Ch 6

T or F: A mother's responsiveness to a baby's vocalization and play predicts the timing of language milestones.

True

The systematic process of planning and providing therapeutic and educational services for families that require help to meet the developmental needs of infants, toddlers, and preschool children is called _______ _______.

early intervention

How can adults help babies develop their vocabularies? - validate a baby's first words by repeating them - talk to infants to help them experience the social aspect of speech - scold the infants for mispronouncing words or continuing to indulge in baby talk - correct a baby's pronunciation of words

- validate a baby's first words by repeating them - talk to infants to help them experience the social aspect of speech - correct a baby's pronunciation of words

What sound patterns can babies recognize before their first birthday? - changes in pitch - their own names - syllables that often occur together - phrases within sentences

- changes in pitch - their own names - syllables that often occur together

Which two processes do behaviorists study to determine how children learn? - sensorimotor substages - violation of expectations - classical conditioning - operant conditioning

- classical conditioning - operant conditioning

What can low-income parents offer that will improve their toddlers' vocabularies and cognitive development? - cognitive stimulation - positive regard - sensitivity - strict discipline

- cognitive stimulation - positive regard - sensitivity

What features would help an infant accomplish perceptual categorization? - color - pattern - shape - function

- color - pattern - shape

Which gestures are babies likely to use before they learn to speak? - holding out arms to ask to be picked up - head nodding - winking and eye rolling - pointing

- holding out arms to ask to be picked up - head nodding - pointing

Which of the following have been found beneficial for a child's intellectual development? - number of books in the home - parents' involvement in children's play - playthings that encourage the development of concepts - number of hours spent on the computer

- number of books in the home - parents' involvement in children's play - playthings that encourage the development of concepts

The goals of psychometric testing are to measure factors considered to be components of intelligence, including - reasoning - comprehension - aptitude - empathy

- reasoning - comprehension

How long does development continue in the parts of the brain associated with language? - until the child learns to read - until about age 10 - sometimes into adulthood - until at least late preschool

- sometimes into adulthood - until at least late preschool

In one auditory discrimination study, researchers played recordings of people reading aloud to unborn babies. The fetuses paid more attention to what? - pleasant, quiet stories about animals and happy families - the mother's voice - loud, angry voices - stories read in a language other than the parents' native tongue

- the mother's voice - stories read in a language other than the parents' native tongue

Why do some cognitive neuroscience researchers use brain scans on children? - to enhance the child's intellect - to keep track of changes as the child's brain develops - to learn which parts of the brain are related to cognitive functions - to protect the child's health by detecting any physical abnormalities

- to keep track of changes as the child's brain develops - to learn which parts of the brain are related to cognitive functions

How is brain activation related to a child's vocabulary? - toddlers with large vocabularies have brain activation mostly in the brain stem and motor - toddlers with small vocabularies have scattered brain activation - toddlers with small vocabularies show little brain activation - toddlers with large vocabularies have more brain activation in the left temporal and parietal lobes

- toddlers with small vocabularies have scattered brain activation - toddlers with large vocabularies have more brain activation in the left temporal and parietal lobes

Order the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earlier form at the top. - intentionally imitating language sounds - crying - babbling - accidentally imitating sounds - cooing

1. crying 2. cooing 3. accidentally imitating sounds 4. babbling 5. intentionally imitating language sounds

The "naming explosion," when it happens, usually occurs between _____ and 24 months.

16

Children are most likely to use gestures before they have a vocabulary of _____ words.

25

According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end? A. 2 years B. 6 months C. 3 years D. 1 year

A. 2 years

What is the basic assumption of the visual preference paradigm? A. babies will look longer at things they like B. babies learn to like things that they see more often C. babies will refuse to look at things they dislike D. babies prefer to look at nothing but human faces

A. babies will look longer at things they like

Which approach is interested in how behavior changes in response to experience? A. behaviorist B. piagetian C. psychometric D. information-processing

A. behaviorist

What sound do infants demonstrate first? A. crying B. babbling C. gesturing D. cooing

A. crying

Researchers note how baby Jeremy performs a series of tasks. His results are then compared to norms established by a large group of other babies who have completed the same tasks. What type of test are the researchers using? A. developmental B. heredity C. deferred imitation D. biochemical

A. developmental

What is NOT an effective way for parents and caregivers to promote language development? A. encouraging toddlers to watch television B. enrolling the child in a school that emphasizes language skills C. providing opportunities for the child to interact with other children D. interacting with the child

A. encouraging toddlers to watch television

Many toddlers experience a "naming explosion," which is related to A. faster, more accurate word recognition B. a desire to attach personality to the child's toys, particularly things such as dolls and teddy bears C. curiosity about the world around them D. a newfound interest in learning more about the people in the child's life

A. faster, more accurate word recognition

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is known as A. habituation B. infantile amnesia C. explicit memory D. a tertiary circular reaction

A. habituation

Parental responsiveness has been linked to all of the following except A. increased delinquency B. better language skills C. higher achievement D. better social development

A. increased delinquency

Linguistic speech is characterized by expressions that convey A. meaning B. sounds C. gestures D. pictures

A. meaning

Which of the following statements is true? A. most infants understand far more words than they can say B. at 12 months, infants can say more words than they can understand C. infants can say words as soon as they understand those words D. infants, on average, are able to understand the same number of words as their age in months

A. most infants understand far more words than they can say

What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched? A. object permanence B. tertiary circular reactions C. deferred imitation D. intermodal perception

A. object permanence

Words a child uses are called _____ vocabulary. A. spoken B. receptive C. interaction D. semantic

A. spoken

Becky is in the kitchen with her mother. She takes out a pot and a spoon. She turns the pot upside down and begins to bang on it with a spoon as if it were a drum. She has just begun exploring objects in this way. Which sensorimotor substage is Becky in? A. tertiary circular reactions B. internalization of schemes C. coordination of secondary circular reactions D. secondary circular reactions

A. tertiary circular reactions

Which is NOT true of infants' brains? A. the brain is NOT present to discriminate sounds B. the brain can categorize linguistic patterns C. the brain can perceive linguistic patterns D. the brain can discern basic linguistic units

A. the brain is NOT present to discriminate sounds

In one study, toddlers were introduced to a picture of a new object in a book. They were better able to learn the word for that object when the book was in what format? A. traditional, printed book B. audiobook C. scrapbook or album D. e-book

A. traditional, printed book

Carter is 20-month-old boy. He drinks out of a cup with a zebra on it. He uses the word cup to identify his zebra cup. He will use the word cup only when he is referring to his zebra cup. In what is Carter engaging? A. underextension B. overextension C. holophrasing D. syntactical error

A. underextension

A child's expressive vocabulary consists of words that the child A. uses when speaking B. understands but cannot say C. recognizes but does NOT yet understand the precise meaning of D. has most often heard adults say, whether the child understands them or not

A. uses when speaking

Researchers theorize that infants understand causality more clearly as the children A. reach an advanced level of visual acuity B. accumulate information about how objects behave C. achieve better motor skills D. improve their sensorimotor development

B. accumulate information about how objects behave

"Ba ba ba ba" is an example of? A. pragmatics B. babbling C. cooing D. gesturing

B. babbling

Within their first year of life, babies start to become aware of the rules for how the sounds of their native language fit together. Research suggests that babies might A. be able to learn as many as five or six languages before their first birthday B. be able to discern abstract rules of sentence structure C. understand what their mothers are saying as soon as they are born D. be born with a relatively large vocabulary but need time to understand how to use it

B. be able to discern abstract rules of sentence structure

As researchers study cognitive development in children, what has provided physical evidence that the brain has two separate long-term memory systems? A. data from victims of concussions B. brain scans C. sensorimotor evaluations D. video recordings of children performing tasks during research sessions

B. brain scans

Daniel is an infant who is playing with toy cars and toy animals. They are all mixed up in a box. Daniel takes all the cars and puts them outside in a box, leaving the animals in the box. In what is Daniel engaging? A. concept formation B. categorization C. internalization of schemes D. deferred imitation

B. categorization

What could be measured by psychometric testing? A. scaffolding B. comprehension C. temperament D. attachment

B. comprehension

A baby tends to have a better understanding of self-propelled objects after the child learns to A. categorize similar items B. crawl C. throw things D. press on a toy to make it squeak

B. crawl

Babies learn language most effectively from A. picture books B. face-to-face interaction with other people C. educational videos D. time alone to process the words they are learning

B. face-to-face interaction with other people

An infant smacking its lips to indicate that it wants food or drink is an example of A. receptive language B. gesturing C. schema development D. overextension

B. gesturing

What is a form of communication based on a system of words and grammar? A. social referencing B. language C. interaction D. equilibration

B. language

Piaget's theory that babies had limitations in early cognitive abilities, may actually be a result of immature ______ skills. A. linguistic and thinking B. linguistic and motor C. motor and cognitive D. cognitive and reflective

B. linguistic and motor

What has been discovered by studies that examined the connection between socioeconomic status and language development? A. the educational level of the parents in low-income families is the best predictor of a child's vocabulary growth B. mothers of higher socioeconomic status had larger vocabularies, and so did their 2-year-old children C. low-income parents talked more about past events to their children D. parents of higher socioeconomic status talked more to their children but provided less elaboration

B. mothers of higher socioeconomic status had larger vocabularies, and so did their 2-year-old children

Research has shown that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is followed by a visual display, music, or a human voice. The visual display, music, or human voice is considered to be a(n) A. symbol B. reinforcer C. environmental trigger D. scheme

B. reinforcer

What is the name of the first Piagetian stage, which occurs between birth and 2 years of age? A. formal operational B. sensorimotor C. preoperational D. concrete operational

B. sensorimotor

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives is called A. underextension B. telegraphic speech C. overextension D. holophrasing

B. telegraphic speech

What type of imitation involved only body parts that a baby can see? A. sight B. visible C. deferred D. invisible

B. visible

The amount of time an infant spends looking at different kinds of sights is a measure of A. an independent variable B. visual preference C. visual clarity D. visual recognition memory

B. visual preference

What tendency in early childhood is likely to indicate that the individual will have a higher IQ as an adult? A. interest in listening to music and dancing along with it B. frequent, lengthy conservations in baby talk C. ability to pay attention to sensory information and process it efficiently D. unusually advanced command of motor skills

C. ability to pay attention to sensory information and process it efficiently

What type of conditioning is evident when an infant cries at the flash of lightening, prior to the sound of thunder? A. visual recognition memory B. secondary circular reaction C. classical D. operant

C. classical

What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats? A. crying B. mumbling C. cooing D. babbling

C. cooing

What factor can strongly affect a child's ability to learn from books? A. parents' vocabulary B. number of siblings C. cultural experiences D. opportunities to interact with peers

C. cultural experiences

Rosa goes to the home of Mr. and Mrs. Johnson twice a week to work with their four-year-old on his letters and numbers. Rosa is engaging in A. early high school mentoring B. genetic enhancement C. early intervention D. environmental inhibiting

C. early intervention

What type of memory allows a person to recall facts, names, and experiences? A. perceptual B. sensory C. explicit D. implicit

C. explicit

In the social-contextual approach, ordinary activities in which children learn from their parents are known as A. home schooling B. cultural awareness training C. guided participation D. family mentoring

C. guided participation

Infants who often point and use other gestures are more likely to become what sort of adults? A. quiet and unwilling to speak in public B. artistic C. have a large vocabulary D. outgoing and athletic

C. have a large vocabulary

If a two-year-old utters the word "up," and it means "Please pick me up; I am tired of walking," the child has used a(n) A. symbolic gesture B. two-word utterance C. holophrase D. under generalization

C. holophrase

Memory without conscious awareness is known as A. infantile amnesia B. explicit memory C. implicit memory D. internalization

C. implicit memory

Which approach has been especially useful in the study of infant perception and memory? A. modeling B. psychoanalysis C. operant conditioning D. classical conditioning

C. operant conditioning

Baby Carter sees an empty box on the floor. He crawls over to the box and begins putting his blocks into it. A few minutes later, he tips the box on its side and crawls into it. He then crawls out of the box, stands up, and puts the box on his head like a hat. He walks around with the box on his head until he bumps into the wall. Which sensorimotor substage is Carter in? A. coordination of secondary circular reactions B. internalization of schemes C. tertiary circular reactions D. secondary circular reactions

C. tertiary circular reactions

How are children affected by households where two languages are spoken? A. their IQ is substantially increased B. they acquire very large vocabularies in both languages C. they learn both languages but have smaller vocabularies in each D. they muddle both languages together

C. they learn both languages but have smaller vocabularies in each

MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy". In what is MacKenzie engaging? A. overextension B. syntactical error C. underextension D. holophrasing

C. underextension

Children might be slow to develop the concept of object permanence because their _____ also develops slowly. A. long-term memory B. explicit memory C. working memory D. implicit memory

C. working memory

At what age can an infant remember a sound for at least 24 hours after first hearing it? A. two months old B. one week old C. one month old D. at birth

D. at birth

The information-processing approach uses children's _______ processes to infer what they know. A. cognitive B. emotional C. motor D. attentional

D. attentional

When do babies begin learning the patterns of their parents' native language? A. at about three months of age B. after their first birthday C. as soon as they are born D. before they are born

D. before they are born

Little Marcus understands that if he shakes his rattle a funny noise will come out. Marcus understands A. prototypes B. pictorial competence C. physics D. causality

D. causality

When infant Stacy starts sucking in anticipation of her bottle, what type of conditioning is she demonstrating? A. observational B. vicarious C. operant D. classical

D. classical

Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met? A. cooing B. gesturing C. babbling D. crying

D. crying

Infant Bailey is given a series of tasks with established norms to measure his intelligence. Bailey is taking a(n) _____ test. A. sensorimotor B. social-contextual C. dishabituation D. developmental

D. developmental

What type of memory involves the conscious or intentional recall of facts and other information that can be stated or declared? A. implicit B. focused C. articulate D. explicit

D. explicit

When babies are shown the same toy repeatedly, they will usually pay less attention to it each time. In other words, the babies have _____ to the toy. A. assimilated B. dishabituated C. attended D. habituated

D. habituated

What mistake did Piaget make as he was forming his theory about the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? A. he overestimated the motor skills of infants and toddlers B. he assumed that most children experience a similar progression of skills C. he failed to account for the role that parents play in childhood development D. he underestimated how much infants and toddlers know

D. he underestimated how much infants and toddlers know

The order in which children learn words is strongly influenced by A. how short the words are B. how long the words are C. how many times they hear the words on television D. how often their mothers say the words

D. how often their mothers say the words

What type of memory encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically? A. explicit B. primal C. long-term D. implicit

D. implicit

Which approach focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving? A. psychodynamic learning B. sensorimotor stage C. behavioral learning D. information processing

D. information processing

What advantage do preschool children have if their parents read to them every day? A. it helps the child learn foreign languages B. the child will be less interested in watching television C. the child will be inspired to seek out new experiences in the world D. it improves the child's ability to speak, read, and write

D. it improves the child's ability to speak, read, and write

Abigail is an infant who goes to day care. When she began in care at the age of 4 months, her mother could drop her off and leave without Abigail crying or becoming upset. Once Abigail turned 8 months, she began clinging to her mother, crying, and becoming very upset when her mother dropped her off. What concept has Abigail acquired? A. violation of expectations B. intermodal perception C. secondary circular reactions D. object permanence

D. object permanence

Baby Michael has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated? A. recall B. cognitive C. conceptual D. perceptual

D. perceptual

Infant Julie's cooing is an example of A. her attempts to manipulate her parents B. innate giftedness C. post-linguistic speech D. prelinguistic speech

D. prelinguistic speech

The short-term storage of information the brain is actively processing is called A. the prefrontal lobe B. the hippocampal formation C. implicit memory D. working memory

D. working memory

T or F: Infants can say more words than they can actually understand.

False

T or F: Invisible imitation usually occurs in a child before visible imitation.

False

The production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma" is called ______.

babbling

Between 10 to 14 months of age, most babies begin to preform ______ speech which consists of expressions that convey meaning.

linguistic

The grouping objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties is called ________.

categorization or categories

The principle that events have identified causes is called _______.

causality

The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called _____.

cooing

The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is _____.

crying

The ability to read and write is called _______.

literacy

Interactions with adults that help structure children's activities and bridge the gap between a child's understanding and an adult's are known as ______ ______.

guided participation

A simple syllable or word such as "da," which expresses a complete thought has more than one meaning, depending on the context, is called a(n) _______.

halophrase

A baby's cooing, babbling, and accidental imitation of sounds are called _____ ______.

prelinguistic speech

Children who are efficient at taking in and interpreting _______ information early on as babies, tend to score higher on intelligence tests.

sensory

A phrase like "up now," meaning "I want to be picked up now," is an example of ________ speech.

telegraphic

T or F: Language promotes cognitive development.

true