Ch. 4,5,6

bone replacement

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

fracture

to break (a bone)

Carotene

yellow to orange pigment, accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis. can be converted to vitamin A

jaundice

yellowing of the skin; liver disorders

cutaneous membrane

skin

dendritic cells

can send signal to immune system

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

"applied to outer surface" made from outside

About 5-7% of bone mass is recycled each week

-spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years -compact bone replaced every 10 years

unicellular exocrine glands (goblet cells)

1 celled exocrine glands found throughout the epithelial lining of the intestines and respiratory tracts; they produce mucin, that becomes a slimy viscous mucus that covers, protects, and lubricates internal body surfaces.

7 functions of bones

1) Support 2) Protection 3) Movement 4) Mineral and growth factor storage (calcium) 5) Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) (red marrow) 6) Triglyceride storage (yellow marrow) 7) Hormone production

Repair involves four major stages

1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

control of bone remodeling

1. Horomones 2. Response to mechanical stress (wolfs law states that bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them. lower demand: smaller bone.)

3 types of cartilage

1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage

Three major bone diseases

1. Osteomalacia/rickets 2. Osteoporosis 3. Paget's disease

protection

1. chemical 2. physical 3. biological

name 2 layers of dermis

1. papillary layer 2. reticular layers

How many bones are in the human body?

206

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

65% of bone by mass Mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

Melanin

A pigment that gives the skin its color; reddish yellow brownish black. Skin difference due to a kind and form to melanin

Begnign

A tumor that does not spread and is not cancerous

Which gland secretions are digested by bacteria causing body odor?

Apocrine

Matrix secreted from

Chondroblasts (during growth) and chondrocytes (adults)

bruises

Clotted blood beneath skin (hematomas)

Which glands secrete sweat all over the body?

Eccrine

Eperdermis

Epethelial ... stratified squamous

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

squamous cell carcinoma

Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 2nd Most common

4 types of cells found in epidermis

Kertatinocytes - produce keratin Melanocytes - spider-shaped cells in deepest epidermis Dendritic (langerhans) cells - star shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis Tactile (merkel) cells - sensory receptors that sense touch Layers of stratified squamous

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

basal cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

bone remodeling consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption

Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum

gland

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

covering and lining epithelium

Outer covering of skin and some internal organs

Burns are considered critical if

Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns over 10% of the body has third-degree burns there are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

perforating canals

Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

Heloglobin

Pinkish hue in translucent skin red blood cells 5% of blood in skin

Fuctjon of melanin

Protect against UV

Skins main functions include:

Protection Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensations Metabolic functions Blood reservoir Excretion of wastes

Which cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?

Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine glands are associated with the hair follicles.

glandular epithelium

Secreting portion of glands (thyroid, sweat glands, salivary glands)

first degree burn

Superficial burns through only the epidermis.

Metabolic functions of skin

Synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones

cutaneous sensations

Temperature, touch, and pain receptors

basal surface

The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

Keratinocytes

The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. CONNECTED by desmosomes

Melanoma

The most serious form of skin cancer ABCDE RULE (assemetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving

Fibrocartilage

Thick collagen fibers: has great strength Menisci of knee; between vertebrae

skin cancers

UV and frequent irritation

ground substance

Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells. (components: interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans, water)

Growing bones widen as they lengthen through

appositional growth

Skin is a

barrier

Major Functions of Connective Tissue

binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood)

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin; low oxygenation

1. endochondral ossification

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

2. intramembranous ossification

bone develops from a fibrous membrane formed by mesenchymal cells

what's the fuctional relationship between skeletal muscles and bones?

bones provide framework. muscles provide movement

osteoclasts

break down bone and reabsorption

Name at least two types of substances formed in bones and name where each is stored.

calcium in hard bone fat stored in yellow marrow

immobilization of bone by

cast or traction is needed for healing

Melanocytes

cells that produce melanin (pigment)

Differentiate between the central canal and perforating canals

central staring down perforating side to sides

3 types of connective tissue

collagen (strongest, provides high tensile strength), elastic fibers (network of long thin that allow for stretch), reticular (short, fine highly branches collagenous fibers)

common characteristics of connective tissue

common origin, degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix

multicellular exocrine glands

composed of a duct and a secretory unit Usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue Supplies blood and nerve fibers Extends into and divides gland into lobes

Four main classes of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

what type if tissue makes up the dermis?

connective tissues

Bones are organs because they __________

contain different types of tissues

central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

elastic cartilage

contains elastic fibers EARS & EPIGLOTTIS

Avascular but innervated

contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers

2 types of epithelial tissue

covering and lining, glandular

Endosteum

covers inside portion of compact bone.. delicate connective tissues that lines the interior surface of compact gone & trabeculae of spongy bone

Periosteum

covers outer surface of bone, just exterior to compact bone

reticular lamina

deep to basal lamina, network of collagen fibers

Fibrous outer layer

dense connective tissue

compact bones

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

Osteogensis

differentiate into bone making cell

2 types of sweat glands

eccrine (all over body) and apocrine (under arms / pelvic)

second degree burn

epidermal and upper dermal. blisters appear

Layers of skin

epidermis - epithelial cells (outermost later), dermis - bulk of skin, tough leathery layer, subcutaneous tissue - lies between dermis and fascia

Name the two layers of the skin

epidermis and dermis, subcutaneous

Paget's disease

excessive bone deposition and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly.

epephyseal plate closure occurs when epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

female 18 make 21

connective tissues can

form capsule around gland and extend into gland, diving it into lobes

third degree burn

full thickness burn skin grafting necessary

appocrine glands

function at puberty location axillary anogenital areas

eccrine glands

function- thermoregulation sweat h2O salt

Excretion

gets rid of nitrogenous waste

3 levels of structure of bones

gross, microscopic, chemical

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

ground substance, fibers, and cells

tissues

groups of cells with a common structure and function.

"blast" cells

immature form of cell that actively secrets ground substance and ECM fibers ex. Fibroblasts found in connective tissue proper Chrondroblasts found in cartilage, osteoblasts found in bone, hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow.

Perichondrium

layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage

Osteoporosis

loss of bone density (ex. lack of estrogen) risk factors : hormone related condition, smoking calcium, vitamin D supplements

Skeletal Cartilage

made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water Contains no blood vessels or nerves

spongey bone (surrounded by compact bone)

made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

bone lining cells

maintain matrix of bone

Osteocytes

mature cells that direct bone remodel

"cyte" cells

mature, less active form of blast cell that becomes part of and helps maintain the health of matrix

3 main pigments that are involved in the skin color

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Name three influences on skin color

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

osteogenic

nearest to compact bone

What is interstitial growth?

new cartilage made from within

closed reduction

nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone

Which cells build bone? (organic compounds)

osteoblasts

Which cells break down bone?

osteoclasts

Cells of bone

osteogenic osteoblasts - building core osteocyte - mature bone cell osteoblasts - crashing bone bone resporption bone lining cells - helps maintain matrix cells

compact bone consists of

osteon, canals and canaliculi, interstitial and circumferential lamellae

pallor

paleness. Anemia, low blood pressure, fear

epithelial tissue has five distinguishing characteristics:

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissues, avascular but innervated, regeneration

Apoptosis

programmed cell death (50,000 cells per minute)

main functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

extracellular matrix (ECM)

protein sugar mesh; matrix supports cells so they can bear abuse

basement menbrane

provides a barrier of large molecules coming through

cartilage : avascular :

receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (perichondrium)

erythema

redness of the skin; fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

debridement

removal of burned skin

Which secretion softens and lubricates skin and hair?

sebaceous glands

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) active at puberty function: soften hair and skin

exocrine

secreting externally (sweating)

endocrine

secreting internally (hormones)

Blood Reservoir (Skin)

send blood during fight or flight

tactile cells

sensory receptors that sense touch

5% of blood in

skin

Lacunae

small cavities that contain osteocytes

osteomalacia/rickets

softening of the bone. calcium salts not adequately deposited

fat cells (adipocytes)

store nutrients

layers of epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Dermis

strong, flexible connective tissue. fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glass, and sweat glands

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

hyaline cartilage

support (trachea & ribs) flexibility (rib cage) resiliency (articulations covering bone ends) Collagen Fiber Chondrocytes found in lacunae

open reduction

surgical realignment of broken bone ends

Thermoregulation

sweat to cool in hot constrict blood vessels minimizing heat loss in a cool environment

epitheial tissue

the major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands

white blood cells

tissue response to injury. ex. neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

Cartilage

tough, flexible material that lack nerve fibers

apicial surface

upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity

how do hormones control bone remodeling?

we will send off horomones if calcium levels are off

2 types of adipose tissues

white fat * functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage brown fat * use lipid fuels + glucose to heat bloodstream rather than produce ATP