ch. 5 sociology

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According to Weber, in a bureaucracy, assignments flow _____ and accountability flows _____.

downward, upward

A _____ is the smallest possible group.

dyad

An individual who leads by being highly permissive is a(n) _____ leader.

laissez-faire

Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary groups are

larger and more anonymous.

In terms of our willingness to help another person in need, as a group becomes _____, our feeling of responsibility to help becomes _____.

larger, smaller

Someone who influences other people

leader

How big a proportion of the U.S. workforce is made up of women, minorities, and immigrants?

more than half

In Milgram's experiment, _____ of the students administering the shocks turned the lever all the way to "Danger: Severe Shock."

most

In Guantanamo, prisoners made up the

out-group

_____ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups, and the ways that groups influence individuals.

Group dynamics

_____ are people who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another.

Groups

An individual who leads by giving orders is a(n) _____ leader.

authoritarian

Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrated the power of

peer pressure.

In what is known as a _____, people experience intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation.

primary group

In the case of job _____, the bosses in many companies tend to groom workers who have winning characteristics similar to their own.

promotion

Jeff is a financial advisor. He belongs to two different organizations for financial advisors, and he likes to go to their annual meetings. The financial organizations that Jeff belongs to are examples of

secondary groups.

In a(n) _____, preconceived ideas of what someone is like actually lead to the person behaving in ways that match those ideas.

self-fulfilling stereotype

How many relationships are possible in a group of four?

six

In a _____, everyone interacts directly with all the other members.

small group

The key to preventing groupthink might be

the widest possible circulation of research by social scientists.

When you drive into a small American town, you are likely to see a sign that identifies some of the town's _____, such as the Lions, Elks, Eagles, or Knights of Columbus.

voluntary associations

Stanley Milgram's research led to the phrase "_____ degrees of separation."

6

How many levels are there from "sociology faculty" (count this as one level) to "board" (count this as another level) in a typical university?

7

Who is caring for us in the security state?

Bureaucrats

The _____ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation.

McDonaldization

Which of the following statements is true about the findings of Stanley Milgram's research on "the small world phenomenon"?

Milgram's sample and methods were flawed, but some subsequent research has come to similar conclusions.

Which of the following might be likened to a spider's web?

Social network

Who is more likely to become a leader?

Someone who is tall

The text gives an example of Coors Brewery changing over time regarding diversity. It eventually adopted the slogan "Coors cares." But what exactly does Coors-like other corporations-care about?

The bottom line

What is the main technological factor in the rise of the security state?

The computer

What happens when the head of a bureaucracy resigns, retires, or dies?

The organization continues without skipping a beat.

A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, impersonality of positions, and written-down procedures is

a bureaucracy.

A(n) _____ is made of people who temporarily share the same physical space, but do not see themselves as belonging together.

aggregate

Marx used the term _____ to refer to workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor.

alienation

Lu-Ellen worked in an office containing 100 cubicles. Few had windows, and those that did looked out on a parking lot. She felt very much a cog in a machine. But after work, Lu-Ellen and three or four friends out of the 100 cubicles often went out for a drink together. There she let her hair down and felt more human, and she and her coworkers got to know each other as people. In this manner, Lu-Ellen was resisting

alienation.

Many voluntary associations are controlled by

an inner circle.

Which of the following might be termed "simply a statistic"?

category

Within a larger group, a(n) _____ is a cluster of people who choose to interact with one another.

clique

In a _____, some members of a group align against others.

coalition

An example of a category is

college women who are over six feet tall.

An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus is a(n) _____ leader.

democratic

A(n) _____ leader increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group.

expressive

In _____, even after an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, it continues anyway.

goal displacement

According to research by Kanter (1977, 1983), self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of a(n) _____ corporate culture.

hidden

A group towards which one feels loyalty is known as a(n)

in-group.

A(n) _____ leader keeps the group moving toward its goals.

instrumental

A(n) _____ has standards that we refer to as we evaluate ourselves.

reference group

The tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite is known as

the iron law of oligarchy.

A group of three people is known as a

triad.

Coalitions and arbitration are characteristics of

triads.


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