ch. 6

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

who proposed the social learning theory

albert bandurra believed that observational learning involved more than just imitation and that internal mental states must be involved

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful

evolutionary

under partial what is fixed vs variable

fixed: number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements is set and unchanging variable: the number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements varies or changes

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

In Pavlovs classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

fixed ratio schedule

predictable and produces a high response rate, with a short pause after reinforcement (ex. eyeglass saleswoman)

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

variable ratio

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)

general processes in classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

habituation

learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change as a stimulus is repeated, we learn not to focus our attention on it

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it children may learn behaviors from their parents that they do not demonstrate until they are older a child may learn the route to school from watching his parent drive there but will not deomonstrate this until they can drive themselves or have to get there by bike, walking, etc

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

fixed interval

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (patients take pain relief medication at set times)

variable interval

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (checking facebook)

fixed ratio

reinforcemtn is delivered after a predictable number of responses (factory workers being paid for every x number of items manufactured)

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

positive punishment

something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior scolding a student for texting in class

positive reinforcement

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior ex. high grades, pay checks, praise

negative punishment

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior taking away a favorite toy when a child misbehaves

negative reinforcement

something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior ex. the beeping sound that will only go away when you put your seatbelt on

general proccess in classical conditioning: acquisition

the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neautral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus usually this requires there to be a very short time interval between the NS and the UCS and for the pairing to repeated multiple times sometimes conditioning can occur when the interval is up to several hours and the pairing occurs only once (ex. taste aversion)

partial reinforcement

the organism does not get reinforced everytime they display the desired behavior (tehy are reinforced intermittently) there are several types of partial reinforcement schedules

secondary reinforcers

those that have no inherent value. there value is learnt and becomes reinforcing when linked with a primary reinforcer praise, a secondary reinforcer is linked with affection, a primary reinforcer money is only reinforcing when it can be used to buy other things such as things that satisfy basic needs (food) or other secondary reinforcers tokens are a secondary reinforcer that can be exchanged for other things token economies are used in many settings to encourage correct behavior such as prisons, schools and mental institutions

operant conditioning terminology positive: negative: reinforcement: punishment:

to add something to take something away increasinga behavior decreasing a behavior

the skinner box

to study operant conditioning, skinner placed animals inside an operant conditioning chamber (skinner box) containing a lever that when pressed causes food to be dispensed as a reward

what are the steps in the modeling process for social learning theory

1. attention- focus on the behavior 2. retention- remember what you observed 3. reproduction- be able to perform the behavior 4. motivation- must want to copy the behavior motivatioin depends on what happened to the model

research conducted by edward C tolman found tha tlearning could still occur wihout reinforcement. this introduced the idea that there is a cognitive aspect to learning while studying rats he found that if he put them in a maze to learn their way through it, they would eventually form a cognitive map of it. what is a cognitive map

a mental picture of the layout an environment after 10 sessions int he maze without food as reinforcement, food was placed at the exit and the rats were able to very quickly exit the maze showing that htey had learned the way out. this is called latent learning

classical vs operant conditioning

classical conditioning approach: an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell). the neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (salivation) operant conditioning approach: the target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future classical stimulus timing: the stimulus occurs immediately before the response operant simulus timing: the stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response

general processes in classical conditioning: extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS if food stops being presented with the sound of the bell then eventually the dog will stop responding to the bell

under partial what is interval vs ratio

interval- the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements ratio- the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements

explain operant conditioning

theory proposed by BF skinner organisms learn to ossociate a behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment) based on the law of effect pleasant consequence/desired result--> behavior is more likely to occur again unpleasant consequence/undesired result--> behavior is less likely to occur again ex. when we show up to work (behavior), we get paid (pleasant consequences) so we continue to show up to work skinner conducted experiements (mainly with rats and pigeons) to determine how learning occurs through operant conditioning

primary reinforcers

those that have innate reinforcing qualities (ex. food, water, sleep, sex, pleasure). the value of these reinforcers doesnot need to be learned

stimulus generalization

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus if an individual learns to dislike a specific spider, they will usually then dislike all spiders

stimulus discriminiatoin

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar the dog can discriminate between the specific bell sound that signals food and a similar bell sound that does not signal food

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experiences involves acquiring skills/knowledge through experience involves conscious and unconscious processes

higher-order conditioning

an extablished conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral sitmulus (the second order stimulus) so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned stimulus being presented ex. the cat is conditioned to salivate when it hears the electric can opener the squeky cabinet door (second-order stimulus) is paired with the can opener (CS) the cat salivates (CR) when it hears the squeaky cabinet door (CS) the cat learns to associate the cabinet door with the electric can opener and therefore with food

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

how does classical conditioning occur

before: unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (fod) unconditioned response (UCR)- a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food) food (UCS) --> salivation (UCR) during: neutral stimulus (NS)- stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell- does not cause salivation by itself prior to conditioning) the NS and UCS are paired repeatedly Bell(NS) + Food(UCS) --> salivation (UCR) after: conditioned stimulus (CS)- stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus conditioned response (CR)- the behavior cause by the conditioned stimulus Bell (CS) --> salivation (CR)

explain bandura's bobo doll experiment

in a famous study known as the bobo doll experiment, bandura studied modleing of aggressive and violent behvariors children observed adults act aggressively towards a 5 foot bobo doll the adult was then eithe rpunished, praised, or ignored for their behavior the children were then given the opprotunity to play with the bobo doll if the child had seen the adult punished, they were less likely to act aggressively towards the doll if the child had seen the adult praised or ignored, they were more likely to imitate the adult bandura concluded that children watch and learn from the adults around them which can have both prosocial and antisocial consequences

what are the two unlearned behaviors and explain both

instincts and behaviors they are innate behaviors that organisms are born with help organisms adapt to their envionment reflexes: motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus simpler than instincts involve activity of specific body parts involve primitive centers of the CNS (ex. spinal cord and medulla) ex. human babies are born with a sucking reflex instints: behaviors triggered by a broader range of events (aging, change of seasons, ...) more complex involve movement of the organism as a whole (ex. sexual activity, migration) involve higher brain centers

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayners work with little Albert?

it would be unethical by todays research standards

tell me about classical conditioning

ivan pavlov's reseach on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to his discovery of the learning process now known as classical conditioning process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consquently, to anticipate events pavlov noticed that dogs salivated not only at the taste of food, but also at the footsteps of the lab assistant's footsteps he realized that organisms have 2 types of responses to its environment; unconditioned (unlearned) responses and conditioned (learned) responses in the most famous example, dogs were conditioned to associate the sound of a bell with food. when the dogs heard the bell they anticipated food and began to salivate

who is founder of behaviorism and what did he believe

john B watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of human emotion believed that all behavior could be studied as a stimulus-response reaction believed the principles of classical conditioning could be used to condition human emotions conducted a famous study with little albert

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

shaping

tool used in operant conditioning instead of rewarding only the target behavior, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior behaviors are borken down into many small, achievable steps useful when teaching a complex chain of events commonly used by animal trainers 1. reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior 2. then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior (no longer reinfoce previously reinforced response) 3. then begin to reiforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior 4. continue to do this until only the desired behavior is reinforced

variable interval schedule

unpredictable and produces a moderate, steady response rate (ex. restaurant manager)

variable ratio schedule

unpredictable and yields high and steady response rates, with little if any pause after reinforcement (ex. gambler)

explain little albert

watson exposed little albert to certain stimuli and conditioned to fear them 1. presented with neutral stimuli (rabbit, dog, cotton wool, a white rat) 2. watson then paired these with a loud sound every time little albert touched the stimulus that casued him to feel fear 3. after repeated pairings, little albert became feaful of the stimulus alone, such as the white rabbit although initially conditioned to fear specific stimuli, they were all furry and therefore through stimulus generalization, little albert came to fear furry things, including watson in a santa claus mask

associative learning

when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

continuous reinforcement

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior quickest way to teach a behavior ex. a dog receives a treat every time it sits when told to timing is important- the treat must be presented immediately after sitting in order for the dog to associate the target behavior with the consequence however, if the trainer suddenly stops providing treats, the dog will stop sitting so another type of reinforcement is then used once the behavior is learnt

fixed interval schedule

yields a scallop-shaped response pattern, reflecting a significant pause after reinforcement (ex. surgery patient)


संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit-Relationships

View Set

NC Accident and Health Final Exam Prep

View Set

SAU Cultural Anthropology Midterm

View Set