Ch. 4,5,6
bone replacement
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
fracture
to break (a bone)
Carotene
yellow to orange pigment, accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis. can be converted to vitamin A
jaundice
yellowing of the skin; liver disorders
cutaneous membrane
skin
dendritic cells
can send signal to immune system
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
"applied to outer surface" made from outside
About 5-7% of bone mass is recycled each week
-spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years -compact bone replaced every 10 years
unicellular exocrine glands (goblet cells)
1 celled exocrine glands found throughout the epithelial lining of the intestines and respiratory tracts; they produce mucin, that becomes a slimy viscous mucus that covers, protects, and lubricates internal body surfaces.
7 functions of bones
1) Support 2) Protection 3) Movement 4) Mineral and growth factor storage (calcium) 5) Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) (red marrow) 6) Triglyceride storage (yellow marrow) 7) Hormone production
Repair involves four major stages
1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling
control of bone remodeling
1. Horomones 2. Response to mechanical stress (wolfs law states that bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them. lower demand: smaller bone.)
3 types of cartilage
1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
Three major bone diseases
1. Osteomalacia/rickets 2. Osteoporosis 3. Paget's disease
protection
1. chemical 2. physical 3. biological
name 2 layers of dermis
1. papillary layer 2. reticular layers
How many bones are in the human body?
206
Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
65% of bone by mass Mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
Melanin
A pigment that gives the skin its color; reddish yellow brownish black. Skin difference due to a kind and form to melanin
Begnign
A tumor that does not spread and is not cancerous
Which gland secretions are digested by bacteria causing body odor?
Apocrine
Matrix secreted from
Chondroblasts (during growth) and chondrocytes (adults)
bruises
Clotted blood beneath skin (hematomas)
Which glands secrete sweat all over the body?
Eccrine
Eperdermis
Epethelial ... stratified squamous
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
squamous cell carcinoma
Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 2nd Most common
4 types of cells found in epidermis
Kertatinocytes - produce keratin Melanocytes - spider-shaped cells in deepest epidermis Dendritic (langerhans) cells - star shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis Tactile (merkel) cells - sensory receptors that sense touch Layers of stratified squamous
serous membrane
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body
mucous membrane
Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.
basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.
bone remodeling consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
gland
One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
covering and lining epithelium
Outer covering of skin and some internal organs
Burns are considered critical if
Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns over 10% of the body has third-degree burns there are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
perforating canals
Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
Heloglobin
Pinkish hue in translucent skin red blood cells 5% of blood in skin
Fuctjon of melanin
Protect against UV
Skins main functions include:
Protection Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensations Metabolic functions Blood reservoir Excretion of wastes
Which cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?
Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine glands are associated with the hair follicles.
glandular epithelium
Secreting portion of glands (thyroid, sweat glands, salivary glands)
first degree burn
Superficial burns through only the epidermis.
Metabolic functions of skin
Synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones
cutaneous sensations
Temperature, touch, and pain receptors
basal surface
The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane
Keratinocytes
The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. CONNECTED by desmosomes
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer ABCDE RULE (assemetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving
Fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers: has great strength Menisci of knee; between vertebrae
skin cancers
UV and frequent irritation
ground substance
Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells. (components: interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans, water)
Growing bones widen as they lengthen through
appositional growth
Skin is a
barrier
Major Functions of Connective Tissue
binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood)
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin; low oxygenation
1. endochondral ossification
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
2. intramembranous ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane formed by mesenchymal cells
what's the fuctional relationship between skeletal muscles and bones?
bones provide framework. muscles provide movement
osteoclasts
break down bone and reabsorption
Name at least two types of substances formed in bones and name where each is stored.
calcium in hard bone fat stored in yellow marrow
immobilization of bone by
cast or traction is needed for healing
Melanocytes
cells that produce melanin (pigment)
Differentiate between the central canal and perforating canals
central staring down perforating side to sides
3 types of connective tissue
collagen (strongest, provides high tensile strength), elastic fibers (network of long thin that allow for stretch), reticular (short, fine highly branches collagenous fibers)
common characteristics of connective tissue
common origin, degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix
multicellular exocrine glands
composed of a duct and a secretory unit Usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue Supplies blood and nerve fibers Extends into and divides gland into lobes
Four main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
what type if tissue makes up the dermis?
connective tissues
Bones are organs because they __________
contain different types of tissues
central canal
contains blood vessels and nerves
elastic cartilage
contains elastic fibers EARS & EPIGLOTTIS
Avascular but innervated
contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
2 types of epithelial tissue
covering and lining, glandular
Endosteum
covers inside portion of compact bone.. delicate connective tissues that lines the interior surface of compact gone & trabeculae of spongy bone
Periosteum
covers outer surface of bone, just exterior to compact bone
reticular lamina
deep to basal lamina, network of collagen fibers
Fibrous outer layer
dense connective tissue
compact bones
dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
Osteogensis
differentiate into bone making cell
2 types of sweat glands
eccrine (all over body) and apocrine (under arms / pelvic)
second degree burn
epidermal and upper dermal. blisters appear
Layers of skin
epidermis - epithelial cells (outermost later), dermis - bulk of skin, tough leathery layer, subcutaneous tissue - lies between dermis and fascia
Name the two layers of the skin
epidermis and dermis, subcutaneous
Paget's disease
excessive bone deposition and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly.
epephyseal plate closure occurs when epiphysis and diaphysis fuse
female 18 make 21
connective tissues can
form capsule around gland and extend into gland, diving it into lobes
third degree burn
full thickness burn skin grafting necessary
appocrine glands
function at puberty location axillary anogenital areas
eccrine glands
function- thermoregulation sweat h2O salt
Excretion
gets rid of nitrogenous waste
3 levels of structure of bones
gross, microscopic, chemical
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
ground substance, fibers, and cells
tissues
groups of cells with a common structure and function.
"blast" cells
immature form of cell that actively secrets ground substance and ECM fibers ex. Fibroblasts found in connective tissue proper Chrondroblasts found in cartilage, osteoblasts found in bone, hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow.
Perichondrium
layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage
Osteoporosis
loss of bone density (ex. lack of estrogen) risk factors : hormone related condition, smoking calcium, vitamin D supplements
Skeletal Cartilage
made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water Contains no blood vessels or nerves
spongey bone (surrounded by compact bone)
made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
bone lining cells
maintain matrix of bone
Osteocytes
mature cells that direct bone remodel
"cyte" cells
mature, less active form of blast cell that becomes part of and helps maintain the health of matrix
3 main pigments that are involved in the skin color
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Name three influences on skin color
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
osteogenic
nearest to compact bone
What is interstitial growth?
new cartilage made from within
closed reduction
nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone
Which cells build bone? (organic compounds)
osteoblasts
Which cells break down bone?
osteoclasts
Cells of bone
osteogenic osteoblasts - building core osteocyte - mature bone cell osteoblasts - crashing bone bone resporption bone lining cells - helps maintain matrix cells
compact bone consists of
osteon, canals and canaliculi, interstitial and circumferential lamellae
pallor
paleness. Anemia, low blood pressure, fear
epithelial tissue has five distinguishing characteristics:
polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissues, avascular but innervated, regeneration
Apoptosis
programmed cell death (50,000 cells per minute)
main functions of epithelial tissue
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
extracellular matrix (ECM)
protein sugar mesh; matrix supports cells so they can bear abuse
basement menbrane
provides a barrier of large molecules coming through
cartilage : avascular :
receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (perichondrium)
erythema
redness of the skin; fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
debridement
removal of burned skin
Which secretion softens and lubricates skin and hair?
sebaceous glands
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum (oil) active at puberty function: soften hair and skin
exocrine
secreting externally (sweating)
endocrine
secreting internally (hormones)
Blood Reservoir (Skin)
send blood during fight or flight
tactile cells
sensory receptors that sense touch
5% of blood in
skin
Lacunae
small cavities that contain osteocytes
osteomalacia/rickets
softening of the bone. calcium salts not adequately deposited
fat cells (adipocytes)
store nutrients
layers of epidermis
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
Dermis
strong, flexible connective tissue. fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glass, and sweat glands
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone
hyaline cartilage
support (trachea & ribs) flexibility (rib cage) resiliency (articulations covering bone ends) Collagen Fiber Chondrocytes found in lacunae
open reduction
surgical realignment of broken bone ends
Thermoregulation
sweat to cool in hot constrict blood vessels minimizing heat loss in a cool environment
epitheial tissue
the major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands
white blood cells
tissue response to injury. ex. neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
Cartilage
tough, flexible material that lack nerve fibers
apicial surface
upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity
how do hormones control bone remodeling?
we will send off horomones if calcium levels are off
2 types of adipose tissues
white fat * functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage brown fat * use lipid fuels + glucose to heat bloodstream rather than produce ATP