ch. 5 sociology
According to Weber, in a bureaucracy, assignments flow _____ and accountability flows _____.
downward, upward
A _____ is the smallest possible group.
dyad
An individual who leads by being highly permissive is a(n) _____ leader.
laissez-faire
Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary groups are
larger and more anonymous.
In terms of our willingness to help another person in need, as a group becomes _____, our feeling of responsibility to help becomes _____.
larger, smaller
Someone who influences other people
leader
How big a proportion of the U.S. workforce is made up of women, minorities, and immigrants?
more than half
In Milgram's experiment, _____ of the students administering the shocks turned the lever all the way to "Danger: Severe Shock."
most
In Guantanamo, prisoners made up the
out-group
_____ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups, and the ways that groups influence individuals.
Group dynamics
_____ are people who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another.
Groups
An individual who leads by giving orders is a(n) _____ leader.
authoritarian
Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrated the power of
peer pressure.
In what is known as a _____, people experience intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation.
primary group
In the case of job _____, the bosses in many companies tend to groom workers who have winning characteristics similar to their own.
promotion
Jeff is a financial advisor. He belongs to two different organizations for financial advisors, and he likes to go to their annual meetings. The financial organizations that Jeff belongs to are examples of
secondary groups.
In a(n) _____, preconceived ideas of what someone is like actually lead to the person behaving in ways that match those ideas.
self-fulfilling stereotype
How many relationships are possible in a group of four?
six
In a _____, everyone interacts directly with all the other members.
small group
The key to preventing groupthink might be
the widest possible circulation of research by social scientists.
When you drive into a small American town, you are likely to see a sign that identifies some of the town's _____, such as the Lions, Elks, Eagles, or Knights of Columbus.
voluntary associations
Stanley Milgram's research led to the phrase "_____ degrees of separation."
6
How many levels are there from "sociology faculty" (count this as one level) to "board" (count this as another level) in a typical university?
7
Who is caring for us in the security state?
Bureaucrats
The _____ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation.
McDonaldization
Which of the following statements is true about the findings of Stanley Milgram's research on "the small world phenomenon"?
Milgram's sample and methods were flawed, but some subsequent research has come to similar conclusions.
Which of the following might be likened to a spider's web?
Social network
Who is more likely to become a leader?
Someone who is tall
The text gives an example of Coors Brewery changing over time regarding diversity. It eventually adopted the slogan "Coors cares." But what exactly does Coors-like other corporations-care about?
The bottom line
What is the main technological factor in the rise of the security state?
The computer
What happens when the head of a bureaucracy resigns, retires, or dies?
The organization continues without skipping a beat.
A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, impersonality of positions, and written-down procedures is
a bureaucracy.
A(n) _____ is made of people who temporarily share the same physical space, but do not see themselves as belonging together.
aggregate
Marx used the term _____ to refer to workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor.
alienation
Lu-Ellen worked in an office containing 100 cubicles. Few had windows, and those that did looked out on a parking lot. She felt very much a cog in a machine. But after work, Lu-Ellen and three or four friends out of the 100 cubicles often went out for a drink together. There she let her hair down and felt more human, and she and her coworkers got to know each other as people. In this manner, Lu-Ellen was resisting
alienation.
Many voluntary associations are controlled by
an inner circle.
Which of the following might be termed "simply a statistic"?
category
Within a larger group, a(n) _____ is a cluster of people who choose to interact with one another.
clique
In a _____, some members of a group align against others.
coalition
An example of a category is
college women who are over six feet tall.
An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus is a(n) _____ leader.
democratic
A(n) _____ leader increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group.
expressive
In _____, even after an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, it continues anyway.
goal displacement
According to research by Kanter (1977, 1983), self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of a(n) _____ corporate culture.
hidden
A group towards which one feels loyalty is known as a(n)
in-group.
A(n) _____ leader keeps the group moving toward its goals.
instrumental
A(n) _____ has standards that we refer to as we evaluate ourselves.
reference group
The tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite is known as
the iron law of oligarchy.
A group of three people is known as a
triad.
Coalitions and arbitration are characteristics of
triads.
