles when placed on mineral Magnetism: Observe if magnet stick mineral

Match the mineral property with how it is tested.

Crystal Shape : a mineral that grows unobstructed by its surroundings can have a distinctive geometry Color : This is useful, but not always reliable, property; very easily identifiable, but a single mineral may occur in several varieties of this property Cleavage: Some minerals break in specific ways (alone specific planes) because of their internal arrangement of atoms Luster: This is the way light bounces off a mineral; may be earthy, pearly, metallic, silky, etc. Fracture: This occurs when a mineral has an atomic arrangement that does not contain cleavage planes along which the mineral breaks.

Match the mineral property with its correct description.

- Halite: Sodium is extracted to be used as a pure element - Apatite: Phosphorous in this mineral is used in fertilizers, soft drinks, and some televisions - Calcite: The chief source of calcium; this mineral is processed into the main ingredient in cement - Copper sulfide minerals: the metals component is used for electrical wires and in brass and bronze

Match the mineral with its chemical use.

- Quartz: Hardness, transparency, and high silica content help make this mineral good for making glass windows and glass block. - Clay: Absorbent properties allow it to be used for cat litter. - Feldspar: Improves hardness and durability of glass; used in ceramics, china, and glass-fiber insulation; this mineral is often mined from granite. - Gypsum: This mineral, which forms through evaporation, is naturally fire-resistant; used for wallboard, plaster, and cement production.

Match the mineral/mineral group with how it is used, based on its physical properties.

Carbonates: Contain (CO3)2-; most important are calcite and dolomite; typically precipitate from water or originate organically Oxides: Contain oxygen bonded with metals (most commonly H and Fe); include ice, hematite, and magnetite Sulfides: Contain (S)-2 bonded with Fe, Pb, Zn, or Cu; principal metal ores in many mines; include pyrite and galena Sulfates: Contain (SO4)2- plus an element, such as Ca; many are evaporites or precipitates; include gypsum Halides: Contain a metallic element, such as Na or K, and usually Cl; many are evaporites or precipitates; include halit

Match the nonsilicate mineral group with its description.

Halite: NaCl; cubic cleavage, salty taste; generally forms from the evaporation of salty water Gypsum: CaSO4.2H20; can be scratched with a fingernail; typically gray, white, or clear; forms as an evaporite or a precipitate from hot or warm water underground Pyrite: FeS2; pale bronze to brass-yellow; commonly forms cube-shaped crystals with striations; "fool's gold" Galena: PbS; distinctive metallic-gray cubes with cubic cleavage; high specific gravity; mined for lead

Match the nonsilicate mineral with its description.

Hydrogen bonding: Viscosity; surface tension Polarity: Attraction to ions; dissolution of solids composed of anions and cations

Match the properties of water with the appropriate label to indicate whether it is attributable mainly to polarity or to hydrogen bonding.

Silicates = The most important mineral group on Earth; contain silicon and oxygen; example is quartz Carbonates = Carbon and oxygen bonded in a triangular arrangement; example is calcite Oxides = Oxygen bonded with a metal; example is hematite Halides = Contain chlorine or fluorine; example halite Sulfates = Sulfur that is only bonded to oxygen; example is gypsum Sulfides = Sulfur bonded with a metal; example is pyrite Native minerals = Minerals that contain only a single element; example is copper

Match the rock-forming mineral class with its description.

- Independent tetrahedra: Minerals (like olivine) do not break along clearly defined planes; all bonds almost equally strong. - Single chains: Tetrahedra share two O atoms and are strongly bonded; cleavage is parallel to the bonded tetrahedra. - Double chains: Half the tetrahedra share two O atoms and half share three; minerals cleave parallel to structure and along two planes at 60° and120°. - Sheets: Tetrahedra share three oxygen atoms; cleavage of minerals (like micas and clays) is in one main direction. - Frameworks: Tetrahedra share four O atoms; quartz, with no cleavage, or feldspar with cleavage.

Match the silicate mineral group with its description.

Periodic Table: This organizes all the chemical elements according to atomic number and electron orbitals. Atomic symbol: This is one or two letters representing the name of an element. Atomic number: This is the number of protons in an atom. Metals: Elements represented in this group include Na, K (alkali) and Fe, Cu (transition). Nonmetals: These elements include O and Si and typically bond with both types of metallic elements to form minerals. Noble gases: These include the elements Ar and He; these do not readily combine with other elements.

Match the term with its correct description.

Silica: A compound containing only silicon and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2 (SiO2) Silicon: The fourteenth element of the Periodic Table; term may also be used to describe a synthetic material used to make computer chips Silicone: A synthetic material (often used for grease or caulk) in which carbon is bonded to silicon atoms to keep the material in long chains

Match the term with its description.

- Ionic: Halite - Covalent: Quartz and diamond - Covalent and ionic: Calcite - Metallic: Gold and copper - Covalent and intermolecular: Graphite

Match the type of bond with its mineral example(s).

elements

Minerals in vitamins are composed of individual chemical ______, whereas geologic minerals usually consist of two or more.

nonsilicates

Minerals that do not contain silicon are classified as ______.

iron oxygen magnesium silicon

Name the four most abundant elements in the entire Earth. Use their full names instead of their symbols

iron

Of the four most abundant elements in the entire Earth, which is the most common?

crust

Over 90% of Earth's ______ is composed of silicate minerals.

1.) Intermolecular force 2.) Metallic bond 3.) Ionic bond 4.) Covalent bond

Rank the bond types in order of their strength, placing the weakest bond at the top and the strongest at the bottom.

1 Electron 2 Atomic nucleus 3 Single atom of an element 4 Mineral

Rank the following by size in order from smallest to largest, with the smallest on the top.

1 Granite and Basalt 2 Increasing amounts of olivine and pyroxene 3 Minerals stable only at very high pressures; Fe-Mg silicates and oxides 4 Molten iron with nickel and some other elements 5 Crystalline iron and iron-nickel alloy

Rank the following earth materials in order of their most likely occurrence, starting at Earth's surface. Think about moving from the crust to the mantle, and then to the outer and inner cores.

1) Salty water begins to evaporate 2) As water molecules move out of the liquid state, Na cations and Cl anions become more concentrated and are left behind. 3) Na cations and Cl anions become closer to each other and begin to bond. 4) Resulting NaCl pairs combine and begin to organize into an ordered structure: a halite crystal

Rank the following in order to show the precipitation of halite from water. Place the first event at the top and last event at the bottom.

minerals; elements

Rocks are composed of ______, and minerals are composed of ______.

number of electron shells; number of electrons in the outermost shell

Rows on the Periodic Table correspond to the ______, whereas columns correspond to the ______.

dark

Silicate minerals that are rich in magnesium and iron are______ colored.

Metallic

Silver atoms are held together by______bonds

covalent; intermolecular; very different from

The carbon atoms in diamond are held together by ______ bonds, and the sheets of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by _______ bonds, making these two minerals ______ each oth

Carbonates Sulfates Oxides Halides Sulfides

The common nonsilicate mineral groups include which of the following?

hot water high temperature high pressure

The formation of many gemstones such as ruby and sapphire are associated with ______ conditions.

Covalent bonds in both minerals are very strong, but intermolecular bonds between sheets in graphite are very weak.

The image shows bonding for graphite (on the left) and diamond (on the right). Both minerals are made of carbon, so why do they have very different properties (why is diamond so hard, whereas graphite is so soft)?

Elements on the left side tend to easily give up their outer shell electrons. Elements toward the right side, except for the very last column, have a higher electronegativity than elements on the left.

The image shows greater height for elements that have a greater ability to attract electrons. Based on this information, which of the following are true?

electronegativity

The measure of an element's ability to attract electrons is its ______.

cubic; tetrahedron; octahedron

The mineral halite (pictured) has a(n) ______ atomic structure, whereas quartz has a(n) ______ atomic structure that includes one Si atom surrounded by four O atoms, and fluorite has a(n) ______ atomic structure that includes two oppositely pointing, four-sided pyramids of Ca and F atoms.

The mineral has fractures, as it lacks cleavage planes.

The mineral in the image is quartz. Take a look at the irregularly broken face at the center of the crystal and determine which of the following is true.

Silicate minerals, which contain silicon and oxygen, must be the most common in the crust based upon elemental abundances.

The most abundant elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. For Earth as a whole, iron, oxygen, and silicon are most abundant. What may be concluded from this data?

light

The most common minerals in the upper part of the continental crust are _______ -colored silicates. They are felsic in composition, and their color is a direct result of their elemental composition.

Oxygen Aluminum Silicon

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are_______

silicate

The vast majority of Earth's crust is made of ______ minerals.

uncommon to rare

There are more than 5,000 known minerals, most of which are ______.

False

True or false: A geologist must know all of the different types of minerals in order to correctly identify and classify most rocks.

True

True or false: Both rocks and minerals are composed of elements.

-If different bonds between atoms have different strengths, the mineral will cleave along the weakest bond directions. -If all bonds have the same strength, they may not be arranged in such a way as to allow cleavage planes to form mineral fractures. -If all bonds have the same strength, they may be arranged in such a way that the mineral cleaves along three planes without passing through an atom.

What happens at the atomic scale when a mineral cleaves or fractures?

-Minerals are composed of chemically bonded elements. -An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of that element. -An element is a type of atom that has a specific number of protons.

What is true of atoms, elements, and minerals?

-Bonds between atoms within sheets are stronger than those between atoms linking the sheets. -The mineral cleaved along one set of planes to split into thin sheets.

What may be said of the mica mineral in the image?

-Continental crust: Granite; light-colored silicate minerals quartz and feldspar -Oceanic crust: Basalt and gabbro; plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, and amphibole -Upper mantle: Dark silicate minerals; olivine and pyroxene -Lower mantle: Fe-Mg silicates and oxide minerals -Outer core: Molten iron with some nickel and other elements -Inner Core: Crystalline iron and iron-nickel alloy

Where would you expect to find the various mineral and rock types within Earth? Match the location with a description of its rock/mineral types.

-Grouped elements tend to have similar chemical properties (like the two different types of metals, the nonmetals, noble gases, etc.). -It begins with the lightest element and advances to higher atomic numbers and heavier elements from left to right and from top to bottom. -It includes an element's atomic symbol and atomic number.

Which are true of the Periodic Table?

Minerals present Crystal/clast size Crystal/clast shape Presence/absence of layers

Which of the following are attributes that are evaluated to classify crystalline and clastic rocks?

Three perpendicular directions (halite) Two perpendicular directions (pyroxene) One direction (mica) Three non-perpendicular directions (calcite) Two non-perpendicular directions (amphibole)

Which of the following are common types of cleavage (and their associated minerals/mineral groups)?

mineral

Which of the following are criteria that must be fulfilled for a substance to be considered a mineral?

Streak Magnetism Effervescence Hardness

Which of the following are tests we can quickly and easily perform (even in the field) to help us identify a mineral?

-Elements in the last column are noble gases and have full outer shells. -Rows indicate the number of electron shells. -Elements in the first column have only one electron in their outer shell.

Which of the following are true of the organization of rows and columns in the Periodic Table?

-Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules and are responsible for the high surface tension of water -A water molecule is polar, and opposite ends of individual water molecules are attracted to anions and cations -Water can dissolve materials by breaking apart ionic bonds as polar water molecules attract individual ions away from each other

Which of the following are true of the properties of water?

Most silicates form from this SiO4-4 complex. It shows a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

Which of the following are true regarding the image?

-The arrangement of atoms in the crystal -How the crystal's growth was affected by the material around it

Which of the following help determine the outward shape of a crystal?

Density

Which of the following is a characteristic of crystals and/or clasts that is not used in classifying a rock?

human-made

Which of the following is not a required criterion for a substance to be classified as a mineral?

-The crystal shape formed by the mineral is a cube. -The represented mineral is halite (NaCl). -Na and Cl atoms alternate in the crystal lattice structure.

Which of the following may be said about the mineral whose atomic structure is represented in the image?

Color Cleavage/fracture Crystal shape Luster

Which of the following mineral properties can be directly observed by the naked eye, without the need for testing supplies and equipment, and relate to the appearance of the mineral?

Single and double chains Independent tetrahedra Frameworks Sheets

Which of the following structures are commonly formed by silicon-oxygen tetrahedra?

Silica

Which of the following terms refers to the compound SiO2?

Iron-oxide

Which of the minerals/mineral groups provides the red coloring used by artists for thousands of years?

Oxygen and silicon are the most common elements in Earth's crust and are two of the most common elements in Earth's mantle.

Why are silicate minerals the most abundant in Earth's crust and mantle?

When water freezes, the molecules arrange into a crystal form in which they are farther apart than in liquid water.

Why is ice less dense than water?

It aids in weathering, as water that freezes and expands can pry apart rocks and soil. Ice floats in water; if it didn't, lakes would freeze solid in winter as surface ice sinks to the bottom.

Why is the lower density of ice compared to liquid water so important?