Ch. 54.1-54.2

Pronounced differences in the morphology of the males and females of a species is called ___ ___.

sexual dimorphism

Auditory communication is used during the reproductive season to attract or call the attention of a mate by:

1. males 2. females

The two most common uses of chemical communication among animals include ____.

1. marking territories 2. attracting mates

True or False: When an individual mates exclusively with a single partner for at least one breeding season, it is called polygamy.

False

What is the benefit of increased vigilance provided by large groups?

It reduces the risk of predation

___ is a mating system in which one male mates with more than one female during a single breeding season.

Polygyny

___ altruism occurs when the cost of behaving altruistically is offset by the likelihood of a return benefit.

Reciprocal or Reciprical

___ communication is often used to strengthen social bonds, especially among primates, canines, and felines.

Tactile

___ communication is often used to strengthen bonds and convey information, whereas ___ communication is often used in courtship and aggressive displays.

Tactile; visual

Who benefits most from altruistic behaviors?

The altruistic individual's closest relatives

What is the coefficient of relatedness?

The probability that a particular gene is shared by two individuals due to common descent.

Who benefits most from altruistic behaviors?

The probability that a particular gene is shared by two individuals due to common descent.

True or false: Behavior may be influenced by both genetics and the environment.

True

Decreased predator success, better access to mates, assistance rearing offspring are all _______.

advantages of group living

The evolution of sterile individuals in social insects is the most extreme form of:

altruism

One of the advantages of living in a large group is that:

an individual forager can devote less time to vigilance and more time to feeding

A very rapid kind of communication that works at a distance and in the dark is:

auditory communication

The observable response of organisms to external or internal stimuli is called ___.

behavior

Self sacrificing behavior called altruism:

benefits an individual's close relatives

In ___ conditioning, an involuntary response comes to be associated with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response.

classical

A learning process in which an involuntary response becomes associated with a stimulus that originally did not elicit any response is called:

classical conditioning

The ability to solve problems with conscious thought through the use of activities such as perception, analysis, judgment, and recollection is called:

cognitive learning

The exchange of information using signals or displays, usually between individuals of the same species, is called ___.

communication

A behavior that once initiated will continue until completion is called a(n) ___ ___ ___.

fixed action pattern

The act of searching for food or provisions is called ___.

foraging

Optimal foraging theory predicts that animals feed in such a way as to:

maximize net energy intake

In a ___ mating system each individual will mate with only one partner during a breeding season or during the breeding life of the pair.

monogamous or monogamy

In ___, one male mates with one female over a breeding season or longer, while in ___, either males or females mate with more than one partner in a single breeding season.

monogamy; polygamy

The first assumption of the optimal foraging theory is that:

natural selection will only favor behavior that maximizes energy return

Which of the following examples illustrates the influence of both genetics and learning on behavior?

1. A bird raised in isolation singing a poorly developed adult song. 2. An adult bird correcting for any deviations if they are blown off course during migration.

What are disadvantages of living in a social group? Choose all that apply.

1. Increased competition for food 2. Spread of illness and parasites

Select all of the following that describe how group living provides protection.

1. Large herds are better than an individual at defending against an approaching predator. 2. In a large herd, a particular individual has less chance of being the one selected in an attack.

Which of the following behaviors are exhibited by hygienic bees?

1. They can detect diseased larvae. 2. They can uncap wax cells to discard dead larvae.

Advantages to group living include:

1. cooperative hunting 2. access to mates 3. reduced predator success

Which of the following are benefits that an animal receives from living in a social group?

1. help in avoiding predators 2. help in raising young 3. group food gathering

Select examples of how visual communication is often used by animals.

1. in courtship 2. during aggressive displays

___ describes a behavior that appears to benefit others at the cost to oneself.

Altruism

Which of the following is an example of a sign stimulus?

Any round object resembling an egg can elicit the egg-rolling response in geese.

Altruism involves which of the following?

A behavior that benefits others at a cost to the actor

Which of the following describes polygynous mating systems?

A male breeds with multiple females in a breeding season.

What is monogamy?

A mating system in which one male mates with one female

Which of the following is an example of innate behavior?

A mouse nurtures her young without ever seeing other mice do this.

Select the true statement about a sign stimulus.

A particular sign stimulus has certain key components but some of its other characteristics may vary.

A fixed action pattern is initiated by which of the following?

A sign stimulus

What type of learning results from an association between a stimulus and a response?

Association

___ involves using signals or displays to modify the behavior of other individuals.

Communication

Why would fitness of an altruistic group be higher than one composed of selfish individuals?

Because the selfish individuals would overexploit their resources and die.

How do genes influence behavior?

Behaviors may be influenced by one or more genes.

Which of the following describes a promiscuous mating system?

Both females and males mate with many partners during a breeding season.

Which of the following can use auditory communication during the process of mating?

Both males and females

Which word below would not be associated with cognitive learning?

Innate

Which form of communication is most commonly used to mark territory and attract a mate?

Chemical

Which of the following best describes the type of communication most often used to mark large territories of mammals?

Chemical

When does classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur?

Classical and operant conditioning occur when exposure to a stimulus triggers a learned response.

What is the relationship between the environment and imprinting?

Environmental factors act as the stimuli upon which imprinting is directed.

Which of the following is the simplest form of learning, in which an organism learns to ignore a repeated stimulus?

Habituation

A white-crowned sparrow raised in isolation is able to sing its species' song, but it sings it poorly; however, a white-crowned sparrow raised by its parents will sing its species' song perfectly. This exemplifies which of the following?

How genetics and learning both influence an animal's behavior.

Which of the following distinguishes between hygienic and nonhygienic bees?

Hygienic bees remove diseased larvae from the nest, whereas nonhygienic do not exhibit this behavior.

Which of the following is more likely to be observed in nature?

Individual selfish behaviors are more likely to occur than altruistic behaviors.

Which below is true for most behaviors?

Influenced by both genetics and learning

What type of behavior is genetically programmed?

Innate

Which of the following compares the costs and benefits of large and small territories?

Large territories provide more resources, but require greater energy expenditure to defend than small territories.

Nonassociative learning involves which of the following?

Neither positive nor negative reinforcement

___ learning is a change in response to a repeated stimulus without connection with a positive or negative reinforcement.

Nonassociative

What type of learning results in the association of a behavior with a positive reward or negative consequence?

Operant conditioning

___ is a mating system in which one female mates with multiple males in a breeding season.

Polyandry

The modification of behavior based on prior experience is called:

learning

Which of the following statements about animal behavior is true?

Variation of a single gene can have a great effect on an animal's behavior.

Hippopotamuses perform territorial displays that include mouth opening. This is an example of which form of communication?

Visual

What is a polyandrous mating system?

When a female has several male partners in a breeding season.

Which below is an example of the role of both genetics and learning in behavior?

White-crowned sparrows learn to sing full adult song only with an adult to listen to

The simplest form of ___ is habituation.

learning

The acquired ability to change behavior by associating it with a stimulus is called:

conditioning

Animals often use tactile communication to ___.

create bonds between group members.

Foraging involves

decisions about remaining at a resource patch or moving to a new patch to find more resources

Living in a large group provides protection because a large group:

decreases the chance that a particular individual will be the one attacked

Optimality theory can be used to investigate behavioral issues such as:

defending a territory to optimize the territory size of an individual animal

The study of how behavior contributes to the differential survival and reproduction of organisms is called behavioral ___.

ecology

In hygienic honeybees, one recessive gene controls cell uncapping, and a second recessive gene controls larval removal. This is an example of how behavior results from simple ___ influences.

genetic

Although ___ living increases competition for food and the spread of disease, it also has benefits that compensate for the costs involved.

group, social, herd, or flock

In a type of learning called ___, an organism learns to ignore a repeated stimulus.

habituation

Even though it comes at a cost to the individual, altruistic behavior is favored by kin selection because it ___.

increases reproductive success of relatives.

Behaviors that seem to be genetically programmed are referred to as ___ or instinctual.

innate

Genetically programmed behaviors are called what?

innate

A ___ ___ is an environmental signal that initiates a behavior called a fixed action pattern.

key or sign, stimulus

Selection for altruistic behavior among relatives is called ___.

kin selection.

Selection for behavior that lowers an individual's own fitness but enhances the reproductive success of a relative is known as ___ selection.

kin.

A fixed action pattern is a behavior that ___.

once initiated will continue until completed.

In a type of associative learning called ___ conditioning, an animal's behavior is reinforced by a consequence, either a reward or punishment.

operant

Toads eventually refuse to strike at stinging insects such as wasps and bees. This is an example of:

operant conditioning with a punishment

Giving children a reward for completing homework is an example of ___.

operant conditioning.

The concept that an animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible by expending the least amount of energy is called ___ and ___.

optimal foraging

The ___ theory can be used to investigate behaviors such as foraging and the size of territory to defend.

optimality

The ___ ___ predicts that an animal should behave in a way that maximizes the benefits of a behavior minus its costs.

optimality theory

Mating is called ___ when each male mates with many females and each female mates with many males during a breeding season.

promiscuous

Compared to a small territory, a large territory:

provides exclusive access to a particular resource but is more costly to defend

The cost to the animal of behaving altruistically to unrelated individuals is often offset by the likelihood of a return benefit from the other individual. This is known as:

reciprocal altruism

The probability that any two individuals will share a copy of a particular gene is a quantity called the coefficient of ___.

relatedness

Newborn shrews imprint on the scent of their mother. In this example, the scents toward which imprinting is directed are the:

stimulus

In associative learning, an association develops between a(n) ___ and ___.

stimulus response

A(n) ___ is any area defended by an organism or a group of similar organisms for such purposes as mating, nesting, or feeding.

territory

An area occupied by a single animal or group and often defended against intruders, especially members of the same species is called a ___.

territory

The most extreme form of altruism involves ___.

the evolution of sterile individuals in social insects.

Sexual dimorphism is when

there are distinct differences between the sexes within the same species.