Ch. 5 psyc 3060

____ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it. a. Perception b. Equity c. Attribution d. Reinforcement e. Expectancy

e. Expectancy

According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following EXCEPT a. education b. experience c. effort d. loyalty e. all of these are inputs

e. all of these are inputs

In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of a. equity perceptions. b. emotional states c. attitudes. d. subconscious perceptions. e. consequences.

e. consequences.

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that a. only extrinsic rewards are important. b. reward equity replaces valence. c. ability, traits, and role perceptions are removed from the original model. d. rewards are less important than originally thought. e. high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

e. high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called _________________. a. learning b. character c. training d. strength e. intelligence

a. learning

A performance bonus is an example of which of the following? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction

a. positive reinforcement

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished? a. strength b. magnitude c. generality d. specificity

a. strength

Which psychologist's work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification? a. David McClelland b. Douglas McGregor c. Clay Alderfer d. Abraham Maslow e. B.F. Skinner

e. B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has inadvertently been rewarding a behavior he or she wants to discourage? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d. Extinction e. Classical conditioning

d. Extinction

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While useful, Expectancy Theory is difficult to apply directly in the workplace because it is so a. complex b. simple c. time-consuming d. costly e. general

a. complex

People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they a. curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships. b. lessen alienation with other employees. c. have a high need for affiliation. d. seek power to increase their standing in the organization. e. strive to get along with others.

a. curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships.

According to Herzberg, __________ satisfaction includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions, which produce an acceptable work environment when present and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction. a. hygiene b. motivation c. acceptability d. responsibility e. engagement

a. hygiene

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences (like a seat belt buzzer) to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called ________________. a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. positive reinforcement d. extinction e. classical conditioning

a. negative reinforcement

The most significant shortcoming of the scientific management approach to motivation is that it a. overstated the importance of money. b. understated the importance of money. c. was funded by large corporations. d. was not actually scientific. e. did not produce any positive results.

a. overstated the importance of money.

According to the human resource approach to motivation, offering employees __________ is the best way toenhance motivation in the workplace. a. self-direction b. the illusion of self-direction c. opportunities for advancement d. increased compensation e. longer vacations

a. self-direction

According to Herzberg, __________ factors are intrinsic to the job and increase satisfaction. a. hygiene b. motivation c. acceptability d. happiness e. engagement

b. motivation

According to David McClelland, the desire for human companionship is called a need for a. empowerment b. affiliation c. power. d. achievement. e. status.

b. affiliation

Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and a. management. b. environment. c. goals. d. power. e. nothing else.

b. environment.

Herzberg's dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that a. job loyalty ranged from loyalty to disloyalty. b. job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction. c. job motivation ranged from motivation to demotivation. d. job ability ranged from ability to disability. e. job motivation ranged from progression to regression.

b. job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.

____ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior. a. Autonomy b. Task identity c. Motivation d. Activity e. Equilibrium.

c. Motivation

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by a. altering his perception of self. b. altering his perception of the situation. c. changing his inputs. d. changing his outcomes. e. changing the object of comparison.

c. changing his inputs.

The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT a. employees are motivated by money. b. work is inherently unpleasant. c. employees want to feel useful and important. d. advocates incentive pay systems. e. the nature of the work is not important.

c. employees want to feel useful and important.

According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached, a. the manager should strive to create a feeling of equity. b. the employee will naturally be satisfied. c. further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time. d. the employee will be motivated to achieve. e. increased attention to motivation factors is pointless.

c. further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, ____ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess. a. growth b. security c. physiological d. self-actualization e. esteem

c. physiological

According to David McClelland, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for a. empowerment. b. affiliation. c. power. d. achievement. e. status

c. power.

In order for social learning to take place, a. tasks must be complex, so as to motivate the employee. b. the behavior being modeled must be intangible in nature. c. the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job. d. the employee need not perceive a direct cause-and-effect linkage. e. the employee must be physically present at the time of the demonstration.

c. the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job.

According to the acquired needs framework, high-need achievers are not effective top managers because a. top managers are required to have too much formal education, which would not interest high-need achievers. b. top managers need to make risky decisions, and high-need achievers don't like to take any risks. c. top managers seldom receive immediate feedback, which high-need achievers seek. d. top managers are not able to delegate tasks, and high-need achievers prefer to delegate as much work to others as possible. e. top managers have a high need for human companionship, and high-need achievers do not.

c. top managers seldom receive immediate feedback, which high-need achievers seek.

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome? a. perception b. expectancy c. valence d. strength e. generality

c. valence

According to equity theory, people a. have the motivation to improve their standard of living. b. have the motivation to develop satisfying relationships. c. want to be treated fairly. d. want everything to be equal. e. compare what they get from a job with what they want from a job.

c. want to be treated fairly.

A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcomeratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon? a. Psychological contract b. Equity theory c. Social contract d. Social comparison e. Social loafing

d. Social comparison

People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with a. high technical skill demands. b. many opportunities to control one's environment. c. a high degree of immediate feedback. d. a lot of interpersonal contact. e. little opportunity to accomplish tasks more effectively than in the past.

d. a lot of interpersonal contact.

According to the framework presented by David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things more efficiently is called a need for a. empowerment. b. affiliation. c. power. d. achievement. e. status.

d. achievement.

The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT a. employees want to feel useful. b. employees want to feel important. c. employees have strong social needs. d. employees are motivated by only money. e. allow employees a modicum of self-direction.

d. employees are motivated by only money.

Deciding to no longer laugh at a coworker's inappropriate jokes, to encourage him to stop telling those types of jokes,is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment. d. extinction. e. classical conditioning.

d. extinction.

The most difficult performance factor to manage is often a. environment. b. mastery. c. activity. d. motivation. e. equilibrium.

d. motivation.

Motivated behavior begins with one or more a. motives. b. people. c. wants. d. needs. e. behaviors.

d. needs.

A person's confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called ____________. a. self-righteousness b. self-sufficiency c. self-esteem d. self-efficacy e. self-determination

d. self-efficacy

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior? a. positive reinforcement and extinction b. negative reinforcement and punishment c. negative reinforcement extinction d. extinction and punishment e. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

e. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement