Ch. 7 Learning Curve

Which of the following is required for the preparatory phase of glycolysis and then produced during the payoff phase? -pyruvate -NAD+ -NADH -ADP -ATP

-ATP

What is the fully oxidized product that results from the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration? -CO2 -acetyl-CoA -coenzyme A -NAD+ -NADH

-CO2

We consume a variety of carbohydrates that are digested into a variety of different monosaccharides. How do these different sugars enter glycolysis? -Different sugars can be modified to form different intermediates of glycolysis. -All sugars are converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 3, step 6. -All sugars are converted to glucose 6-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 1, step 2. -All sugars are converted to fructose 6-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 1, step 3.

-Different sugars can be modified to form different intermediates of glycolysis.

Fermentation produces nearly twice as much ATP as aerobic respiration, which explains why it is a preferred pathway for bacteria. -true -false

-False

Which of the following is an electron carrier in its reduced form? -ADP -Pi -ATP -NAD+ -NADH

NADH

The immediate source of electrons for the electron transport chain is: -pyruvate. -NAD+. -NADH and FADH2. -H2O. -O2.

NADH and FADH2

T or F: The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation.

True

Which of the following are inputs, but not outputs, of glycolysis? -glucose -ATP -NADH -pyruvate -ADP

glucose

What happens when glucose is phosphorylated during phase 1 of glycolysis? -It provides electrons to reduce NADH in phase 3. -ATP is produced. -It provides electrons to reduce FADH in phase 3. -Phosphorylated glucose enters the mitochondrion. -Glucose is destabilized so that it can be broken apart in phase 2.

-Glucose is destabilized so that it can be broken apart in phase 2.

Which best describes how ATP synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP? -Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit; the rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis. -Kinetic energy from the flow of protons through the F0 subunit reduces the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be oxidized to ATP. -Kinetic energy from the flow of protons through the F0 subunit oxidizes the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be reduced to ATP. -Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient within the F0 subunit. The potential energy of the electrochemical gradient, in turn, is converted to kinetic energy in the F1 subunit and used to catalyze ATP synthesis.

-Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit; the rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis.

One of the enzymatic results of the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration is the reduction of _____ to _____. -pyruvate; CO2 -NAD+; NADH -NADH; NAD+ -pyruvate; acetyl-CoA -acetyl-CoA; pyruvate

-NAD+, NADH

Which of the following is an electron carrier in its reduced form? -NADH -Pi -ADP -NAD+ -ATP

-NADH

When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during pyruvate oxidation, the other products of the reaction are: -FADH2 and ATP. -CO2 and ATP. -ATP and NADH. -NADH and CO2. -Pi and FADH2.

-NADH and CO2

When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA during pyruvate oxidation, the other products of the reaction are: -NADH and CO2. -FADH2 and ATP. -Pi and FADH2. -CO2 and ATP. -ATP and NADH.

-NADH and CO2

A researcher is comparing the amount of protein contained in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. What do you predict they will find? -The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane. -The amount of proteins will be greater in the outer membrane. -The amount of proteins will be equivalent in the outer and inner membranes.

-The amount of proteins will be greater in the inner membrane

In the citric acid cycle, after the acetyl-group (2C) from acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate (4C) to produce citrate (6C), subsequent reactions eventually result in 4C intermediates that are rearranged to regenerate oxaloacetate. What happens to the other two carbons? -They are released as CO2 byproducts. -They are recycled into pyruvate. -They are rearranged into a new acetyl group. -They become ATP. -They are transferred to NAD+ and FAD.

-They are released as CO2 byproducts.

Beta-oxidation does not produce any ATP directly, but it does produce: -pyruvate, FAD, and NAD+. -acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. -pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. -glycerol and glucose.

-acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.

The breakdown of fatty acids takes place by a process called: -pyruvate oxidation. -oxidative phosphorylation. -electron transport. -glycolysis. -beta-oxidation.

-beta-oxidation

The _____ stage of cellular respiration generates the most NADH, which will be used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce _____ (proportion) of the total ATP yield from glucose. -citric acid cycle; 19/32 -pyruvate oxidation; 16/32 (1/2) -citric acid cycle; 15/32 -glycolysis; 8/32 -glycolysis; 15/32

-citric acid cycle; 15/32

An electron from NADH entering the electron transport chain would travel among components of the chain in what sequence? -complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen -complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, ATP synthase, oxygen -complex I, coenzyme Q, complex II, cytochrome c, complex III, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome c, oxygen -complex II, cytochrome c, complex IV, cytochrome c, oxygen -complex II, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome c, ATP synthase, oxygen

-complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen

An electron from NADH entering the electron transport chain would travel among components of the chain in what sequence? -complex II, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome c, ATP synthase, oxygen -complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen -complex II, cytochrome c, complex IV, cytochrome c, oxygen -complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, ATP synthase, oxygen -complex I, coenzyme Q, complex II, cytochrome c, complex III, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome c, oxygen

-complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome c, complex IV, oxygen

During glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to: -proton pumps and ATP. -cytochrome b and coenzyme Q. -ATP and cytochrome b. -only coenzyme Q. -electron carriers and ATP.

-electron carriers and ATP

The majority of the energy captured in the citric acid cycle is in the form of: -GTP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. -ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. -ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation. -electrons donated to NAD+ and FAD. -GTP produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

-electrons donated to NAD+ and FAD

The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore: -reducing. -endergonic. -exergonic. -oxidative.

-endergonic

T or F: Pyruvate oxidation produces a large amount of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

-false

In which organisms would you expect ethanol fermentation to occur? -fungi and plants -fungi and animals -animals -plants -bacteria and animals

-fungi and plants

In cellular respiration, oxygen: -gains electrons and is reduced. -loses electrons and is oxidized. -gains electrons and is oxidized. -loses electrons and is reduced. -None of the other answer options is correct.

-gains electrons and is reduced.

Excess glucose is stored in large branched molecules of: -glycogen and starch in both animals and plants. -glycogen in plants. -glycogen in animals. -starch in bacteria. -starch in animals.

-glycogen in animals

Proteins can be broken down to extract energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration via: -glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. -lactic acid fermentation or the citric acid cycle. -glycolysis or ethanol fermentation. -electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation.

-glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

In eukaryotes, fermentation takes place: -in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. -on the outer mitochondrial membrane. -on the inner mitochondrial membrane. -in the mitochondrial matrix. -in the cytoplasm.

-in the cytoplasm

Red blood cells in the human bloodstream do not have mitochondria. What metabolic process would you predict these cells use to provide cellular energy/ATP? -lactic acid fermentation -fatty acid digestion -anaerobic respiration -pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle -ethanol fermentation

-lactic acid fermentation

During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: -less oxidized than the acetyl group. -more energetic than the acetyl group. -more reduced than the acetyl group. -less energetic than the acetyl group.

-less energetic than the acetyl group

The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because: -they are strong reducing agents. -they are strong oxidizing agents. -many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds, in which electrons are shared equally between atoms. -they are easy to phosphorylate. -many of these bonds are C—O bonds, in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms.

-many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds, in which electrons are shared equally between atoms.

In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the: -intermembrane space of mitochondria. -inner mitochondrial membrane. -outer mitochondrial membrane. -cytoplasm. -mitochondrial matrix.

-mitochondrial matrix

In what organelle is pyruvate oxidation carried out in a cell? -Golgi apparatus -nucleus -endoplasmic reticulum -mitochondrion -chloroplast

-mitochondrion

The citric acid cycle is a cycle because the starting molecule, _____, is regenerated at the end. -oxaloacetate -NAD+ -acetyl-CoA -fructose 6-diphosphate -pyruvate

-oxaloacetate

Which stages of cellular respiration use O2 as an input? -oxidative phosphorylation -glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation -glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle -citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation -All four stages use O2 as an input.

-oxidative phosphorylation

A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _____ gains electrons. -oxidized; reduced -negative; positive -reduced; oxidized -weak; polar -None of the other answer options is correct.

-oxidized; reduced

A simplified overall equation for respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy In this reaction, we can say that _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. -carbon dioxide; water -glucose; carbon dioxide -water; oxygen -water; glucose -oxygen; glucose

-oxygen, glucose

During which phase(s) of glycolysis do we observe pyruvate production, ATP synthesis, and reduction of NAD+? -payoff phase -cleavage phase -preparatory phase and cleavage phase -preparatory phase, cleavage phase, and payoff phase -preparatory phase

-payoff phase

During the action of ATP synthase, the _____ energy of the proton gradient is transformed into _____ energy of the F1 subunit, and this is converted into _____ energy of chemical bonds in ATP. -potential; potential; kinetic -kinetic; kinetic; potential -potential; kinetic; kinetic -kinetic; potential; potential -potential; kinetic; potential

-potential; kinetic; potential

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs following production of pyruvate? -pyruvate oxidation -glycolysis -citric acid cycle -electron transport -oxidative phosphorylation

-pyruvate oxidation

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation: -generates ATP from the reduction of pyruvate. -regenerates NADH from the reduction of pyruvate. -regenerates NAD+ from the oxidation of pyruvate. -regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate. -generates ATP from the oxidation of pyruvate.

-regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.

Which process produces the highest number of reduced electron carriers and thus the greatest potential for generating ATP? -the citric acid cycle -glycolysis -pyruvate oxidation -each stage contributes equally.

-the citric acid cycle

Which is the only reaction in the citric acid cycle that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation? -the formation of malate -the formation of succinate -the formation of oxaloacetate -the formation of fumarate -the formation of citrate

-the formation of succinate

We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of: -the high potential energy of the carboxylic acid group. -the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain. -their hydrophobic nature conferred by their chemical formula. -their three-dimensional bonding structure.

-the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain

Which of the following summarizes the net final products of glycolysis? -two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH -four molecules of ATP, four molecules of NADH, and six molecules of CO2 -two molecules of NADH, two molecules of acetyl-CoA, and 2 molecules of CO2 -two molecules of acetyl-CoA, two molecules of pyruvate, and two molecules of ATP

-two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH

During the citric acid cycle: -ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation. -fuel molecules are completely reduced. -high-energy electrons are removed from NAD+ and FADH. -ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation

Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions.

Catabolic

T or F: Fermentation occurs only in anaerobic conditions.

False